DOCSLIB.ORG

Introduction

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Introduction Notes Introduction 1. Benjamin Coates to Frederick Douglass, 16 January 1851, in Emma J. Lapansky-Werner and Margaret Hope Bacon, eds., Back to Africa: Benjamin Coates and the Colonization Movement in America 1848–1880 (University Park, Pennsylvania, 2005). 2. Thomas Clarkson, The History of the Rise, Progress, and Accomplishment of the Abolition of the African Slave-Trade by the British Parliament, 2 vols. (London, 1808); Reginald Coupland, The British Anti-Slavery Movement (London, 1933); Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery (Chapel Hill, 1944); Seymour Drescher, Econocide: British Slavery in the Era of Abolition (Pittsburgh, 1977); David Eltis, Economic Growth and the Ending of the Transatlantic Slave Trade (Oxford, 1987); David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770–1823 (Ithaca, 1975); Richard West, Back to Africa: A History of Sierra Leone and Liberia (London, 1970), 79–81; Joe A.D. Alie, A New History of Sierra Leone (London, 1990), 65; Mavis C. Campbell and George Ross, Back to Africa: George Ross and the Maroons: From Nova Scotia to Sierra Leone (Trenton, NJ, 1993), viii. 3. This is an important distinction, as, while slavery was banned in both Sierra Leone and Liberia, their primary anti-slavery purposes were in hindering the slave trade. Slavery continued in the ever expanding territory of British Sierra Leone well into the twentieth century. Paul E. Lovejoy, Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa (Cambridge, 2000), 251–61. 4. A.G. Hopkins, ‘Economic Imperialism in West Africa: Lagos, 1880–92’, Economic History Review, 21 (1968), 580–606; A.G. Hopkins, An Economic History of West Africa (London, 1973), 124–66. 5. Robin Law, ed., From Slave Trade to ‘Legitimate’ Commerce: The Commercial Transition in Nineteenth-Century West Africa (Cambridge, 2002), 23–6. 6. While there are numerous and ongoing debates about terminology in Sierra Leone studies, I will be using ‘Sierra Leonean’ throughout to refer to Nova Scotians, Maroons, ‘Black Poor’, Liberated Africans, and their descend- ents. This book’s scope does not extend into the post-partition period and therefore there should be no confusion about whether I am referring to the groups mentioned above or the indigenous groups integrated into the Sierra Leone protectorate. The same will apply for ‘Liberian’. The dis- cussion of the difference between ‘Creole’, ‘Krio’, and ‘Sierra Leonean’ has frequently been contentious: See David Skinner and Barbara E. Harrell- Bond, ‘Misunderstandings Arising from the Use of the Term “Creole” in the Literature on Sierra Leone’, Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 47, 3 (1977), 305–20; Akintola J.G. Wyse, ‘On Misunderstandings Arising from the Use of the Term ‘Creole’ in the Literature on Sierra Leone: A Rejoinder’, Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 49, 4 (1979), 408–17; Christopher Fyfe, ‘The Term “Creole”: A Footnote to a Footnote’ 181 182 Notes Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 50, 4 (1980), 422; David Skinner and Barbara E. Harrell-Bond, ‘Creoles: A Final Comment’, Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 51, 3 (1981), 787; Odile George, ‘Sierra Leonais, Creoles, Krio: La Dialectique De L’identité’, Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 65, 1 (1995), 114–32. For more on other West African creole societies, see Philip Havik, Creole Societies in the Portuguese Colonial Empire (Lusophone Studies 6, July 2007), 41–63 and 127–53. 7. Hopk ins, Economic History of West Africa, 151–3; Martin Lynn, Commerce and Economic Change in West Africa (Cambridge, 1997), 23. 8. Humanitarians will be defined here as a loose group of missionaries, anti- slavery activists, and social reformers who frequently referred to their own motives as ‘humanitarian’. The rise of this ‘humanitarian’ ethos is described in Alan Lester, ‘Obtaining the “Due Observance of Justice”: The Geographies of Colonial Humanitarianism’, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 20 (2002), 278–9; Andrew Porter, ‘Trusteeship, Anti- Slavery, and Humanitarianism’, in Andrew Porter, ed., The Oxford History of the British Empire, Volume III (Oxford, 1999), 198–220; Boyd Hilton, The Age of Atonement: The Influence of Evangelicalism on Social and Economic Thought, 1795–1865 (Oxford, 1988); Christopher Leslie Brown, Moral Capital: Foundations of British Abolitionism (Chapel Hill, 2006), 26–7. 9. Law, From Slave Trade to ‘Legitimate’ Commerce, 23; Howard Temperley, White Dreams, Black Africa: The Anti-slavery Expedition to the River Niger 1841–1842 (New Haven, 1991), 141; Michael J. Turner, ‘The Limits of Abolition: Government, Saints and the “African Question”, C. 1780–1820’, The English Historical Review, 112, 446 (1997), 334–5; Hopkins, ‘Britain’s First Development Plan for Africa’ in Law, From Slave Trade to ‘Legitimate Commerce’, 246. 10. Suzanne Schwarz, Zachary Macaulay and the Development of the Sierra Leone Company, c. 1793–4, Parts I &II (Leipzig, 2000; 2002); Brown, Moral Capital, chapter five. 11. The notable exception being Philip D. Curtin’s The Image of Africa: British Ideas and Action, 1780–1850 (Madison, WI, 1964); Betty Fladeland, Men and Brothers: Anglo-American Anti-slavery Cooperation (Urbana, 1972); Howard Temperley, British Anti-Slavery, 1833–1870 (Charleston, SC, 1972). 12. Arthur Porter, Creoledom: A Study in the Development of Freetown Society (London, 1963), 53. 13. Gustav Kashope Deveneaux, ‘Public Opinion and Colonial Policy in Nineteenth-Century Sierra Leone’, The International Journal of African Historical Studies 9, 1 (1976), 45–67. 14. Charles Henry Huberich, Political and Legislative History of Liberia (New York, 1947); Tom W. Schick, Behold the Promised Land: A History of Afro-American Settler Society in Nineteenth-Century Liberia (Baltimore, 1980). 15. Historians who have examined Liberia from the perspective of the ACS include P.J. Staudenraus, The African Colonization Movement, 1816–1865 (New York, 1961); James Brewer Stewart, Holy Warriors: The Abolitionists and American Slavery (New York, 1996), 30–67; Gary B. Nash, Forging Freedom: The Formation of Philadelphia’s Black Community 1720–1840 (Cambridge, MA, 1988), 227–46; Marie Tyler-McGraw, An African Republic: Black and White Virginians in the Making of Liberia (Chapel Hill, 2007); James Sidbury, Notes 183 Becoming African in America: Race and Nation in the Early Black Atlantic (Oxford, 2007). 16. Leslie Alexander, African or American? Black Identity and Political Activism in New York City, 1784–1861 (Chicago, 2008), 77; Nikki Taylor, ‘Reconsidering the “Forced” Exodus of 1829: Free Black Emigration from Cincinnati, Ohio to Wilberforce, Canada’, The Journal of African American History 87 (2002), 283–302. 17. Staudenraus, African Colonization Movement, 173–86. The Missouri Crisis resulted from the dilemma over whether slavery should be extended into new states entering the Union. It was resolved in 1820 with the Missouri Compromise, allowing Missouri to enter as a slave state, Maine as a free state, and for 36°30’ to represent the border between new slave and free ter- ritories entering the Union. 18. Staudenraus, African Colonization Movement, 173. 19. Richard S. Newman, The Transformation of American Abolitionism: Fighting Slavery in the Early Republic (Chapel Hill, 2002), 115. 20. A notable exception is Carl Patrick Burrowes, ‘Carl Patrick Burrowes, ‘Black Christian Republicanism: A Southern Ideology in Early Liberia, 1822 to 1847’, The Journal of Negro History 86, 1 (2001), 30–44; Shick, Behold the Promised Land, 30–44, which argues that the development of a coherent African American worldview in the South helped advance colonization and shaped Liberian society. 21. Bruce L. Mouser, ‘The Baltimore/Pongo Connection: American Entre- preneurism, Colonial Expansionism, or African Opportunism?’ The International Journal of African Historical Studies 33, 2 (2000), 313–33; M.B. Akpan, ‘Black Imperialism: Americo-Liberian Rule over the African Peoples of Liberia, 1841–1964’, Canadian Journal of African Studies/Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines 7, 2 (1973), 218–9; Monday B. Abasiattai, ‘The Search for Independence: New World Blacks in Sierra Leone and Liberia, 1787–1847’, Journal of Black Studies 23, 1 (1992), 107–16; Bruce L. Mouser, ‘Continuing British Interest in Coastal Guinea-Conakry and Fuuta Jaloo Hightlands (1750 to 1850)’, Cahiers d’Études Africaines 43, 172 (2003), 761–90; Bruce L. Mouser, ‘Landlords-Strangers: A Process of Accommodation and Assimilation’, The International Journal of African Historical Studies 8, 3 (1975), 425–40. John Hargreaves, ‘African Colonization in the Nineteenth Century: Liberia and Sierra Leone’, in Jeffrey Butler, ed., Boston University Papers in African History (Boston, 1964), 73; Amos J. Beyan, African American Settlements in West Africa: John Brown Russwurm and the American Civilizing Efforts (Basingstoke, 2005), 29; Shick, Behold the Promised Land, 53; Lamin O. Sanneh, Abolitionists Abroad: American Blacks and the Making of Modern West Africa (Cambridge, MA, 1999), 238, 242. 22. A notable exception is Fladeland, Men and Brothers. Much of the focus of transnational histories of slavery and anti-slavery is on the eighteenth cen- tury, with a recent trend toward the study of the black loyalists who fought for the British in the American Revolution and were eventually relocated to Freetown: see Brown, Moral Capital; Simon Schama, Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves, and the American Revolution (New York, 2006); Mary
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Short History of the First Liberian Republic
    Joseph Saye Guannu A Short History of the First Liberian Republic Third edition Star*Books Contents Preface viii About the author x The new state and its government Introduction The Declaration of Independence and Constitution Causes leading to the Declaration of Independence The Constitutional Convention The Constitution The kind of state and system of government 4 The kind of state Organization of government System of government The l1ag and seal of Liberia The exclusion and inclusion of ethnic Liberians The rulers and their administrations 10 Joseph Jenkins Roberts Stephen Allen Benson Daniel Bashiel Warner James Spriggs Payne Edward James Roye James Skirving Smith Anthony William Gardner Alfred Francis Russell Hilary Richard Wright Johnson JosephJames Cheeseman William David Coleman Garretson Wilmot Gibson Arthur Barclay Daniel Edward Howard Charles Dunbar Burgess King Edwin James Barclay William Vacanarat Shadrach Tubman William Richard Tolbert PresidentiaI succession in Liberian history 36 BeforeRoye After Roye iii A Short HIstory 01 the First lIberlJn Republlc The expansion of presidential powers 36 The socio-political factors The economic factors Abrief history of party politics 31 Before the True Whig Party The True Whig Party Interior policy of the True Whig Party Major oppositions to the True Whig Party The Election of 1927 The Election of 1951 The Election of 1955 The plot that failed Questions Activities 2 Territorial expansion of, and encroachment on, Liberia 4~ Introduction 41 Two major reasons for expansion 4' Economic
    [Show full text]
  • The Legacy of Thomas Hodgkin Is Still Relevant 150 Years After His Death
    Open Access Rambam Maimonides Medical Journal HISTORY OF MEDICINE The Legacy of Thomas Hodgkin Is Still Relevant 150 Years After His Death. Nothing of Humanity Was Foreign to Him Eldad J. Dann, M.D.1,2,3* 1Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; 2Blood Bank and Transfusion Service, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; and 3Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel ABSTRACT Current leading figures in medical science usually focus on very specific topics and use cutting-edge technologies to broaden our knowledge in the field. The working environment of the nineteenth century was very different. Medical giants of that time such as Rudolph Virchow and Thomas Hodgkin had a wide- ranging scope of research and humanitarian interests and made enormous contributions to a variety of core areas of medicine and the well-being of mankind. The year 2016 marked the 150th anniversary of the death of Dr Thomas Hodgkin. Even a brief review of his life and work proves the current relevance of the outstanding deeds of this exceptional physician, medical educator, and defender of human rights for the poor and underprivileged; his vision was far ahead of his time. KEY WORDS: Thomas Hodgkin, Hodgkin disease, philanthropy, protection of human rights April 4, 2016 marked the 150th anniversary of the This article aims to elaborate on the features and death of Dr Thomas Hodgkin (1798–1866) (Figure deeds of Thomas Hodgkin that continue to make 1). Three biographies1–3 and many articles4–7 have him a source of admiration and inspiration now- been written about Thomas Hodgkin.
    [Show full text]
  • Africa Journal of the International African Institute Revue De Rinstitut Africain International Volume 57, 1987
    Africa Journal of the International African Institute Revue de rinstitut Africain International Volume 57, 1987 Edited by Murray Last Reviews Editor Paul Richards I-A-I Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.40.40, on 02 Oct 2021 at 10:17:45, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0001972000083091 AFRICA Vol. 57 No. 4 1987 Editors • Redacteurs Murray Last • Paul Richards Consultant editor • Christopher Fyfe • Ridacteur consultatif Reviews Editor • Paul Richards • Ridacteur, comptes rendus Consultant Editors • Redacteurs consultatifs A. E. Afigbo • Abdel Ghaffer M. Ahmed • W. van Binsbergen • John Comaroff • Gudrun Dahl • Katsuyoshi Fukui • C. Magbaily Fyle J. A. K. Kandawire • Carol P. MacCormack • Wyatt MacGaffey • Adolfo Mascarenhas • J.-C. Muller • Moriba Toure Sierra Leone, 1787-1987 Foreword • by the Vice-Chancellor, University of Sierra Leone 407 Introduction 408 History and politics 1787-1887-1987: reflections on a Sierra Leone bicentenary • Christopher Fyfe 411 The dissolution of Freetown City Council in 1926: a negative example of political apprenticeship in colonial Sierra Leone • AkintolaJ. G. Wyse 422 Women in Freetown politics, 1914-61: a preliminary study • LaRayDenzer 439 Ecology and technology The socio-ecology of firewood and charcoal on the Freetown peninsula • R. Akindele Cline^Cole 457 Culture, technology and policy in the informal sector: attention to endogenous development • C. Magbaily Fyle 498 Photography in Sierra Leone, 1850-1918 • Vera Viditz-Ward 510 Culture and language The national languages of Sierra Leone: a decade of policy experimentation • JokoSengova 519 Journal of the International African Institute Revue de l'lnstitut Africain International Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core.
    [Show full text]
  • Jane W V. Moses Thomas Complaint
    Case 2:18-cv-00569-PBT Document 1 Filed 02/12/18 Page 1 of 38 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA JANE W, in her individual capacity, and in her capacity as the personal representative of the estates of her relatives, James W, Julie W, and Jen W; Civil Action No. ________________ JOHN X, in his individual capacity, and in his capacity as the personal representative JURY TRIAL REQUESTED of the estates of his relatives, Jane X, Julie X, James X, and Joseph X; JOHN Y, in his individual capacity; AND JOHN Z, in his individual capacity, Plaintiffs, v. MOSES W. THOMAS, Defendant. COMPLAINT Plaintiffs Jane W, John X, John Y, and John Z in their personal capacities and on behalf of their decedent relatives (collectively “Plaintiffs”), complain and allege as follows. PRELIMINARY STATEMENT 1. This case arises from the brutal massacre of unarmed civilians seeking shelter in St. Peter’s Lutheran Church (the “Lutheran Church” or the “Church”) in Monrovia, Liberia (the “Lutheran Church Massacre” or the “Massacre”). The Church was a designated Red Cross humanitarian aid center sheltering civilians displaced from the growing violence in Liberia’s countryside and in the capital city of Monrovia. The Lutheran Church Massacre was one of the largest attacks on civilians during Liberia’s two back-to-back civil wars, the first of 106612680v.1 Case 2:18-cv-00569-PBT Document 1 Filed 02/12/18 Page 2 of 38 which was a seven-year armed conflict beginning in 1989 that took the lives of over 200,000 individuals and displaced half the nation’s population.
    [Show full text]
  • Martin R. Delany and Robert Campbell: Black Americans in Search of an African Colony Author(S): Richard Blackett Source: the Journal of Negro History, Vol
    Martin R. Delany and Robert Campbell: Black Americans in Search of an African Colony Author(s): Richard Blackett Source: The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 62, No. 1, (Jan., 1977), pp. 1-25 Published by: Association for the Study of African-American Life and History, Inc. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2717188 Accessed: 10/05/2008 21:54 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=asalh. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We enable the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. http://www.jstor.org MARTIN R. DELANY AND ROBERT CAMPBELL: BLACK AMERICANS IN SEARCH OF AN AFRICAN COLONY Richard Blackett* The years 1859-1860represent a crucial and significantperiod of emigrationist activities among black Americans in the decades before the Civil War.
    [Show full text]
  • Hannah Kilham and Gender Issues: the Place of Females in the Liberated African Villages of Sierra Leone
    Hannah Kilham and Gender Issues HANNAH KILHAM AND GENDER ISSUES: THE PLACE OF FEMALES IN THE LIBERATED AFRICAN VILLAGES OF SIERRA LEONE Victor Zizer Abstract: This paper examines how Kilham and her educational approach for Africans contributed to redefine the place of females in the Christianisation process of Liberated Africans in Sierra Le- one. The paper investigates some of the Colonial Government poli- cies for Liberated Africans in 19th century Sierra Leone to see how they served to define the place of females in the Liberated African villages. Various groups and individuals offered different forms of intervention to mitigate their challenges. Hannah Kilham, a 19th century English Quaker, was one such person who was committed to the cause of the Liberated Africans in Sierra Leone. She, like other agents, believed that education played a major role to intro- duce Christianity to Africans and to promote acceptable commerce among them. Unlike them, she maintained that for education to be meaningful to Africans, it must be offered through the medium of their own languages. Kilham’s approach contributed to the work of other agencies and directed them to the significance of focusing on girls’ education Key Words: Friend; Inward light; Liberated; Native; Indigenous; Quaker; Kilhamite. Introduction The British colonial settlement at Sierra Leone offers a desirable reference point to begin a discussion on Gender issues in the history of Missions in West Africa in the 19th century. Established in 1787 as a new home for freed slaves, Sierra Leone became known for three groups of emigrants: the “Black Poor”,1 the Nova Scotians and Maroons,2 and the Liberated Africans.
    [Show full text]
  • Descendants of Thomas Hodgkin
    Descendants of Thomas Hodgkin Charles E. G. Pease Pennyghael Isle of Mull Descendants of Thomas Hodgkin 1-Thomas Hodgkin died on 29 Jul 1709. Thomas married Ann Alcock on 21 May 1665. Ann died on 24 Apr 1689. They had three children: Thomas, John, and Elizabeth. Noted events in their marriage were: • They had a residence in Shutford, Banbury, Oxfordshire. 2-Thomas Hodgkin was born on 29 Mar 1666 in Shutford, Banbury, Oxfordshire and died in 1740 at age 74. Thomas married Elizabeth. They had seven children: Ann, Thomas, John, Mary, Elizabeth, Hannah, and Richard. 3-Ann Hodgkin was born on 24 Dec 1696. Ann married _____ Hall. 3-Thomas Hodgkin was born on 7 Aug 1699 and died on 6 Feb 1752 in Penn's Neck, New Jersey. USA at age 52. General Notes: Emigrated to Pennsylvania. 3-John Hodgkin was born on 31 Oct 1701 in Shipston on Stour, Warwickshire and died on 9 Oct 1786 at age 84. Noted events in his life were: • Miscellaneous: Until 1931, Shipston on Stour was part of Worcestershire. John married Susanna Hitchman. They had three children: John, Susanna, and Thomas. 4-John Hodgkin1 was born on 25 May 1741, died on 31 May 1815 in Shipston on Stour, Warwickshire at age 74, and was buried on 4 Jun 1815. Noted events in his life were: • He worked as a Woolstapler in Shipston on Stour, Warwickshire. John married Elizabeth Gibbs1 on 28 Feb 1765. Elizabeth died on 29 Apr 1805. They had five children: John, Susanna, Mary, Elizabeth, and Anna. 5-John Hodgkin1,2,3 was born on 11 Feb 1766 in Shipston on Stour, Warwickshire and died on 29 Sep 1845 in Tottenham, London at age 79.
    [Show full text]
  • * * * * * the VILLAGE of BUFFALO-1800 to 1832 by Wilma
    * * * * * THE VILLAGE OF BUFFALO-1800 TO 1832 by Wilma Laux B UFFALO today is a city of 42.67 square miles, hemmed in by Lake Erie, the Niagara River, and neighboring towns, but once several communities stood within this large tract. ~~~r the end of the eighteenth centurx.a cluster of log ~es destined to be the beginning of the city was perched on a bluff. mos uito-ridden marsh stretched for a uarter of a mile or more between Lake Erie and the foot of the cliff . Two miles down the Niagara, farther north along an escarpment, was a scattering of dwellings beside a ferry landing. This spot was called U er Black Rock because of an unusual trian ular outcro of dark s one tun into he river to orm a natural harbor and wharf. Even- tually the settlement grew along the river or two miles or so until it joined Lower Black Rock, another small grouping of cabins. A ferry carried passengers across the Niagara to the flourishing village of Fort Erie which had been established by the British before the Revolution- ary War. Between Buff B ck a s uatter's town xis 2 o 2 .This was Sand town consistin of a few huts nestled among ~and gunes near the foot of the Qresent Porter Avenue. This small town looked out over the swift stretch of the river marked on early maps as the "little rapids." Four miles east of the mouth of Buffalo Creek was the first large com- munity within the boundaries of the present city, the Indian village known as the Buffalo Creek settlement.
    [Show full text]
  • Wesley Historical Society Editor: Rev
    Proceedings OF THE Wesley Historical Society Editor: REv. JOHN C. BOWMER, M.A., B.D. Volume XXXIV March 1963 EDITORIAL HE commencement of another volume provides us with an opportunity to greet our readers, for our Society is essentially T a confraternity of unseen friends, with the Proceedings as the only tangible link between us all. This year of Grace, 1963, has dawned with the People called Methodists very much in the news. One could not write this Edit­ orial without some reference to the Report, just published, of the Conversations between the Methodists and the Church of England. As we are a society whose interests are primarily in history, it could be said that the Report is not our direct concern, and (what is prob­ ably more to the point) that even less is it our duty to comment upon it at this stage. At the same time, one has to acknowledge that it was our own particular history-viz. the relationship of Wesley and the early Methodists to the Church of England-that led to these Conversations taking place in the first instance. Certainly we be­ lieve that no true judgement can be passed upon them without some knowledge of that history, and we would like to think that some of the articles which have appeared in these pages-e.g. those on ordin­ ation-were more widely read in our Church. History surely has a word for the present. * * Two hundred years ago there passed from the Methodist scene that turbulent priest-one of the most colourful figures of the Revival -William Grimshaw.
    [Show full text]
  • Acknowledgments
    ACKNOWLEDGMENTS During the ten years that were spent in editing the three African Series volumes, the Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers project has incurred an unusually large number of institutional, intel- lect jal, and personal debts. The preparation of the volumes would never have bee i possible without the continuing support and assistance of a wide array of nanuscript librarians, archivists, university libraries, scholars, funding age icies, university administrators, fellow editors, and friends. While the debts thus accrued over the past decade can never be adequately discharged, it is still a great pleasure to acknowledge them. They form an integral part of whatever permanent value these volumes possess. We would like here to acknowledge our deep appreciation to so many for contributing so greatly to this endeavor. In a real sense, these volumes represent the fruition of the efforts of many hands that have worked selflessly to assist in documenting the story of the African Garvey movement. We would like to thank the many archives and manuscript collections that hav ; contributed documents as well as assisted the project by responding with unfiiling courtesy and promptness to our innumerable queries for informa- dor : American Colonization Society Papers; Archives africaines, Place Royale, Brussels; Archives de Ministère des affaires étrangères, Paris; Archives du Senegal, Dakar; Archives nationales du Cameroun, Yaounde; Archives of the Département évangélique français d'action apostolique, Paris;
    [Show full text]
  • Tee 1919 Race Riots in Britain: Ti-Lir Background and Conseolences
    TEE 1919 RACE RIOTS IN BRITAIN: TI-LIR BACKGROUND AND CONSEOLENCES JACOLEUNE .ENKINSON FOR TI-E DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH 1987 ABSTRACT OF THESIS This thesis contains an empirically-based study of the race riots in Britain, which looks systematically at each of the nine major outbreaks around the country. It also looks at the background to the unrest in terms of the growing competition in the merchant shipping industry in the wake of the First World War, a trade in which most Black residents in this country were involved. One result of the social and economic dislocation following the Armistice was a general increase in the number of riots and disturbances in this country. This factor serves to put into perspective the anti-Black riots as an example of increased post-war tension, something which was occurring not only in this country, but worldwide, often involving recently demobilised men, both Black and white. In this context the links between the riots in Britain and racial unrest in the West Indies and the United States are discussed; as is the growth of 'popular racism' in this country and the position of the Black community in Britain pre- and post- riot. The methodological approach used is that of Marxist historians of the theory of riot, although this study in part, offers a revision of the established theory. ACKNOWLEDcEJvNTS I would like to thank Dr. Ian Duffield, my tutor and supervisor at Edinburgh University, whose guidance and enthusiasm helped me along the way to the completion of this thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Country Presentation by the GOVERNMENT of LIBERIA
    THIRD UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON THE LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES Brussels, 14-20 May 2001 Country presentation by THE GOVERNMENT OF LIBERIA NOTE The views expressed in this document are those of the Government concerned. The document is reproduced in the form and language in which it has been received. The designations employed and the presentation of the material do not imply expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. A/CONF.191/CP/38 June 15, 2000 THIRD UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON THE LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES Brussels, 14-20 May 2001 Presentation of the Government of Liberia ACTION PROGRAMME FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF LIBERIA 2001-2010 Date June 15, 2000 i GLOSSARY ACP -------- African Caribbean Pacific Countries AEL -------- Association of Evangelicals of Liberia AfDB ------- African Development Bank ARF -------- (Local Exchange) AXE-b ----- (Transit Exchange) BCADP ---- Bong County Agricultural Development Project BMC ------- Bong Mining Company BWI ------- Booker Washington Institute CARI ------ Central Agricultural Research Institute CBL -------- Central Bank of Liberia DR -------- Data Rate ECOWAS --- Economic Community of West African States EDX-c ------ (Telex Exchange) EEZ ------ Exclusive Economic Zone ELWA ----- Eternal Love Winning Africa EU ------- European Union FAO ----- Food and Agriculture Organization FDA ------ Forestry Development
    [Show full text]