www.YoYoBrain.com - Accelerators for Memory and Learning Questions for Crypto Currencies

Category: Default - (170 questions) : vwap volume weighted average price : multisig using multiple key signatures to approve a transaction Blockchain: demurrage a charge payable to the owner of a chartered ship in respect of failure to load or discharge the ship within the time agreed Blockchain: coin mixing pooling your coins with other transactions so they are more anonymous, using services like Dark Coin, Dark Wallet and BitMixer Blockchain: attestation provide or serve as clear evidence of Blockchain: smart property property whose ownership is controlled via the blockchain, using contracts subject to existing law Blockchain: Swarm decentralized file serving method Blockchain: Ethereum Whisper peer-to-peer protocol for secret messaging and digital cryptography used to refer to using the blockchain to Blockchain: digital art register any form of IP Blockchain: Zookos's Triangle Problem encountered in any system that gives names to participants in a network protocol: how to make identities such as a URL or user handle simultaneously secure, decentralized and human-usable Blockchain: futarchy a 2 level process by which individuals first vote on general specified outcomes (like "increase GDP") and secondly, vote on specific proposals for achieving those outcomes Blockchain: demurrage being deflationary (value losing) over time Blockchain: hashing functions create a maps data of any size to a bit string of a mathematical algorithm that ______fixed size Blockchain: improvement on Factom network It utilizes lighter consensus system, incorporates voting and stores a lot more information Blockchain: who created Satoshi Nakamoto Blockchain: cryptocurrency for Ripple XRP Blockchain: Factom network cryptocurrency Factoids Blockchain: breeder documents documents, like birth certificates, that enable people to get other documents, like Social Security cards or drivers licenses Blockchain: Fabric permissioned blockchain platform based on Blockchain: Chaincode Hyperledger's version of Ethereum's Blockchain: Inventor of Ethereum Vitalik Buterin Blockchain: SPV Simplified Payment Verification let's you validate your transactions without having to worry about anybody else's transactions Crypto: Tangle IOTA's , based on DAG (Directed Acyclic Graph) data structure Crypto: coins vs tokens coins: assets on their native tokens: assets foreign to the blockchain they live on Crypto: ERC-20 a standard for Fungible Tokens, in other words, they have a property that makes each token be exactly the same (in type and value) of another Token Crypto: security token a tradable financial asset; Howey-Test can help determine Crypto: PAXG PAX Gold - each token is backed by one fine troy ounce of a 400 oz gold bar stored in Brix's vault in London Crypto: DGX Disix Gold Token - backed by 1 gram of gold Crypto: Chia cryptocurrency by Bram Cohen that uses a time model Crypto: liquidity mining rewards users for providing assets to liquidity pools, which enable the platform's other users to swap assets Crypto: BitMax top 10 crypto exchange; seems to be located in Singapore Crypto: Curve Finance $CRV DEX built on Ethereum with daily trading volume over $1B Crypto: WETH wrapped Ethereum in smart token - used for dEX Crypto: dEX decentralized crypto currency exchange - trades 2 Eth20 tokens directly between users using smart contracts Crypto: rollups mini-blockchains that inherit the security properties of the blockchain they are built on Crypto: 2 basic types of rollups optimistic rollups - secured via fraud proofs, anyone is free to prove the computation is wrong zero knowledge rollups - secured via cryptography Crypto: state channel 1. part of blockchain is locked via a smart contract 2. participants update state amongst themselves by sending signed transactions 3. At the end, final transaction is submitted to smart contract to unlock the state. crypto: how does Maker protocol work allows any user with an Ethereum wallet to take out a loan by putting ether in DEFI contract crypto: a stable coin crypto-currency which aims to keep its value to as close to 1 USD through an automated system of smart contracts on the Ethereum block chain crypto: yield farming putting crypto temporarily at the disposal of a startup's application to earn its owner more cryptocurrency crypto: basis trade involves buying a commodity at spot (taking a long position) and simultaneously establishing a short position through derivatives like options or futures that locks in a profit crypto: contango when the futures price trades at a premium to spot price crypto: backwardation when the futures price trade below the spot Crypto: CBDC Central Bank Crypto: DPoS Delegated Proof-of-Stake Crypto: how does Proof of History work creates a historical record that proves an event has occurred at a specific moment in time Crypto: how does Solana implement a Proof by encoding the passage of time in a simple of History SHA-256, sequential hashing verifiable delay function (VDF) Crypto: PoS Proof-of-Stake Crypto: Nakamoto Coefficient the minimum number of entities in a given subsystem required to get to 51% of the total capacity Crypto: Verifiable Delay Function 1. Function that is slow to compute 2. Fast to verify 3. publically verifiable 4. tunable for a range of time delay parameter Crypto: min-entropy in information theory a measurment of how predictable an outcome is.  High min-entropy captures the intuitive idea that the distribution is very spread out Crypto: a hash function H is hiding if when a secret value r is chosen from a ______probability distribution that has a high min-entropy, then give H(r||x) it is infeasible to find x Crypto: a commitment (in cryptography) the digital analog of taking a value, sealing it in an envelope, and putting the envelope on the table.  When you do that, you've committed yourself to what's in the envelope Crypto: a hash function is said to be for every possible n-bit output value y, if k is puzzle-friendly if ______chosen from a distribution with high min-entropy, then it is infeasible to find x such that H( k || x) = y in the time significantly less that 2^n Crypto: Merkle-Dangard transform a generic method to convert a hash that works on a fixed-length input into a function that works on arbitrary -length inputs Crypto: hash pointer a pointer to where information is stored together with a cryptographic hash of the information Crypto: block chain data structure a linked list using hash parameters Crypto: tamper-evident log a log data structure that allows data to be appended and shows if data has been changed Crypto: Merkle tree binary tree with hash pointers Crypto: ECDSA Eliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm - digital signature scheme Crypto: distributed consenses protocol There are n nodes that each have an input value.  Some of the nodes are faulty or malicious. A distributed protocol has 2 properties 1. Must terminate will all honest nodes in agreement on the value 2. The must have been generated by an honest node Crypto: rule of thumb for the number of 6 confirmations in Bitcoin for the transaction to be considered permanent Crypto: how often is the mining difficulty level every 2016 blocks in Bitcoin recalculated Crypto: Bitcoin - mean time for a specific 10 minutes / their fraction of hash power minor to mine a block Crypto: bip (Bitcoin) Bitcoin improvement proposal Crypto: coinbase (Bitcoin) a special field used as the sole input for coinbase transactions. The coinbase allows claiming the block reward and provides up to 100 bytes for arbitrary data. Not to be confused with Coinbase transaction Crypto: coinbase transaction (Bitcoin) The first transaction in a block. Always created by a miner, and includes a single coinbase. Not to be confused with Coinbase Crypto: colored coins (Bitcoin) an opensource Bitcoin 2.0 protocol that enables developers to create digital assets on top of Bitcoin blockchain utilizing its functionality beyond currency Crypto: difficulty retargeting (Bitcoin) a network-wide recalculation of the difficulty that occurs once every 2,016 blocks Crypto: Bitcoin /accidental fork occurs when 2 or more blocks have the same block height, forking the block chain.  Typically occurs when 2 or more miners find blocks at nearly the same time Crypto: hashlocks a type of encumberance that restricts the spending of output until a specified piece of data is publically revealed.  Has the useful property that once any hashlock is opened publically, any other hashbblock secured using the same key can also be opened Crypto: HD protocol the Hierarchical Deterministic (HD) key creation and transfer protocol, which allows creating child keys from parent keys in heirarchy Crypto: HTLC a Hashed Time Lock Contract - it is a class of payments that use hashlocks and timelocks to require that the receiver of a payment either acknowledge receiving the payment prior to a deadline by generating cryptographic proof of payment or forfeit the ability to claim payment Crypto: proof-of-burn allows miners to show proof of sending crypto coins to a bad address so they become useless.  The more coins are burned to more chance to mine the block Crypto: Launched in 2011.  Uses a memory-hard mining puzzle based on Crypto: merge-mined altcoin the mining task to compute Bitcoin blocks whose Coinbase scripting contains a hash pointer to an altcoin block Crypto: SPV simplified payment verification - used for nodes that don't download the full blockchain history Crypto: Patricia tries Practical Algorithm To Retrieve Information Coded In Alphanumeric - Trie - Tripple Merkele Tree Used in Ethereum to track blockchain Crypto: Coinjoin main proposal for decentralized mining Crypto: taint analysis a way of calculating how 'related' 2 crypto addresses are Crypto: first altcoin using proof-of-stake in 2012.  Proof-of-work difficulty is set based on age or coins used to stake the block mining Crypto: cryptographic beacon refers to a service that provides a public source of randomness Crypto: scrypt the most popular memory hard puzzle. Used in Lightcoin Crypto: LevelDB an opensource on-disk key-value store.  Light weight, single-purpose library for persistence with binding to many platforms Crypto: a proposed implementation of Hashed Timelock Contracts (HTLC) with bi-directional payment channels which allow payments to be securely routed across multiple peer-to-peer payment channels Crypto: locktime technically nLockTime, is the part of a transaction which indicates the earliest time or earliest block when that transaction may be added to the blockchain Crypto: mempool (Bitcoin) a collection of all transaction data in a block that have been verified by bitcoin nodes, but are not yet confirmed Crypto: opcode (Bitcoin) Operation codes from the Bitcoin Script language which push data or perform functions withing a pubkey script or signature script Crypto: OP_RETURN (Bitcoin) An opcode used in one of the outputs in OP_RETURN transaction Crypto: OP_RETURN transaction (Bitcoin) a transaction type relayed and mined by default in Bitcoin Core 0.9.0 and later that adds arbitrary data to a provably unspendable pubkey script that full nodes don't have to store in their UTXO database Crypto: TxOUT (Bitcoin) also, output or transaction output.  It is an output in a transaction which contains 2 fields: a value field for transferring zero or more satoshis and a pubkey for indicating what conditions must be fulfilled for those satoshis to be further spent Crypto: P2PKH (bitcoin) Transactions that pay a bitcoin address containing a P2PKH or PayToPubkeyHash scripts.  Can be unlocked (spent) by presenting a pubkey and digital signature created by the corresponding private key Crypto: P2SH (bitcoin) Pay-to-Script Hash - the complex script that details the conditions for spending the output that is not presented in the locking script.  Instead, only a hash of it is in the locking script. Crypto: P2SH address (bitcoin) Base58Check encoding of the 20-byte hash of a script.  Use the prefix 5, which results in a Base58Check encoded address that starts with 3 Crypto: P2WPKH (bitcoin) Pay-to-Witness-Public-Key-Hash - the signatures of P2NPKH containing the same info as a P2PKH spending, but is located in the witness field instead of the scriptSig field Crypto: P2WSH (bitcoin) Payment-to-Witness-Script-Hash - different from P2SH because of cryptographic proof location is changed from the scriptSig to the witness field Crypto: RIPEMD-160 160-bit cryptographic hash function used in Bitcoin address formation Crypto: Script Pubkey (bitcoin) or pubkey script - script included in outputs which sets the conditions that must be fulfilled for those satoshis to be spent Crypto: ScriptSig (bitcoin) or signature script, is the data generated by a spender which is almost always used as variables to satisfy a pubkey script Crypto: soft fork a temporary fork in the blockchain which commonly occurs when miners using non-upgraded nodes don't follow new consensus rules that their nodes don't know about Crypto: timelocks a type of encumbrance that restricts spending of some bitcoin until a specified future time or block height Crypto: WIF Wallet Import Format - a data interchange format designed to allow scripting and importing a single private key Crypto: when will last bitcoin be mined 2140 Crypto: change address address of current owner in a transaction, used to send change back Crypto: flooding when a node tells every connected node it knows of about a transaction Crypto: Bitcoin Core the reference implementation of the bitcoin system Crypto: Command-line bitcoin client bitcoind Crypto: default bitcoin local RPC port 8332 Crypto: the digital signature used to spend witness funds is also referred to as a ______Crypto: CSPRNG cryptologically secure pseudo random number generator Crypto: trap door function it is an easy way to do in direction (like multiplication) and impossible to do in the reverse direction (like division) Crypto: secp265k1 NIST standard for elliptical curve cryptography Crypto: generator-point in secp265k1 a number used to take an input point and generate another point somewhere on the curve Crypto: 2 algorithms used to make a bitcoin SHA256 address from a public key RIPEMD160 Crypto: Base64 use 26 lowercase and 26 capital letters, 10 numeral, and 2 more characters such as '+' and '\' to transmit binary data over text-based media such as email Crypto: Base58 set of lowercase and capital letters without the four letters: 0, O, l, I, and the symbols '+' and '/' Crypto: Base58Check a Base58 encoding format, frequently used in bitcoin, which has a built-in error-checking code Crypto: WIF-compressed format starts with K _____.  Which denotes the private key within has a suffix of 01 and ______will be used to produce compressed public keys only Crypto: uncompressed public key format Point on the elliptical curve consisting of a (bitcoin) pair of coordinates.  It is usually presented with prefix 04 followed by 2 256-bit numbers, one for x and one for y coordinates Crypto: how are compressed public keys they start with 02 or 03 prefix indicated (bitcoin) Crypto: what does the 02 and 03 mean on 02 - means y is even (positive) compressed public keys (bitcoin) 03 - means y is odd (negative) Crypto: number of bitcoin addresses a 2 private key formats: compressed and private key can produce uncompressed, which map to 2 different bitcoin addresses Crypto: what designates a WIF as the private key has an added one-byte suffix compressed (01 in hex) that creates a K or L prefix Crypto: what shows a WIF is has a 5 prefix not-compressed Crypto: BIP-38 proposes a common standard for encrypting private keys with a passphrase and encoding them with Base58Check so they can be stored securely on backup media Crypto: traditional bitcoin addresses begin the number 1 with ___ Crypto: bitcoin addresses that begin with the pay-to-script hash (P2SH) addresses number 3 are ______Crypto: "1" bitcoin addresses are known as pay-to-public-key-hash (P2PKH) ______Crypto: the most common implementation of multi-signature address script the P2SH function in bitcoin is ______Crypto: bitcoin's multi-signature feature is M signatures (also known as the threshold) designed to require ______from a total of N keys M-of-N multi-sig Crypto: JBOK wallet "Just a Bunch of Keys"  wallet - each key is independently generated from a random number Crypto: deterministic wallet all keys are derived from a single master key, known as the seed Crypto: HD wallet hierarchical deterministic wallet with a tree like signature Crypto: extended key key and chain code which can be used to create children keys Crypto: xpub extended public keys - which can be used to create child public keys (but not private keys) Crypto: how is transaction fee calculated in difference between inputs and outputs - this bitcoin goes to the miner Crypto: bitcoin locking script a spending condition placed on an output, historically called a scriptPubKey Crypto: purpose of SIGHASH flag way of indicating which part of a transaction's data is included in the hash signed by the private key Crypto: why is a good random number If the same k value is used to produce 2 generator important for bitcoin private/public signatures on different messages, then the key pair signing private key can be calculated by anyone Crypto: satoshi  smallest unit of bitcoin 10^8 satoshis in a bitcoin Crypto: FPGA field-programmable gate array - can custom program the chip dynamically Crypto: ASIC application-specific integrated circuit - custom functions built into the chip, used for mining bitcoin Crypto: when we say that a user's wallet has the wallet has detected a UTXO that can be "received" bitcoin, what we mean is spent with one of the keys controlled by that ______wallet Crypto: FIBRE (bitcoin) Fast Internet Bitcoin Relay Engine - a UDP based relay network that relays blocks within a network of nodes Crypto: how are Bloom filters used in bitcoin as an efficient way to express search patterns while protecting privacy.  A Bloom filter is a probabilistic search filter, a way to describe a desired pattern without expressing it exactly. Crypto: default node-to-node port for bitcoin 8333 Crypto: In P2SH transactions, the locking the redeem script script that is replaced by a hash is referred to as ______(bitcoin) Crypto: what happens in P2SH that is locked will never be able to be spent because the with hash of an invalid redeem script script will not be accepted when presented (bitcoin) Crypto: use of RETURN operator (bitcoin) allows developers to add 80 bytes of nonpayment data to transaction output.  Creates an explicitly provable unspendable output, which doesn't need to be stored in UTXO set Crypto: CLTV opcode (bitcoin) restricts specific UTXO such that they can only be spent in a future transaction with nLocktime set to greater or equal value Crypto: use case for CSV opcode (bitcoin) allows a relative time/blockchain length lock Crypto: flow control opcodes (bitcoin) IF, ELSE, ENDIF, and NOTIF opcodes Crypto: a state channel is established a transaction that locks a shared state on the between 2 parties through ______blockchain Crypto: how is a locked state channel the 2 parties exchange signed transactions, updated called commitment transactions, that alter the initial state.  Parties hold off submitting until end of the transaction Crypto: AMM automated market maker ex: Crypto: TVL total value locked - amount secured via smart contracts Crypto: FET native token of the Fetch blockchain (AI agents) Crypto: Bitcoin Relay Network network that attempts to minimize the latency in the transmission of blocks between miners Crypto: Truffle a blockchain utility belt (in Node.js) that provides tools that make compiling, testing, and packaging blockchain apps easier Crypto: Ganache a local blockchain, that has tools for creating accounts and runs a JSON RPC API server to connect to and read/write to the blockchain Crypto: XLM Steller Lumen coins - blockchain for transferring money Crypto: PoA protocol Proof-of-Authority - commonly used for private blockchains Crypto: EOAs externally owned addresses Crypto: EIP (Ethereum) Ethereum Improvement Proposal Crypto: ____ standard is used when creating ERC-20 a fungible or mutually interchangeable token (Ethereum) Crypto: JSON RPC a light-weight remote procedure call (RPC) protocol Crypto: Chainlink decentralized oracle networks that provide tamper-proof inputs, outputs and computation Crypto: OGN (token) Origin - the Origin protocol is a network that allows market participants to share goods and services through peer-to-peer networks Crypto: MKR (token) Maker - enables governance for the DAI credit system Crypto: UNI (token) Uniswap - governance token for a protocol for exchanging ERC-20 tokens on Ethereum