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Questions for Crypto Currencies www.YoYoBrain.com - Accelerators for Memory and Learning Questions for Crypto Currencies Category: Default - (170 questions) Cryptocurrencies: vwap volume weighted average price Blockchain: multisig using multiple key signatures to approve a transaction Blockchain: demurrage a charge payable to the owner of a chartered ship in respect of failure to load or discharge the ship within the time agreed Blockchain: coin mixing pooling your coins with other transactions so they are more anonymous, using services like Dark Coin, Dark Wallet and BitMixer Blockchain: attestation provide or serve as clear evidence of Blockchain: smart property property whose ownership is controlled via the blockchain, using contracts subject to existing law Blockchain: Ethereum Swarm decentralized file serving method Blockchain: Ethereum Whisper peer-to-peer protocol for secret messaging and digital cryptography used to refer to using the blockchain to Blockchain: digital art register any form of IP Blockchain: Zookos's Triangle Problem encountered in any system that gives names to participants in a network protocol: how to make identities such as a URL or user handle simultaneously secure, decentralized and human-usable Blockchain: futarchy a 2 level process by which individuals first vote on general specified outcomes (like "increase GDP") and secondly, vote on specific proposals for achieving those outcomes Blockchain: cryptocurrency demurrage being deflationary (value losing) over time Blockchain: hashing functions create a maps data of any size to a bit string of a mathematical algorithm that _______ fixed size Blockchain: improvement on Factom network It utilizes lighter consensus system, incorporates voting and stores a lot more information Blockchain: who created Bitcoin Satoshi Nakamoto Blockchain: cryptocurrency for Ripple XRP Blockchain: Factom network cryptocurrency Factoids Blockchain: breeder documents documents, like birth certificates, that enable people to get other documents, like Social Security cards or drivers licenses Blockchain: Fabric permissioned blockchain platform based on Hyperledger Blockchain: Chaincode Hyperledger's version of Ethereum's smart contract Blockchain: Inventor of Ethereum Vitalik Buterin Blockchain: SPV Simplified Payment Verification let's you validate your transactions without having to worry about anybody else's transactions Crypto: Tangle IOTA's distributed ledger, based on DAG (Directed Acyclic Graph) data structure Crypto: coins vs tokens coins: assets on their native blockchains tokens: assets foreign to the blockchain they live on Crypto: ERC-20 a standard for Fungible Tokens, in other words, they have a property that makes each token be exactly the same (in type and value) of another Token Crypto: security token a tradable financial asset; Howey-Test can help determine Crypto: PAXG PAX Gold - each token is backed by one fine troy ounce of a 400 oz gold bar stored in Brix's vault in London Crypto: DGX Disix Gold Token - backed by 1 gram of gold Crypto: Chia cryptocurrency by Bram Cohen that uses a proof of space time model Crypto: liquidity mining rewards users for providing assets to liquidity pools, which enable the platform's other users to swap assets Crypto: BitMax top 10 crypto exchange; seems to be located in Singapore Crypto: Curve Finance $CRV DEX built on Ethereum with daily trading volume over $1B Crypto: WETH wrapped Ethereum in smart token - used for dEX Crypto: dEX decentralized crypto currency exchange - trades 2 Eth20 tokens directly between users using smart contracts Crypto: rollups mini-blockchains that inherit the security properties of the blockchain they are built on Crypto: 2 basic types of rollups optimistic rollups - secured via fraud proofs, anyone is free to prove the computation is wrong zero knowledge rollups - secured via cryptography Crypto: state channel 1. part of blockchain is locked via a smart contract 2. participants update state amongst themselves by sending signed transactions 3. At the end, final transaction is submitted to smart contract to unlock the state. crypto: how does Maker protocol work allows any user with an Ethereum wallet to take out a loan by putting ether in DEFI contract crypto: Dai a stable coin crypto-currency which aims to keep its value to as close to 1 USD through an automated system of smart contracts on the Ethereum block chain crypto: yield farming putting crypto temporarily at the disposal of a startup's application to earn its owner more cryptocurrency crypto: basis trade involves buying a commodity at spot (taking a long position) and simultaneously establishing a short position through derivatives like options or futures that locks in a profit crypto: contango when the futures price trades at a premium to spot price crypto: backwardation when the futures price trade below the spot Crypto: CBDC Central Bank Digital Currency Crypto: DPoS Delegated Proof-of-Stake Crypto: how does Proof of History work creates a historical record that proves an event has occurred at a specific moment in time Crypto: how does Solana implement a Proof by encoding the passage of time in a simple of History SHA-256, sequential hashing verifiable delay function (VDF) Crypto: PoS Proof-of-Stake Crypto: Nakamoto Coefficient the minimum number of entities in a given subsystem required to get to 51% of the total capacity Crypto: Verifiable Delay Function 1. Function that is slow to compute 2. Fast to verify 3. publically verifiable 4. tunable for a range of time delay parameter Crypto: min-entropy in information theory a measurment of how predictable an outcome is.  High min-entropy captures the intuitive idea that the distribution is very spread out Crypto: a hash function H is hiding if when a secret value r is chosen from a ___________ probability distribution that has a high min-entropy, then give H(r||x) it is infeasible to find x Crypto: a commitment (in cryptography) the digital analog of taking a value, sealing it in an envelope, and putting the envelope on the table.  When you do that, you've committed yourself to what's in the envelope Crypto: a hash function is said to be for every possible n-bit output value y, if k is puzzle-friendly if ___________ chosen from a distribution with high min-entropy, then it is infeasible to find x such that H( k || x) = y in the time significantly less that 2^n Crypto: Merkle-Dangard transform a generic method to convert a hash that works on a fixed-length input into a function that works on arbitrary -length inputs Crypto: hash pointer a pointer to where information is stored together with a cryptographic hash of the information Crypto: block chain data structure a linked list using hash parameters Crypto: tamper-evident log a log data structure that allows data to be appended and shows if data has been changed Crypto: Merkle tree binary tree with hash pointers Crypto: ECDSA Eliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm - digital signature scheme Crypto: distributed consenses protocol There are n nodes that each have an input value.  Some of the nodes are faulty or malicious. A distributed protocol has 2 properties 1. Must terminate will all honest nodes in agreement on the value 2. The must have been generated by an honest node Crypto: rule of thumb for the number of 6 confirmations in Bitcoin for the transaction to be considered permanent Crypto: how often is the mining difficulty level every 2016 blocks in Bitcoin recalculated Crypto: Bitcoin - mean time for a specific 10 minutes / their fraction of hash power minor to mine a block Crypto: bip (Bitcoin) Bitcoin improvement proposal Crypto: coinbase (Bitcoin) a special field used as the sole input for coinbase transactions. The coinbase allows claiming the block reward and provides up to 100 bytes for arbitrary data. Not to be confused with Coinbase transaction Crypto: coinbase transaction (Bitcoin) The first transaction in a block. Always created by a miner, and includes a single coinbase. Not to be confused with Coinbase Crypto: colored coins (Bitcoin) an opensource Bitcoin 2.0 protocol that enables developers to create digital assets on top of Bitcoin blockchain utilizing its functionality beyond currency Crypto: difficulty retargeting (Bitcoin) a network-wide recalculation of the difficulty that occurs once every 2,016 blocks Crypto: Bitcoin fork/accidental fork occurs when 2 or more blocks have the same block height, forking the block chain.  Typically occurs when 2 or more miners find blocks at nearly the same time Crypto: hashlocks a type of encumberance that restricts the spending of output until a specified piece of data is publically revealed.  Has the useful property that once any hashlock is opened publically, any other hashbblock secured using the same key can also be opened Crypto: HD protocol the Hierarchical Deterministic (HD) key creation and transfer protocol, which allows creating child keys from parent keys in heirarchy Crypto: HTLC a Hashed Time Lock Contract - it is a class of payments that use hashlocks and timelocks to require that the receiver of a payment either acknowledge receiving the payment prior to a deadline by generating cryptographic proof of payment or forfeit the ability to claim payment Crypto: proof-of-burn allows miners to show proof of sending crypto coins to a bad address so they become useless.  The more coins are burned to more chance to mine the block Crypto: Litecoin Launched in 2011.  Uses a memory-hard mining puzzle based on scrypt Crypto: merge-mined altcoin the mining task
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