A Decentralized Cloud Storage Network Framework
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IPFS and Friends: a Qualitative Comparison of Next Generation Peer-To-Peer Data Networks Erik Daniel and Florian Tschorsch
1 IPFS and Friends: A Qualitative Comparison of Next Generation Peer-to-Peer Data Networks Erik Daniel and Florian Tschorsch Abstract—Decentralized, distributed storage offers a way to types of files [1]. Napster and Gnutella marked the beginning reduce the impact of data silos as often fostered by centralized and were followed by many other P2P networks focusing on cloud storage. While the intentions of this trend are not new, the specialized application areas or novel network structures. For topic gained traction due to technological advancements, most notably blockchain networks. As a consequence, we observe that example, Freenet [2] realizes anonymous storage and retrieval. a new generation of peer-to-peer data networks emerges. In this Chord [3], CAN [4], and Pastry [5] provide protocols to survey paper, we therefore provide a technical overview of the maintain a structured overlay network topology. In particular, next generation data networks. We use select data networks to BitTorrent [6] received a lot of attention from both users and introduce general concepts and to emphasize new developments. the research community. BitTorrent introduced an incentive Specifically, we provide a deeper outline of the Interplanetary File System and a general overview of Swarm, the Hypercore Pro- mechanism to achieve Pareto efficiency, trying to improve tocol, SAFE, Storj, and Arweave. We identify common building network utilization achieving a higher level of robustness. We blocks and provide a qualitative comparison. From the overview, consider networks such as Napster, Gnutella, Freenet, BitTor- we derive future challenges and research goals concerning data rent, and many more as first generation P2P data networks, networks. -
Lab 5: Bittorrent Client Implementation
Lab 5: BitTorrent Client Implementation Due: Nov. 30th at 11:59 PM Milestone: Nov. 19th during Lab Overview In this lab, you and your lab parterner will develop a basic BitTorrent client that can, at minimal, exchange a file between multiple peers, and at best, function as a full feature BitTorrent Client. The programming in this assignment will be in C requiring standard sockets, and thus you will not need to have root access. You should be able to develop your code on any CS lab machine or your personal machine, but all code will be tested on the CS lab. Deliverable Your submission should minimally include the following programs and files: • REDME • Makefile • bencode.c|h • bt lib.c|h • bt setup.c|h • bt client • client trace.[n].log • sample torrent.torrent Your README file should contain a short header containing your name, username, and the assignment title. The README should additionally contain a short description of your code, tasks accomplished, and how to compile, execute, and interpret the output of your programs. Your README should also contain a list of all submitted files and code and the functionality implemented in different code files. This is a large assignment, and this will greatly aid in grading. As always, if there are any short answer questions in this lab write-up, you should provide well marked answers in the README, as well as indicate that you’ve completed any of the extra credit (so that I don’t forget to grade it). Milestones The entire assignment will be submitted and graded, but your group will also hold a milestone meeting to receive feedback on your current implementation. -
Globalfs: a Strongly Consistent Multi-Site File System
GlobalFS: A Strongly Consistent Multi-Site File System Leandro Pacheco Raluca Halalai Valerio Schiavoni University of Lugano University of Neuchatelˆ University of Neuchatelˆ Fernando Pedone Etienne Riviere` Pascal Felber University of Lugano University of Neuchatelˆ University of Neuchatelˆ Abstract consistency, availability, and tolerance to partitions. Our goal is to ensure strongly consistent file system operations This paper introduces GlobalFS, a POSIX-compliant despite node failures, at the price of possibly reduced geographically distributed file system. GlobalFS builds availability in the event of a network partition. Weak on two fundamental building blocks, an atomic multicast consistency is suitable for domain-specific applications group communication abstraction and multiple instances of where programmers can anticipate and provide resolution a single-site data store. We define four execution modes and methods for conflicts, or work with last-writer-wins show how all file system operations can be implemented resolution methods. Our rationale is that for general-purpose with these modes while ensuring strong consistency and services such as a file system, strong consistency is more tolerating failures. We describe the GlobalFS prototype in appropriate as it is both more intuitive for the users and detail and report on an extensive performance assessment. does not require human intervention in case of conflicts. We have deployed GlobalFS across all EC2 regions and Strong consistency requires ordering commands across show that the system scales geographically, providing replicas, which needs coordination among nodes at performance comparable to other state-of-the-art distributed geographically distributed sites (i.e., regions). Designing file systems for local commands and allowing for strongly strongly consistent distributed systems that provide good consistent operations over the whole system. -
Big Data Storage Workload Characterization, Modeling and Synthetic Generation
BIG DATA STORAGE WORKLOAD CHARACTERIZATION, MODELING AND SYNTHETIC GENERATION BY CRISTINA LUCIA ABAD DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Computer Science in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2014 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Professor Roy H. Campbell, Chair Professor Klara Nahrstedt Associate Professor Indranil Gupta Assistant Professor Yi Lu Dr. Ludmila Cherkasova, HP Labs Abstract A huge increase in data storage and processing requirements has lead to Big Data, for which next generation storage systems are being designed and implemented. As Big Data stresses the storage layer in new ways, a better understanding of these workloads and the availability of flexible workload generators are increas- ingly important to facilitate the proper design and performance tuning of storage subsystems like data replication, metadata management, and caching. Our hypothesis is that the autonomic modeling of Big Data storage system workloads through a combination of measurement, and statistical and machine learning techniques is feasible, novel, and useful. We consider the case of one common type of Big Data storage cluster: A cluster dedicated to supporting a mix of MapReduce jobs. We analyze 6-month traces from two large clusters at Yahoo and identify interesting properties of the workloads. We present a novel model for capturing popularity and short-term temporal correlations in object re- quest streams, and show how unsupervised statistical clustering can be used to enable autonomic type-aware workload generation that is suitable for emerging workloads. We extend this model to include other relevant properties of stor- age systems (file creation and deletion, pre-existing namespaces and hierarchical namespaces) and use the extended model to implement MimesisBench, a realistic namespace metadata benchmark for next-generation storage systems. -
How to Invest in Filecoin
How to Invest in Filecoin Part I: Preparing to Invest Filecoin investments will be made on CoinList (coinlist.co), a US-based funding platform that connects investors to promising early-stage token sales. Created by Protocol Labs in partnership with AngelList, CoinList simplifies the token sale process and implements robust legal frameworks for token sales in the U.S. Before the sale begins, you will need to complete several preparation steps. Note that some steps include wait time of several days. For this reason, we recommend getting started as soon as possible and working in parallel while waiting for other steps to be reviewed or confirmed. Step 1: Create a CoinList account (5 min) Visit https://coinlist.co. Sign in with your AngelList account, or create a new account if needed. Step 2: Become a US accredited investor through AngelList (30 min + 1-3 day review) All token investors will need to meet US accredited investor requirements. Non-US investors can invest, but must meet the same requirements. You will be prompted to submit accreditation evidence. Step 3: Submit information for KYC/AML checks (15 min + instant review if no issues) You will be prompted to submit the details required for KYC/AML (Know Your Customer/Anti-Money Laundering) checks as soon as accreditation evidence has been submitted. You do not need to wait until accreditation review is complete. Step 4: Transfer funds to relevant accounts (10min + 1-5 day wait) You can invest with your choice of the following currencies: US Dollars, Bitcoin, Ether, and Zcash. To invest using US Dollars: Go to https://coinlist.co/settings/wallet. -
Filecoin Token Sale Economics
Filecoin Token Sale Economics This document describes various aspects of the Filecoin Network, the Filecoin Token Sale, and the economics of both. Any updates to this document will be posted on the CoinList webpage for the Filecoin Token Sale: https://coinlist.co/currencies/filecoin. LEGAL DISCLAIMER: This document contains forward-looking statements, subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially. 1. Token Allocation The Filecoin Token will be distributed to the 4 major participating groups in the Filecoin Network. This allocation is written into the protocol itself and the Filecoin blockchain’s Genesis block. Each group is critical to the network’s creation, development, growth, and maintenance: ● 70% to Filecoin Miners (Mining block reward) For providing data storage service, maintaining the blockchain, distributing data, running contracts, and more. ● 15% to Protocol Labs (Genesis allocation, 6-year linear vesting) For research, engineering, deployment, business development, marketing, distribution, and more. ● 10% to Investors (Genesis allocation, 6 month to 3 year linear vesting) For funding network development, business development, partnerships, support, and more. ● 5% to Filecoin Foundation (Genesis allocation, 6-year linear vesting) For long-term network governance, partner support, academic grants, public works, community building, et cetera. 2. The Filecoin Token Sale Fundraising. Protocol Labs requires significant funding to develop, launch, and grow the Filecoin network. We must develop all the software required: the mining software, the client software, user interfaces and apps, network infrastructure and monitoring, software that third-party wallets and exchanges need to support Filecoin, integrations with other data storage software, tooling for web applications and dapps to use Filecoin, and much more. -
The Book of Swarm Storage and Communication Infrastructure for Self-Sovereign Digital Society Back-End Stack for the Decentralised Web
the book of Swarm storage and communication infrastructure for self-sovereign digital society back-end stack for the decentralised web Viktor Trón v1.0 pre-release 7 - worked on November 17, 2020 the swarm is headed toward us Satoshi Nakamoto ii CONTENTS Prolegomena xi Acknowledgments xii i prelude 1 the evolution2 1.1 Historical context 2 1.1.1 Web 1.02 1.1.2 Web 2.03 1.1.3 Peer-to-peer networks 6 1.1.4 The economics of BitTorrent and its limits 7 1.1.5 Towards Web 3.08 1.2 Fair data economy 12 1.2.1 The current state of the data economy 12 1.2.2 The current state and issues of data sovereignty 13 1.2.3 Towards self-sovereign data 15 1.2.4 Artificial intelligence and self-sovereign data 16 1.2.5 Collective information 17 1.3 The vision 18 1.3.1 Values 18 1.3.2 Design principles 19 1.3.3 Objectives 19 1.3.4 Impact areas 20 1.3.5 The future 21 ii design and architecture 2 network 25 2.1 Topology and routing 25 2.1.1 Requirements for underlay network 25 2.1.2 Overlay addressing 26 2.1.3 Kademlia routing 27 2.1.4 Bootstrapping and maintaining Kademlia topology 32 2.2 Swarm storage 35 2.2.1 Distributed immutable store for chunks 35 2.2.2 Content addressed chunks 38 2.2.3 Single-owner chunks 41 2.2.4 Chunk encryption 42 2.2.5 Redundancy by replication 43 2.3 Push and pull: chunk retrieval and syncing 47 iii 2.3.1 Retrieval 47 2.3.2 Push syncing 51 2.3.3 Pull syncing 53 2.3.4 Light nodes 55 3 incentives 57 3.1 Sharing bandwidth 58 3.1.1 Incentives for serving and relaying 58 3.1.2 Pricing protocol for chunk retrieval 59 3.1.3 Incentivising push-syncing -
Sok: Tools for Game Theoretic Models of Security for Cryptocurrencies
SoK: Tools for Game Theoretic Models of Security for Cryptocurrencies Sarah Azouvi Alexander Hicks Protocol Labs University College London University College London Abstract form of mining rewards, suggesting that they could be prop- erly aligned and avoid traditional failures. Unfortunately, Cryptocurrencies have garnered much attention in recent many attacks related to incentives have nonetheless been years, both from the academic community and industry. One found for many cryptocurrencies [45, 46, 103], due to the interesting aspect of cryptocurrencies is their explicit consid- use of lacking models. While many papers aim to consider eration of incentives at the protocol level, which has motivated both standard security and game theoretic guarantees, the vast a large body of work, yet many open problems still exist and majority end up considering them separately despite their current systems rarely deal with incentive related problems relation in practice. well. This issue arises due to the gap between Cryptography Here, we consider the ways in which models in Cryptog- and Distributed Systems security, which deals with traditional raphy and Distributed Systems (DS) can explicitly consider security problems that ignore the explicit consideration of in- game theoretic properties and incorporated into a system, centives, and Game Theory, which deals best with situations looking at requirements based on existing cryptocurrencies. involving incentives. With this work, we offer a systemati- zation of the work that relates to this problem, considering papers that blend Game Theory with Cryptography or Dis- Methodology tributed systems. This gives an overview of the available tools, and we look at their (potential) use in practice, in the context As we are covering a topic that incorporates many different of existing blockchain based systems that have been proposed fields coming up with an extensive list of papers would have or implemented. -
A Privacy-Preserving Decentralized Storage with Payments Based on a Blockchain
A Privacy-preserving Decentralized Storage with Payments Based on a Blockchain Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades Dr. rer. nat. der Fakultat¨ fur¨ Ingenieurwissenschaften, Informatik und Psychologie der Universitat¨ Ulm Henning Johannes Gustav Kopp aus Villingen-Schwenningen 2018 Institut f¨urVerteilte Systeme Universit¨atUlm, Deutschland Amtierender Dekan: Prof. Maurits Ortmanns Gutachter: Prof. Frank Kargl Gutachter: Prof. Frederik Armknecht Tag der Promotion: 20.12.2018 Summary Recently, the paradigm of cloud storage has seen wide acceptance in industry and for personal use. One of its core principles is to outsource storage, such that users can be billed flexibly by their actual demand. However, outsourcing storage such as private data or business secrets leads to privacy problems, as control over the data is lost to the storage provider. This is intensified by the fact that often privacy is considered only as an afterthought in these systems and not integrated into the design from the beginning. Privacy-preserving alternatives to these centralized cloud storage providers are peer-to-peer systems like Freenet or GNUnet. In these systems, participants can donate storage to other users of the system. Privacy plays a vital role in these systems, as, e. g., participants are unable to access data of other users if they are not authorized to do so, even if the data of the other users resides on their own hard disk. However, these decentralized systems suffer from limited contribution due to a lack of incentives to participate. Naively enhancing these systems with the possibility of payments such that storage providers can earn money, infringes privacy, since tracing of payment flows provides links between users and their storage providers. -
Blockchain and The
NOTES ACKNOWLEDGMENTS INDEX Notes Introduction 1. The manifesto dates back to 1988. See Timothy May, “The Crypto Anarchist Manifesto” (1992), https:// www . activism . net / cypherpunk / crypto - anarchy . html. 2. Ibid. 3. Ibid. 4. Ibid. 5. Ibid. 6. Timothy May, “Crypto Anarchy and Virtual Communities” (1994), http:// groups . csail . mit . edu / mac / classes / 6 . 805 / articles / crypto / cypherpunks / may - virtual - comm . html. 7. Ibid. 8. For example, as we wi ll describe in more detail in Chapter 1, the Bitcoin blockchain is currently stored on over 6,000 computers in eighty- nine jurisdictions. See “Global Bitcoin Node Distribution,” Bitnodes, 21 . co, https:// bitnodes . 21 . co / . Another large blockchain- based network, Ethereum, has over 12,000 nodes, also scattered across the globe. See Ethernodes, https:// www . ethernodes . org / network / 1. 9. See note 8. 10. Some blockchains are not publicly accessible (for more on this, see Chapter 1). These blockchains are referred to as “private blockchains” and are not the focus of this book. 11. See Chapter 1. 12. The Eu ro pean Securities and Market Authority, “Discussion Paper: The Dis- tributed Ledger Technology Applied to Securities Markets,” ESMA / 2016 / 773, June 2, 2016: at 17, https:// www . esma . europa . eu / sites / default / files / library / 2016 - 773 _ dp _ dlt . pdf. 213 214 NOTES TO PAGES 5–13 13. The phenomena of order without law also has been described in other con- texts, most notably by Robert Ellickson in his seminal work Order without Law (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994). 14. Joel Reidenberg has used the term “lex informatica” to describe rules imple- mented by centralized operators online. -
Proofs of Replication Are Also Relevant in the Private-Verifier Setting of Proofs of Data Replication
PoReps: Proofs of Space on Useful Data Ben Fisch Stanford University, Protocol Labs Abstract A proof-of-replication (PoRep) is an interactive proof system in which a prover defends a publicly verifiable claim that it is dedicating unique resources to storing one or more retrievable replicas of a data file. In this sense a PoRep is both a proof of space (PoS) and a proof of retrievability (PoR). This paper establishes a foundation for PoReps, exploring both their capabilities and their limitations. While PoReps may unconditionally demonstrate possession of data, they fundamentally cannot guarantee that the data is stored redundantly. Furthermore, as PoReps are proofs of space, they must rely either on rational time/space tradeoffs or timing bounds on the online prover's runtime. We introduce a rational security notion for PoReps called -rational replication based on the notion of an -Nash equilibrium, which captures the property that a server does not gain any significant advantage by storing its data in any other (non-redundant) format. We apply our definitions to formally analyze two recently proposed PoRep constructions based on verifiable delay functions and depth robust graphs. Lastly, we reflect on a notable application of PoReps|its unique suitability as a Nakamoto consensus mechanism that replaces proof-of-work with PoReps on real data, simultaneously incentivizing and subsidizing the cost of file storage. 1 Introduction A proof-of-replication (PoRep) builds on the two prior concepts of proofs-of-retrievability (PoR) [30] and proofs-of-space (PoS) [24]. In the former a prover demonstrates that it can retrieve a file and in the latter the prover demonstrates that it is using some minimum amount of space to store information. -
Convergence-2020.Pdf
A universal architecture to anonymize any application or protocol and turn it into an independent decentralized p2p network inside browsers and servers, with browsers acting as servers CONVERGENCE 1. Description This proposal is a complete redesign of our initial Convergence proposal from 2015 (http://www.peersm.com/Convergence.pdf ) which was intended as a research study for an EU call By “Convergence” in this proposal we don’t refer to a specific network or node but to methods using the Convergence principles 1.1 Background and rationale The initial Convergence proposal was written based on the observation that we must invent one network/system per need if we want to evade big data centralization and protect privacy/anonymity: to browse, to chat, to email, to exchange files, to do social networking or cooperative work, to do crypto currency, to protect the users from their connected objects, to handle peer identities. So it did envision the support of any type of applications and protocols on top of a secure anonymization system, inside browsers and servers The first part is very exactly what IPFS did, including the crypto currency concept in our proposal to sustain the network (Filecoin) But IPFS is not at all designed for privacy, the IPFS team knows that they will have to address the issue but it’s not even part of their roadmap And IPFS adoption is not for all protocols, many other networks will not use it and lack privacy too That’s why we are proposing the Convergence concepts, which are still very up to date, with a major novelty: