Conducting Global Research in Times of a Pandemic 1 Zefunibonn

ZEF Annual Report 2019-2020

Conducting global research in times of a pandemic 1 zefunibonn

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Published in December 2020 www.zef.de 2 CONTENTS

Message of the Chairman of ZEF’s International Advisory Board 4 ZEF's International Advisory Board 5 Introduction 6 1 Research 1.1 Land, Water, Food, Energy 7 1.2 Health, Nutrition, Ecosystems 16 1.3 Innovation, Knowledge, Science Policy 20 1.4 Governance, Conflicts, Natural Resources 24 1.5 Markets, Public Services 29 1.6 Mobility, Migration, Urbanization 32 1.7 ZEF's Gender Group 36

2 Capacity Development 2.1 Bonn International Graduate School for Development Research (BIGS-DR) 37 2.2 Doctoral degrees 2019-2020 39 2.3 Our students: World map 39 2.4 Our students: Portraits and stories 42 2.5 Enrolled doctoral students 44

3 Budget 2019-2020: ZEF's funding partners 52 4 (Social) media and outreach 54 5 Our research partners: ZEF’s international network 55 6 Selected Publications 57 7 Abbreviations 59 MESSAGE FROM THE BOARD CHAIR

2020 AND THE CHALLENGES FOR SCIENCES By Prof. Dr. Mohamed H.A. Hassan

2020 will probably be remembered as Honduras looked at domestic violence in ing to discuss urgent issues and a new the ‘year of the pandemic’. A pandemic urban settlements in the Central District ZEF strategy. The new strategy is not affecting nearly all countries across the of her country during the COVID-19 pan- highlighted in this report, which cov- globe and the lives of millions of people. demic. Surveys on coping with COVID-19 ers the year behind us. But I do want to Whereas some countries are still strug- were carried out in Uganda, Sierra Leone mention that ZEF intends to focus more gling with the first wave of COVID-19, and Ethiopia. Research proposals ad- on core themes and to strengthen its others are currently fighting the second dressing COVID-19 and its impacts have interdisciplinary research capacities, one. Some countries have managed ex- been submitted and will be funded to especially in close cooperation with its tremely well in curbing the human losses conduct, for example, research on epi- Bonn University of Excellence. Read and economic damage. As medical his- demic trends and health system needs more about ZEF’s new research strategy torians have observed, there have been projections in Thailand. Furthermore, here. numerous pandemics in human history, doctoral researchers became stranded but COVID-19 is probably one of the fast- while conducting their field research in ZEF is happy that, despite the ongo- est spreading. remote places like a village in the Himala- ing crisis, it has succeeded in acquiring A key issue emerging from this pandemic yas or in the Lake Chad Basin region. They competitive grants from a variety of na- is the pivotal role played by science and wrote impressive, touching and interest- tional and international donors. We are scientists. Like climate scientists before ing contributions for the special ZEF CO- deeply grateful for our donors’ continu- them, scientists from the medical field VID-19 blog. ous support, which contributes over 80 are being scrutinized in public debates This Annual Report 2019-2020 not only per cent of the Center’s overall budget and political discourse. In some countries covers selected COVID-19 related re- and thus constitutes the backbone of scientists have been elevated to posi- search but also some of the more regular its scientific success and outreach. Our tions as main advisors of governments research and teaching activities. Though major donors include the German Fed- whereas in other cases, they have found ZEF switched to a predominantly digital eral Ministry of Education and Research themselves used as scapegoats. In both working mode in its Bonn-based head- (BMBF), the German Federal Ministry cases, science and scientists are under quarters in Germany when COVID-19 for Economic Cooperation and Devel- unprecedented pressure to come up with broke out, doctoral theses were still de- opment (BMZ), the German Federal (quick) solutions and remedies. However, fended, peer-reviewed journal articles Ministry for the Environment (BMUB), finding quick solutions and discussing written and published, and projects coor- the German Federal Ministry of Food preliminary conclusions in the public do- dinated and carried out. In this report we and Agriculture (BMEL), the State of main is more or less the opposite of how are happy to share the research activities North Rhine-Westphalia, the German science and scientists work. Science has, and results from the past year with you. Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), over centuries, developed procedures the European Union, Robert Bosch ZEF’s International Advisory Board, and rules in order to safeguard the high- Foundation, and Foundation fiat panis. with its members based in Africa, Asia est and safest scientific standards possi- and Latin America, adapted its meeting ble. But this pandemic has put to the test mode and held a digital board meet- of public opinion the way science works and is regulated, posing new challenges for scientists regarding communication and accountability. ZEF is a part of the world-wide science Prof. Dr. Mohamed H.A. Hassan community and, naturally, COVID-19 has is Chairman of ZEF’s International Advisory Board; had an impact on its work and staff too. President of the World Academy of Sciences, Trieste, Italy; ZEF researchers responded fast by adjust- President of the Sudanese National Academy of ing their research and integrating CO- Sciences, Khartoum, Sudan VID-19 related aspects. One researcher in 4 ZEF'S INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY BOARD (IN THIS PICTURE: BOARD MEETING IN BONN, 2019) Chair Prof. Dr. Mohamed H.A. Hassan President of the World Academy of Sciences, Trieste, Italy; President of the Sudanese National Academy of Sciences, Khartoum, Sudan

Members Prof. Dr. Barbara Göbel Susanne Schneider-Salomon Director, Ibero-American Institute, International Ministry of Culture and Prof. Dr. Bina Agarwal Berlin, Germany Science of North Rhine-Westphalia, Professor of Development Economics Germany; non-university research and Environment at the University Prof. Dr. Michael Hoch organization, EU of Manchester, UK; former Director, Rector of the University of Bonn, Institute of Economic Growth, Germany Prof. Dr. Frances Stewart University of Delhi, India Centre for Research on Inequality, Dr. Wanjiru Kamau-Ruthenberg Human Security and Ethnicity (CRISE) Prof. Dr. Ernest Aryeetey Director of African Women University of Oxford, United Kingdom Secretary-General African Research in Agricultural Research and Universities Alliance; former Vice Development (AWARD) Prof. Dr. Finn Tarp Chancellor, University of Ghana, Legon Professor of Development Economics, Oda Keppler Department of Economics, University Dr. Florence Chenoweth Ministerialdirigentin Unterabteilung of Copenhagen, Denmark Former Agriculture Minister of Liberia "Nachhaltigkeit, Zukunftsvorsorge", Federal Ministry of Education and Prof. Dr. Holm Tiessen Dr. Maria Flachsbarth Research (BMBF), Germany Former Director, Inter-American Parliamentary State Secretary, Federal Institute for Global Change Research, Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Dr. Michael Rabbow Montevideo, Uruguay Development (BMZ); member of the Senior Advisor - E&P Focus Africa Federal Parliament, Germany Consulting GmbH, Hamburg, Germany Prof. Dr. Carolina Vera Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation of Argentina; University of Buenos Aires, Bueros Aires, Argentina 5 INTRODUCTION: ZEF'S RESEARCH AGENDA FOCUSSES ON SIX CORE THEMES

LAND, WATER, FOOD AND MARKETS AND ENERGY PUBLIC SERVICES

HEALTH, GOVERNANCE, NUTRITION AND CONFLICTS AND ECOSYSTEMS NATURAL RESOURCES

INNOVATION, MOBILITY, MIGRATION AND KNOWLEDGE AND URBANIZATION SCIENCE POLICY

The Center’s core research areas are involvement across all research activities, i.e. based on the disciplinary strengths of in the definition of research topics and the its three departments, as well as on its perception of scientific findings at different i interdisciplinary expertise. In addition, ZEF levels with regard to their technical, political aim to ensure transdisciplinary stakeholder and societal implementation.

6 1.1 LAND WATER FOOD ENERGY

ZEF’s research on Land, Water, Food and Energy is probably the largest cross-cutting theme covering a whole range of ZEF research projects and topics. We look into issues ranging from The Right to Food, Water, agriculture and health, Risk reduction in urban supply as well as Renewable energy supply in (West) Africa to Bio-economy-related studies of Mapping carbon emissions embodied in Brazil's soy exports and of Thailand’s emerging bioplastic industry.

RIGHT TO FOOD: KENYA’S COFFEE IS PREMIUM, FARMERS’ LIVING CONDITIONS OFTEN ARE NOT By Tina Beuchelt

Coffee is the second most valuable com- buy or rent in Murang’a County. Around The aim of Coffee Management Services modity worldwide, just topped by oil. 10-15% of the population suffer from Ltd. is to fetch better prices at the cof- Contrary to popular belief, coffee is not food insecurity. Much of the younger fee auction by producing higher-quality your typical plantation crop but is mainly generation is moving to urban areas to coffee. It therefore offers, jointly with produced by millions of smallholders in seek employment and more reliable the cooperative, training to farmers on Africa, Asia and the Americas. For many sources of income than from the coffee- good agricultural practices. Food secu- of these producers, coffee is the only farming sector. rity is also addressed through training source of cash income, making them vul- on the cultivation of food crops, food Smallholder coffee farms in central Kenya nerable to the often extreme fluctuations preparation and healthy food, provision are highly diversified. The average coffee of coffee prices on the world market. One of improved vegetable and maize seeds, farm has 150 to 250 coffee trees form- way of better insulating smallholder cof- and support for dairy production and ing the main source of cash income for fee growers from these market forces are marketing by farmers. However, when most of the farmers. Apart from coffee, certification schemes. However, it has global coffee market prices are low these the farmers grow food for their own con- often been ignored how these changing diverse activities and additional projects sumption and fodder for their few cows prices affect the food security of coffee are insufficient to guarantee year-round and goats. Depending on the farm size, growing communities. food security to all farmers. they also grow tea as a second cash crop. The joint ZEF, Welthungerhilfe and World The farmers are mostly organized in co- Certification eases the implementation Wildlife Fund (WWF) project, “Food Se- operatives for bringing the coffee to the of the Right to Food curity Standard (FSS)”, tested the rights- market. Integrating the Food Security Standard based food security criteria and tools The Kangunu cooperative consists of into sustainability audits enables com- within a regular sustainability certifica- around 2,500 active members who grow panies like Coffee Management Services tion audit (from Rainforest Alliance) at coffee and deliver it to the cooperative’s Ltd. to have a closer picture of the food the Kangunu Cooperative in Murang’a own wet mill. The Coffee Management security situation, allowing them to iden- County in Kenya. Services Ltd., a marketing agency, sells tify gaps and areas for improvement. By Kenya’s case the Kangunu coffee on the global market incorporating the FSS into sustainability since 2007, as a ruling of the Kenyan Gov- standards, a higher level of sensitivity for Kenyan coffee is world-famous for its ernment prescribes the use of marketing local food security can be reached by all good quality. Kenyan coffee is one of the agencies. actors and companies involved in the main contributors to the country’s for- supply chain. This would enable all the eign exchange earnings after tea and hor- During our field research farmers were actors involved in the coffee value chain ticulture, and around 75% of Kenya’s cof- found to be at risk of food insecurity: to follow their due diligence to respect fee is produced by smallholder farmers. Some had to skip a meal for a couple of the Human Right to Food of farmers. Kenyan coffee is traded at comparatively weeks per year, but overall no severe high prices on international markets. But hunger situation occurred. The phases what does this say about the well-being of food insecurity were reported to be and food-security situation of the small- caused mainly by food price peaks in lo- This research is funded by the German holder farmers who grow the coffee cal markets and falling coffee prices in the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture plants? international coffee market. These lead (BMEL) via "Fachagentur für Nachwach- to lower incomes, with the result that Smallholder coffee production in central sende Rohstoffe". farmers face difficulties breaking-even. Kenya Website: https://www.zef.de/project/FSS- According to Coffee Management Servic- project Due to Kenya’s growing population there es Ltd., only 21% of the coffee farms are is hardly any land left for smallholders to economically viable. 7 HOW WATER, SANITATION AND AGRICULTURE CAN IMPROVE HEALTH AND NUTRITION By Nicolas Gerber et al.

The COVID-19 crisis has forced renewed per cent have access to improved water when utilizing wastewater for irriga- attention to the critical role of hygiene, sources. This contamination takes place tion. Disease risks should be considered sanitation, and clean drinking water. In between the point of source (where the when planning and implementing irri- 2010, the United Nations General As- water is collected) and the point of use, gation systems. Fixing water, sanitation sembly recognized access to safe water probably due to water handling (e.g. and hygiene issues without taking into and sanitation infrastructure as a hu- non-covered or unclean containers), due account food production issues cannot man right. This strongly influenced the to a lack of hygiene practices by those sustainably address the underlying goals Millennium Development Goals, led to handling or transporting water (e.g. of improved nutrition and health. We large international investments in wa- washing hands with soap after defeca- advocate the adoption of a system per- ter and sanitation infrastructure, and is tion) or during water storage. In some spective to water use and management reflected today in Sustainable Develop- settings, piped water distribution is as- around the farm and household. ment Goal 6. Progress towards achieving sociated with larger amounts of stored targets 6.1 and 6.2 (universal access to water by the households, possibly due As the world struggles with the COVID-19 safe and affordable drinking water and to intermittent piped water flows. outbreak, we are reminded about the adequate sanitation by 2030) has been importance of basic hygiene behavior, recorded and is expected to spill over Policy recommendation: When under- such as washing hands with soap. Yet we to other dimensions of human develop- taking efforts to improve domestic wa- cannot forget the necessity of consider- ment, in particular health and nutrition. ter supply, equal attention should be giv- ing water quality along the whole chain en to the quality, quantity and proximity – from the source to the mouth. Such Yet, progress towards improved health of its source to maximize health benefits information, as part of water, sanitation and ending malnutrition is not commen- and nutrition outcomes. Monitoring and hygiene education and knowledge, surate with progress under Sustainable quality from the source to the mouth can help to change problematic behav- Development Goal 6. In rural settings can help to locate problematic issues, ior. Research on water and sanitation across the developing world, we hypoth- whether in the infrastructure or in the programs suggests that this might be esize that part of the answer lies in im- behavior of users. even more critical than addressing infra- proving our understanding of the com- structural needs alone. plex linkages between agriculture, water The role of agriculture, irrigation and and sanitation. food safety

Research on Water, Sanitation and Ag- Irrigation agriculture, its outputs and riculture (WATSAN) in four countries spillover effects, can have positive and negative effects on nutrition and health In our study we researched the water, for farm households and the surround- sanitation and agriculture linkages and ing communities. Irrigation agriculture their association with nutrition and enables higher and more stable yields, health in various rural and peri-urban as well as a more diversified food pro- multi-purpose water systems in Bangla- duction, whilst providing an additional desh, Ethiopia, Ghana and India. Across source of water for domestic use. Yet, the four countries, we find a negative irrigation infrastructure can provide association between access to improved breeding grounds for parasites and dis- water sources and the height-for-age eases (e.g. malaria). Our cross-country and weight-for-age of children below analysis demonstrates that irrigation, in five years old. Our research at the study particular using wastewater, can have a This synthesis is based on five complet- sites offers insights into this surprising negative net association with health and ed doctoral dissertations and a number result. nutrition. of articles in peer reviewed journals.

First, we find that water from improved Policy recommendation: Agricultural It was published as ZEF policy brief no. sources is frequently contaminated. In water practices and domestic water 34, see https://bit.ly/ZEFPolicyBrief- India and Bangladesh, 78 per cent of our supply should always be considered as 342HCRIhu surveyed households use contaminated linked to one another. Adequate treat- This research was funded by the Bill & drinking water, although more than 90 ment and handling must be ensured Melinda Gates Foundation. 8 RISK REDUCTION FOR URBAN RESOURCE SUPPLY IN SUB SAHARAN AFRICA By Sarah Verleysdonk, Navneet Kumar and Bernhard Tischbein

cilities in the urban and peri-urban zones of Niamey. Our results show a huge potential for water saving as gross water input by far exceeded the crop water requirements. This water saving potential can be mobilized via improved irrigation-sched- uling and advanced handling of irrigation techniques without lowering yields (thus resulting in productivity gains). Improving irrigation schedules in Niamey’s medium- size rice irrigation schemes therefore cre- ates a win-win situation in terms of water and energy saving, because a huge share of the irrigation water is pumped from the river Niger. Remote-sensing, modeling and capacity development Use of remote-sensing techniques enabled us to develop a high spatial-resolution land-use map of Niamey. This information provides valuable input to hydrological and water- management modeling and can support Photo: Sarah Verleysdonk Photo: the integration of water-management concepts into future spatial-planning. The project ‘Risk Assessment and Re- es are heavily contested, mainly for hous- The research activities were carried out duction Strategies for Sustainable Urban ing and vegetable gardening. The first in close connection with capacity building Resource Supply in Sub-Saharan Africa aim of this research was to advance flood measures via an online Summer School (RARSUS)’ aims to strengthen the resil- management concepts within Niamey. and e-learning materials. Moreover, we ience of urban supply systems. ZEF’s role We analyzed flood-coping mechanisms integrated research conducted by Mas- in this consortium is geared towards sus- in a small urban basin of about 60 km², ter students of the Abdou Moumouni tainable water management in the urban which is almost completely located with- University of Niamey. The participation and peri-urban zones of Niamey. Flood in the city borders, and conducted a flood of local and regional students in the proj- management in small urban river basins risk assessment and management study ect means that its impacts are more likely is challenging everywhere in the world, using hydrological modeling, monitoring to be sustained once the project ends. but in most of Africa the situation is espe- and statistical analyses. We were able to cially difficult. Oftentimes, there is a lack develop better flood-management strat- of data on the smaller scales. In addition, egies for Niamey by strengthening the the very quick response of small water storage capacities for excessive water basins to intensive rainfall implies that a outside of the city where more space is flood can follow almost immediately af- available, by upgrading the hydraulic ca- ter heavy rainfall. This is even intensified pacity of the drainage system in the city in urban areas where buildings and roads during heavy rainfall, and by enhancing take up most of the available space. Lim- infiltration as well as roof-water harvest- ited availability to store water poses an ing in the city. These measures should be This research is funded by the Ger- additional challenge for Africa’s densely taken in combination with early-warning man Federal Ministry of Education and populated urban areas. systems and awareness raising within the Research (BMBF) (RARSUS, RARSUS- population. First aim: Flood management concepts SEMALI) and the German Academic for Niamey Second aim: Strengthen irrigation Exchange Service (DAAD) (RARSUS- facilities DAAD). Our study looks into Niger’s capital Nia- mey, one of the fastest growing cities The study’s second aim was to strengthen More information at: https://www.zef. worldwide. Areas close to water resourc- the small and medium-scale irrigation fa- de/project/rarsus 9 THE POWER OF WATER, SUN AND WIND: ADVANCING RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY IN WEST AFRICA By Sebatian Sterl et al.

West Africa is on the verge of an energy West African Power Pool gies will provide cheaper electricity than turnaround. Its population is growing, gas-fired power plants. For West Africa to successfully integrate urban areas are expanding, industries high shares of solar photovoltaic and Better ecological footprint and electrification are advancing, and wind power in its electricity mix, how- demand for reliable power supply is in- Hydro-electric power plants, however, ever, greater regional cooperation and creasing accordingly. Until now, West Af- also have negative impacts on local eco- networking in energy production will be rica has been heavily dependent on nat- systems. In many developing countries, paramount according to the study. The ural gas, which covers more than 50 per piles of controversial plans for new hy- scientists propose that a “West African cent of its total electricity supply, supple- dropower plants have been developed. Power Pool”, which would connect na- mented by hydropower. An international The study can help to make future in- tional power grids on an intra-regional team of modelers have now calculated vestments in hydropower more sustain- basis, may provide an ideal way to in- how a sustainable and reliable energy able. “By making the best possible use of crease the potential for integrating vari- transition, breaking with the “natural existing and planned hydroelectric pow- able renewable resources on the grid. gas and hydro” paradigm and diversify- er plants and by massively promoting This is because the spatial distribution of ing towards clean solar photovoltaic (PV) solar and wind energy, we can reduce hydro, solar and wind power potential is and wind power, could be kick-started the need to build some new dams,” says highly uneven. in West Africa. They developed a new Sterl. “In this way, the CO2 emissions computer model and used detailed wa- Countries with a tropical climate, such as from gas-fired power plants as well as ter, weather and climate data from the Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire, typically have a the environmental damage caused by region for their calculations. huge potential for hydropower and quite the overuse of hydropower can be re- high levels of solar radiation, but hardly duced”. The power of hydropower any wind. The drier countries like Sene- Publication: Sterl, S., Vanderkelen, I., According to the scientists, existing and gal and Niger have little potential for hy- Chawanda, C.J. et al. Smart renewable planned hydropower may play a key role dropower, but more sunshine and wind. electricity portfolios in West Africa. Nat for such a green transition in West Af- Taken together, about 60 per cent of the Sustain (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/ rica. “Solar and wind energy vary on all current electricity demand in West Afri- s41893-020-0539-0 time scales from hourly to annual, which ca could be covered by complementary means grid operators are often hesitant renewable electricity sources: half from This study was carried out in the frame- about their take-up,” says Sebastian solar and wind power, the other half work of the CIREG project (see cireg. Sterl, lead author of the study. “Hydro- from hydro-electric power, without the pik-potsdam.de) with support from the power is an ideal lever to support the need to build or use large batteries or European Union and the Belgian Office uptake of solar and wind power, because other storage facilities. According to the for Science Policy (BELSPO). Researchers it can be used highly flexibly and gener- study, within a few years the cost of so- came from the Vrije Universiteit Brussel ates considerably lower CO2 emissions lar and wind power generation in West (VUB) and the KU Leuven (KUL), both in than natural gas”. Africa should fall to such an extent that Belgium, and the Center for Develop- the proposed solar-wind-water strate- ment Research (ZEF) of the University of Bonn in Germany. More information here: https://www. zef.de/project/cireg Photo: Roberto Cantoni Roberto Photo: 10 CONDEMNED TO CIRCULARITY: THAILAND’S EMERGING BIOPLASTIC INDUSTRY By Jan Janosch Förster

Waste bags on the streets of Bangkok, one ton of PLA from locally-sourced sug- (see box). The manifold material compo- overloaded dumping sites, plastic waste arcane or cassava is approximately three sitions make a differentiation between in national parks and on the country’s times higher. This poses a major obstacle conventional plastic and those based on beaches: Thailand faces a considerable to the increased use of bioplastic prod- natural feedstock for recycling purposes waste management challenge. This ap- ucts by domestic converters and manu- difficult in practice. plies in particular to plastic waste from facturers along the value chain. Due to Outlook for bioplastics in an single use items. Moreover, Thailand is the relatively cost-intensive biochemical interconnected world the world’s sixth largest plastic waste pol- production processes of bioplastics in luter of the oceans. For these reasons, Thailand, only larger petro-chemical con- Experts interviewed for this study ex- the Thai government is attempting to glomerates have so far invested in the plained that without a more advanced phase out a number of single use plastic production of plastics based on natural waste-management cycle of sorting, items, such as bottles, bottle caps, straws feedstock. For small and medium-sized collecting, recycling, or reuse, bioplas- and plastic bags (effective from January enterprises contemplating a transition to tic might just become another source of 2020). Promoted as a future industry in bioplastics production, high investment waste; thus turning the potential solu- Thailand’s Bio-Circular-Green Economy costs, the necessary research and de- tion into an additional problem. Globally, model, Thailand’s bioplastic industry ben- velopment, a change of production ma- sustainability trade-offs have to be con- efits from abundant supplies of agricul- chinery and related learning processes, sidered, e.g. potentially negative land- tural feedstock: sugarcane and cassava. as well as time-consuming procedures to use effects on food security and the role Recent field research on Thailand’s bio- apply for state funding and the long and of CO2 emissions in the production and plastic industry development explored costly process of product certification all degradation of bioplastics. Nevertheless, the degree to which plastics based on pose considerable constraints. natural feedstock can provide an alternative to conventional, oil-based plastics, as What is well as the drivers and constraints of this Bioplastic? potential change. The research explored policy and regulatory aspects, end-of-life The term bioplastic encompasses a number of different materials. A blend or a solutions, biodegradability, and com- compound from biomass and conventional plastic is called biobased plastic. If postability of bioplastic products in soil bacteria under the right biophysical conditions completely assimilate a plastic’s and marine environments. constituent parts as food for their energy, it is called biodegradable plastic. The results of degradation vary and depend on the structure of the polymer chain, Production-related aspects not on the origin of the raw material. As part of a biodegradation, compostable Global bioplastic production capacity is plastics fully decompose biochemically in soil or in controlled environments of projected to increase from 2.1 million industrial composting facilities tons in 2018 to 2.6 million tons in 2023. Early study results indicate that domes- especially compostable bioplastics and Material composition, properties and tic demand for bioplastic has so far been related products exemplify the potential their consequences limited, mainly due to its relatively high of mimicking natural cycles in economic price. Around 95% of Thailand’s annual The material properties of current bio- practices (i.e. in circular economy ap- production of around 75,000 to 100,000 plastics can-not yet match those of con- proaches) while providing a potential tons of the bio-plastics PBS (polybutyl- ventional plastics in terms of temperature pathway towards greater sustainability ene succinate) and PLA (polylactic acid) resistance, moisture absorption, chemical for developed and developing countries are exported. Our research findings in- reactiveness, durability, flexibility and de- alike. dicate major constraints to the use and gradability. These material performances production of bioplastics in Thailand’s are, however, crucial for specific applica- different economic sectors including the tions in different sectors (space technol- high production costs for bioplastic as ogy, mobility sector and health-related compared to those for oil-based plastics. sectors). International certification and This research is funded by the German While the current market price for a ton standards for bioplastics exist and further Federal Ministry of Education and Re- of conventional PE (polyethylene) ranges ones are under development, yet a clear search (BMBF). More about the STRIVE in between 1,200 to 1,600 USD per ton, definition of bioplastic remains elusive project at strive-bioecon.de 11 THE ROTTEN APPLES OF BRAZIL'S AGRIBUSINESS By Raoni Rajão et al.

The increasingly polarized international This study goes beyond previous assess- estation and that roughly 20 per cent of political arena is making it difficult to find ments of soy and beef supply chain trace- soy exports and at least 17 per cent of common ground to solve Brazil’s ongoing ability and zero-deforestation commit- beef exports from both biomes to the environmental crisis, which has global as ments, because we explicitly link illegal EU may be ‘contaminated’ with ille- well as local implications. International deforestation on individual rural proper- gal deforestation. Raising aware- buyers of Brazil’s agricultural commodities to their agricultural production and ness is important to press Brazil ties have raised concerns about products exports to EU countries. To achieve this to conserve its environmental that fuel deforestation. The European we compiled a comprehensive set of land- assets and to promote in- Union’s criticism of the Brazilian govern- use and deforestation maps for Brazil; international political will ment has bolstered demands to boycott formation on 815,000 rural properties’ for cutting telecoupled Brazilian products and to withhold ratifi- boundaries from the Cadastro Ambiental GHG emissions. This cation of the trade agreement reached in Rural, the country’s online environmental could be achieved, for 2019 between the EU and Mercosur, the registry; data from TRASE (Transparency example, through the South American trade bloc. Among the for Sustainable Economies); and GTA doc- environmental safe- concerns is that increasing greenhouse uments (cattle transport permits) that guards of the Merco- gas emissions from deforestation and are issued when animals are traded be- sur-EU trade agree- forest fires in Brazil could cancel out EU tween properties and sent to slaughter- ment, which require climate change mitigation efforts. The houses. We also developed software to EU imports to comply

P h Brazilian government and agribusiness, deal with the geospatial data challenge of with the export coun- o t o

b y however, contend that national laws en- calculating the level of legal compliance try’s legislation. S e n ti i sure high conservation standards, and for each individual property, to differenti- n e l H u hence trading bans should not include le- ate between potentially legal and illegal b , S Publication: Raoni Rajão, o y gally authorized deforestation.Our study deforestation alongside production of P ro d Britaldo Soares-Filho, Fe- u c ti addresses the interlinkages between ille- cattle and soy. io n lipe Nunes, Jan Börner, Lilian in B gal deforestation in the Amazon and the r az Machado, Débora Assis, Aman- il , C Our study finds that although most of C Cerrado – the largest Brazilian biomes BY 2 da Oliveira, Luis Pinto, Vivian Ri- .0 Brazil’s agricultural output is deforesta- h with the highest rates of deforestation – tttp s: beiro, Lisa Rausch, Holly Gibbs, Danilo //b it. and EU imports of Brazil’s soy and beef, tion-free, 2 per cent of properties in the ly/ 3l5 Figueira. The Rotten Apples of Brazil’s XH the country’s major agricultural com- Amazon and Cerrado are responsible for KG Agribusiness. Science 17 Jul 2020: Vol. modities. 62 per cent of all potentially illegal defor- 369, Issue 6501, pp. 246-248. DOI: 10.1126/science.aba6646 Photo: Wiki Commons Photo:

12 MAPPING CARBON EMISSIONS EMBODIED IN BRAZIL'S SOY EXPORTS By Neus Escobar et al.

from the initiative “Transparent Sup- Implications for global responsibility ply Chains for Sustainable Econo- mies” (Trase, see: trase.earth). The results reveal a large variability in This new approach is used the carbon footprint per unit of soy to quantify the green- of importing countries and regions. house gas emissions Among all importing regions, the Eu- from trade in Brazil- ropean Union shows the largest foot- ian soy, the most print, 0.77 tCO2-eq/t, By comparison, traded agricul- the world’s largest single importer, Chi- tural commod- na, has a footprint of 0.66 tCO2-eq/t. ity in the world. This difference arises because major EU countries import a large share of Carbon their soy from the MATOPIBA region, footprints at while China imports a larger share sub-national from municipalities where land was scales cleared long ago. China still accounts for more than half of the total green- The study is house gas emissions in absolute terms,

P h the first to but the European Union imports more o t o b provide an es- y emissions from deforestation. This

S e n ti timate of the i n study can inform companies’ decisions e l H u carbon footprint b on where to source soy to reduce their , S o y of Brazilian soy P carbon footprint and prevent defores- ro d u c exports across the ti tation in Brazil, while enabling coordi- io n in B entire sector and r nated action for more effective gover- az il , C for each of the nearly C nance at the local, regional, national, BY 2 .0 h 90,000 trade flows of and international levels. tttp s: //b it. beans, oil and cake identi- ly/ 3l5 XH KG fied in the period 2010-2015. Re- sults per unit of produce show a large variability, not detected in previous studies. The most carbon-intensive International trade causes a displace- products originate from municipali- ment and distribution of environmen- ties – mainly located in the Cerrado tal impacts across its increasingly com- savanna but also the Amazon rainfor- plex and transnational supply chains. est – where soy was grown at the cost Calculations of the environmental of natural vegetation. Specifically, the footprint, or ‘carbon footprint’, of municipalities with the largest carbon products show that the largest impacts footprints are located in the current are generated at production sites and hotspot of soy-induced deforestation, during transport, related to the infra- the MATOPIBA region (the states of structure involved and export logistics. Maranhão, Tocantins, Piauí and Ba- hia). Our research team at ZEF, together Publication: Neus Escobar et al. Spatial- Together with Pará, these five states with partners in Spain, Belgium and ly-explicit footprints of agricultural com- have the largest state-level footprints. Sweden, developed a framework to modities: Mapping carbon emissions Throughout Brazil transport is an im- estimate the spatially-explicit environ- embodied in Brazil’s soy exports. Global portant contributor to greenhouse mental footprints of agricultural prod- Environmental Change, Vol. 62 (2020). gas emissions: it makes up more than ucts with unprecedented accuracy. DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102067 a third of the emissions in the export- Our work involves the integration of oriented states of Goiás and Mato More about the STRIVE project: strive- the Life Cycle Assessment with data Grosso in Center-West Brazil. bioecon.de 13 OVERVIEW: ZEF’S PROJECTS ON LAND WATER FOOD ENERGY

Project Description Time span Main funder Website

Climate Information Analysis of and policy 2018-2021 ERA4CS (BMBF) https://www.zef.de/ to support integrated advice on renewable project/CIREG Renewable Electricity energy generation in Generation (CIREG) developing countries. Implementing CLIMate- Reduce flood risk in the 2019-2022 BMBF https://www.bmbf-cli- sensitive Adaptation transboundary Lower ent.de/projekte/clima- strategies to reduce Mono River catchment fri Flood RIsk in the trans- of Togo and Benin via a boundary Lower Mono river basin information River catchment in Togo system. and Benin (CLIMAFRI ) EntoNUTRI Development and 2015-2020 BMZ https://www.zef.de/ implementation of in- project/EntoNUTRI sect-based products to enhance food and nutritional security in sub- Saharan Africa. Project Implementation Local food security and 2017-2020 BMEL via "Fachagen- https://www.zef.de/ of food security criteria the Human Right to tur für Nachwachsende project/FSS-project within biomass sustain- Adequate Food as new Rohstoffe" ability standards (FSS) elements for sustainability standards and certification schemes. Innovative Impulses Sustainable use of wa- 2017-2020 BMBF http://inocottongrow. Reducing the Water ter in the cotton textile net/ Footprint of the Global supply in Pakistan and Cotton-Textile Industry India. towards the UN-Sus- tainable Development Goals (InoCotton- GROW) Integrated Water Gov- Effective and efficient 2017-2020 BMBF https://www.zef.de/ ernance Support Sys- governance of trans- project/grow tem boundary water in Southern Africa. Partnerships for Healthy Investigating the struc- 2019-2022 EC H2020 ERA-Net Co- https://nouricity.org/ Diets and Nutrition in ture and dynamics of fund, through LEAP-Agri Urban African Food urban food systems in and Systems - Evidence and and at analyzing the co- https://www.zef.de/ Strategies (NOURICITY) existence of different project/NOURICITY facets of urban malnutrition and their drivers. Production and Pro- Use the nutritional and 2018-2021 BMEL https://www.zef.de/ cessing of Edible Insects economic potentials of project/procinut for Improved Nutrition - edible insects in Mada- Innovative Approaches gascar, Myanmar and to process Local Food Thailand. in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia (ProciNut)

14 Project Description Time span Main funder Website

Risk Assessment and ZEF is focusing on work- 2017-2019 BMBF (RARSUS, RAR- https://www.zef.de/ Adaptation Strategies ing out options towards SUS-SEMALI) and DAAD project/rarsus for Sustainable Urban more sustainable water (RARSUS-DAAD) Resource Supply in Sub- infrastructure and its Saharan Africa (RAR- management in Nia- SUS) mey/Niger and Bamako and Katibougou (both in Mali). Transformation and Towards promoting cli- 2020-2023 BMEL https://www.zef.de/ Sustainability Gover- mate smart bio-based project/SABio nance of South Ameri- innovation processes can Bioeconomies that safeguard rural employment and the equi- table distribution of the benefits and costs of bio-based transformation in South America. WASCAL-PAUWES Co- The cooperation proj- 2017-2020 BMBF https://www.zef.de/ operation project for ect links the two Afri- projects/ capacity building can Capacity Building Centers supported by the BMBF WASCAL-GSP and PAUWES. Supporting IPBES ca- MSc Program and Net- 2017-2022 International Climate http://www.wabes.net pacity building in West working for Supporting Initiative (IKI) of the Africa (WABES) IPBES capacity building German Federal Minis- in West Africa. try for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB) Water and Energy Secu- MSc and PhD studies 2016-2020 BMBF https://www.zef.de/ rity for Africa (WESA) and networking at Pan project/wesa African University - In- stitute of Water and Energy Sciences (PAU- WES).

15 1.2 HEALTH NUTRITION ECOSYSTEMS

In the context of the Covid-19 pandemic our One Health research is at the center of this chapter. The basic idea of One Health is the interconnectedness and interdependency of human, animal and environmental health issues. Read more about this and further issues such as the varying causes and effects of antibiotics use, and the potential of edible insects in Madagascar and Myanmar.

THE CORONA VIRUS PANDEMIC HIGHLIGHTS THE NEED FOR A ‘ONE HEALTH’ APPROACH By Timo Falkenberg

The novel corona virus, SARS-CoV-2, creased zoonotic disease spillover is the tion (WHO), the World Organisation for which is the causative agent of the cur- ever-increasing contact between humans Animal Health (OIE) and the Food and Ag- rent COVID-19 outbreak, has caught the and animals. Human population growth ricultural Organization of the United Na- world by surprise with devastating conse- and economic development has led to tions (FAO) set up the Tripartite Collabo- quences for national health systems and higher food demand, particularly for ani- ration Agreement, which aims to prevent the global economy. However, health ex- mal protein, consequently bringing about and manage zoonotic diseases along with perts have been warning about the pan- agricultural intensification. Expansion of their economic, social and public health demic risk of zoonotic spillovers for years, human settlements and agricultural land impacts. In parallel, academia saw the re- highlighting the need for integrated sur- and seemingly insatiable resource extrac- vitalization of the ‘One Health’ concept, veillance systems at the human-animal tion is resulting in human encroachment which implies that the health of humans, interface. Combining and integrating into wildlife habitats, thus intensifying animals and the environment are intrinsi- surveillance data on humans, domesti- the contact between wildlife, domes- cally interconnected and interdependent. cated or captive animals and wildlife, can tic animals and humans. Destruction of Though the ‘One Health’ concept is ac- improve the detection of viral outbreaks natural ecosystems and wildlife habitats cepted by an increasing number of coun- and lead to more rapid responses in the is forcing wild animals to live closer to hu- tries, its implementation is nevertheless future. man settlements in their search for food. hampered by intersectoral conflicts, lack Not-so-new zoonotic diseases Some wild animals have adapted so well of funding and power imbalances. to urban life that they have become a Zoonotic diseases are diseases that are First lessons to be learned from part of the urban fabric, thereby posing transmitted between animals and hu- COVID-19 a continuous risk of pathogen exchange mans, usually originating in wildlife pop- The current COVID-19 outbreak has re- with humans. ulations and involving domestic animals vealed the need for the early detection as intermediate hosts before spilling- Cooperation beyond national borders of zoonotic outbreaks as well as global over into the human population. The and academic disciplines is needed early-warning systems to prevent zoonot- US Center for Disease Control (CDC) has We are living in a globalized world, where ic spillovers from turning into pandemic estimated that 60 per cent of all human people, living animals, animal products threats. The ‘One Health’ approach offers an integrated, interdisciplinary perspec- infectious diseases are of zoonotic origin. and goods move and are traded freely tive on the dynamics of zoonotic disease They include many ancient diseases, such across borders and between continents. emergence, enabling the identification as rabies, influenza and tuberculosis, as Therefore, it is necessary that all countries collaborate and collectively develop of critical control points and the devel- well as most of the recently emerging opment of prevention strategies. The strategies for integrated surveillance and diseases, such as Ebola, SARS and Zika. approach needs to be adopted at local, the prevention of zoonotic diseases. The According to the CDC, 75 per cent of national and international levels so that newly emerging infectious diseases are interdependent relationships between future zoonotic diseases can be bet- zoonotic. The question for health experts economic development, food produc- ter and more quickly detected and con- is, therefore, not if new zoonotic diseases tion, livelihoods, ecosystem integrity and trolled. health need a careful and holistic ap- will emerge, but when and where the Find more information on the One Health proach, therewith calling for system-ori- next zoonotic outbreak will occur and Project at: https://www.zef.de/onehealth. ented, integrated approaches to health. how effective early-warning systems can html. The project is funded by the Ministe- be set up and rapid-response strategies Working out an international ‘One rium für Innovation, Wissenschaft und For- established. Health’ approach schung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen Animals and humans competing for Recognizing this necessity in the after- (MIWF-NRW). Press release (in German) by space and habitats math of the 2006 bird flu and 2009 swine the University of Bonn here: https://www. The key driving force behind the in- flu outbreaks, the World Health Organiza- uni-bonn.de/neues/089-2020. 16 ANTIBIOTICS: CITY DWELLERS AND CHILDREN TAKE THE MOST By Dennis Schmiege et al.

ZEF “One Health” researchers take a tists evaluated a total of 73 publications cul- close look at 73 studies on the use of on the driving factors of antibiotic use ture antibiotics. in the outpatient sector. “We were in- seems terested in individual parameters such to have a City dwellers take more antibiotics than as age and education, but also in geo- certain influence: people in rural areas; children and the el- graphical connections and socio-cultural for example, more antibiotics are used derly use them more often than middle- factors,” explains ZEF-researcher Dennis by the citizens of “masculine” societies, aged people; and as education increases, Schmiege, who is doing his doctorate at considered to be more competition-ori- the use of antibiotics decreases, but only the University of Bonn under the supervi- ented. The situation is similar in societies in rich countries. These are three of the sion of Prof. Mariele Evers (Geographical that are classically more concerned with more conspicuous trends that research- Institute) and Prof. Thomas Kistemann avoiding uncertainty. “We see a clear ers from the NRW Research College “One (Institute for Hygiene and Public Health). need for more research in this area, espe- Health and Urban Transformation” at the 600 possible influencing variables cially in countries with lower and middle University of Bonn identified in a recent evaluated incomes that are currently underrep- study that looked at the use of antibiot- resented in the literature,” emphasizes ics in the outpatient sector around the Together with his colleague, ZEF senior Dennis Schmiege. globe. The topic is of great importance: researcher Timo Falkenberg, Dennis too many antibiotics are still being ad- Schmiege evaluated almost 600 variables ministered. A possible consequence is and combined them into 45 groups. For resistance: There are already hardly any each of the groups, the overview paper effective drugs available against some lists whether they are to be considered bacteria. significant influencing factors according Publication: Dennis Schmiege, Mariele to the current study situation. The groups Most antibiotics are taken by patients Evers, Thomas Kistemann und Timo Falken- are then ranked according to their relative whose disease does not require hospi- berg: What drives antibiotic use in the influence. It is relatively well documented talization. In Germany, these cases ac- community? A systematic review of deter- that children and seniors consume more count for approximately 85 per cent of minants in the human outpatient sector; In- antibiotics than middle-aged people. all antibiotic prescriptions; EU-wide the ternational Journal of Hygiene and Environ- However, higher level of education tends rate is slightly higher. But what factors mental Health; https://doi.org/10.1016/j. to have a braking effect, a correlation that contribute to the use of antibiotics in the ijheh.2020.113497 is reversed in poorer countries - “prob- outpatient healthcare sector? Scientists This study was conducted in the framework ably because it is more likely to be the have been interested in this question for of the NRW Research College "One Health better educated people who can access some time. That too many antibiotics are and Urban Transformation", which is a the health care system or afford to visit administered is largely undisputed. This graduate college funded by the Ministry of a doctor or buy a drug at all,” assumes practice promotes the development of Culture and Science of the State of NRW. Schmiege. resistance and slowly blunts the effec- It is conducted by the University of Bonn tiveness of these weapons, which are in cooperation with the Bonn-Rhein-Sieg Among the geographical parameters, actually the sharpest weapons against University of Applied Sciences (H-BRS) and the discrepancy between urban and ru- bacterial infections. the United Nations University - Institute for ral areas is striking: some publications Environment and Human Security (UNU- show that the use of antibiotics is higher The study summarizes EHS) in Bonn. Further information on the in urban areas. “We assume that this has the current state research group is available on the website something to do with better access to of knowl- www.zef.de/onehealth.html doctors’ surgeries and pharmacies,” said edge on Schmiege. In fact, the density of doctors Press release launched by Bonn University this also seems to be one of the driving fac- (in German): https://www.uni-bonn.de/ prob- tors. In contrast, higher drug prices re- neues/057-2020 lem. duce the quantity of antibiotics sold. The This research is funded by the Ministe- partici- Comparatively little research has been rium für Innovation, Wissenschaft und pating carried out on the socio-cultural parame- Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen scien- ters that promote antibiotics use. National (MIWF-NRW) 17 THE POTENTIAL OF EDIBLE INSECTS IN MADAGASCAR AND MYANMAR By Sarah Nischalke

The potential of edible insects to provide insects (e.g. giant crickets or water bee- the area. At Yezin Agricultural University, an alternative source of protein and nu- tles) because of their superior taste. The Myanmar, trials are running on the semi- trition has only recently been recognized farmers, likewise, fetch a higher price for domestication of giant crickets, which is in the Global North. Legislation adopted such females. One detected problem for the most consumed insect in the coun- by the European Union last year makes consumers is that wild insects often ac- try. So far, it has been unsuitable for it now possible for processors, super- cumulate pesticides in their bodies ab- rearing because of its long life cycle (the markets and restaurants to offer insect- sorbed from agricultural production. shorter the life cycle of insects, the high- based products to customers. At the er the viability). First trials on different ProciNut researchers on the ground same time, the agricultural sector has processing techniques in both countries developed huge interest in using insects Researchers from the ZEF-led ProciNut and on the production of insect powder for feed, reflected in ongoing application project are attempting to establish func- for serving as local snacks or side dishes and screening processes. tioning and safe insect production and are underway. From theory to practice: unexpected constraints Research has so far revealed unexpected constraints. The first is the absence of insight by farmers and policy makers that insect rearing is feasible and has the potential to enhance livelihoods and serve as a source of nutrition. The second is the lack of markets. Most insect markets in Madagascar are highly localized, whereas in Myanmar country-wide value chains only exist for giant crickets, silk worms or bamboo borers (partly imported from Thailand and China). Compared with conventional livestock rearing, which has a long tradition and hundreds of years of breeding experience, insect rearing is a new field and still requires Edible insects offered at a market in Myanmar, photo: Sarah Nischalke. extensive baseline research. This is es- In contrast, insects are traditionally an processing systems, by promoting insect pecially the case if one targets species integral part of food cultures in Mada- rearing, providing training, and develop- beyond the dozen or so that are current- gascar and Myanmar in the form of daily ing training materials for extension ser- ly reared across the world. Even with meals, emergency foods or expensive vices in both Myanmar and Madagascar. regard to these better known species, delicacies. Their consumption helps In addition, the project group develops issues such as ideal rearing conditions, overcome protein deficiencies in lean curricula for universities, value chains productivity or food safety are yet to be times and contributes to diversified di- and organizes policy events. In Mada- sufficiently handled. ets in these countries. Whereas insects gascar, trials were started on alternative in Madagascar are cheaper than meat, in feeds for the wild silk worm (Borocera Myanmar insects are more expensive – cajani), on rearing local crickets (Gryl- and mostly collected in the wild and sold lus madagascariensis), and on a locust on the market to affluent urbanites. In species not classified as a pest. The par- ZEF's Procinut research is funded by the both countries the collection of insects ticipating farmers welcomed the train- German Federal Ministry of Food and Ag- in the wild, either for household con- ing and will now try to establish their riculture (BMEL) based upon a decision of sumption or for sale, has put ecosystems own small-scale production systems. In the Parliament of the Federal Republic and insect populations under stress. This Myanmar, trials are currently being con- of Germany (Bundestag). More infor- stress is exacerbated by a rising demand ducted on rearing house crickets at the mation at: https://www.zef.de/project/ from consumers for egg-bearing female Kengtung University and with farmers in procinut

18 Photo: Sebastian Forneck.

OVERVIEW: ZEF’S PROJECTS ON HEALTH NUTRITION ECOSYSTEMS

Project Description Time span Main funder Website

Dr. Hermann Eiselen Support of doctoral re- Since 2011 fiat panis Foundation http://www.stiftung- Doctoral Program of the search in the area of fiat-panis.de/en/ Fiat Panis Foundation nutrition and food security. Partnerships for Healthy Investigating the struc- 2019-2022 EC H2020 ERA-Net Co- https://nouricity.org/ Diets and Nutrition in ture and dynamics of fund, through LEAP-Agri and Urban African Food urban food systems in Systems - Evidence and and at analyzing the co- https://www.zef.de/ Strategies (NOURICITY) existence of different project/NOURICITY facets of urban malnutrition and their drivers. One Health and Urban Transdiciplinary gradu- 2016-2020 (first phase) Ministerium für Innova- https://www.zef.de/ Transformations – iden- ate school for inte- 2020-2023 (second tion, Wissenschaft und onehealth.html tifying risks and devel- grated interventions to phase) Forschung des Landes oping sustainable solu- attain optimal health Nordrhein-Westfalen tions for humans, animals, (MIWF-NRW) plants and the environment. Production and Pro- Use the nutritional and 2018-2021 BMEL https://www.zef.de/ cessing of Edible Insects economic potentials of project/procinut for Improved Nutrition - edible insects in Mada- Innovative Approaches gascar, Myanmar and to process Local Food Thailand. in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia (ProciNut) 19 1.3 INNOVATION KNOWLEDGE SCIENCE POLICY

During the Covid-19 pandemic ZEF researchers published a number of policy briefs on how to mitigate the pandemic’s impact on the lives and livelihoods of the world’s poor and how to empower small-scale farmers, who are playing a key role as food providers. Read excerpts from reseaerch on and in Africa.

MECHANIZING AFRICAN AGRICULTURE. DRIVERS, BARRIERS AND BENEFITS by Oliver Kirui

Agricultural technologies that reduce This study is based on a recent study nology for farming households in the need for intensive manual labor that analyzes the possible drivers of Senegal, Burkina Faso and Zimba- make it possible for farmers to cultivate mechanization among 9,500 farming bwe. more land more effectively. This can households in eleven African countries. • Hand-held tools remain the domi- increase both incomes and total food The study shows that while there are nant agricultural technology used production, with significant benefits to significant barriers to increase mecha- by households in Cameroon, Gha- farming households and communities nization, access to labor-saving tech- na and Zambia. At the household- in food-insecure regions. Despite these nologies is much higher in some coun- level, the following factors were advantages, farmers in much of Africa tries than in others. Countries in which found to relate to higher levels of rely on hand-held tools for farming. tractor-powered machinery is most ac- mechanization: In many regions, tractors and engine- cessible tend to have higher levels of • Household income: Perhaps unsur- powered machinery is hard to access, economic development. prisingly, higher-income households and support such as trained operators, are more likely to have access to both In summary: technicians and spare parts are rarely animal and tractor-powered machin- available. Recently, several initiatives • Tractor-powered machinery is most ery, since these have higher upfront have been implemented to empower common for farming households in costs than basic hand-held tools. farming households to access machin- Egypt and South Africa. Smallholder farmers with lower in- ery in several African countries. • Animal-powered equipment is the come are also less likely to have the dominant type of agricultural tech- collateral necessary for bank loans.

20 • Farm size: Farms with a larger land funds to invest in these technolo- • Enable collective ownership by ex- area tend to be more highly mech- gies. See PARI Policy Brief No. 19 for isting farmer collectives, and put anized than smaller farms. Having more information on the obstacles in place supporting institutions to more land to cultivate increases faced by women in African agricul- train operators and technicians the potential benefit of labor-sav- ture. • Incentivize alternative tenure mod- ing technologies and can make the els, such as private sector-led equip- investment more cost-effective. RECOMMENDATIONS ment leasing schemes Land size may also be related to Below are potential ways for organi- household income. zations seeking to promote develop- • Education level of the head of ment in this sector to address the household: More educated house- main challenges that are holding back hold heads are more likely to have mechanization in Africa: To increase the access to both animal- and trac- availability of medium and heavy agri- Read the full PARI Policy Brief No 18: tor-powered tools. They are more cultural machinery https://bit.ly/PARIplicybrief183nSe- likely to be aware of the benefits of • Create public-private partnerships JMM to facilitate the importation, distri- various technologies and may find PARI Policy Brief No 18 is based on the bution and maintenance of high- it easier to learn to use more ad- study: Kirui, O.K. (2019) The Agricultur- potential technologies vanced technologies. al mechanization in Africa: micro-level • Gender of the head of household: • Incentivize the local production of analysis of state drivers and effects, ZEF Male-headed households are more smaller-scale technologies, such as Discussion Papers on Development Poli- likely to use animal- and tractor- two-wheeled tractors, that are de- cy No. 272 (see full paper here: https:// powered technology. This may be signed to fit the local context and bit.ly/ZEFDP272_366lUuW) because women generally have low- are gender appropriate To address This research was conducted in the er educational attainment in Africa, the high costs of medium and heavy framework of the Program of Accom- which makes adopting advanced machinery panying Research for Agricultural Inno- technologies more challenging, and • Develop targeted schemes for vation (PARI) (https://research4agrin- because women have less access to smallholders to increase access to novation.org/) which is funded by the credit and collateral, which means credit to purchase or lease farm German Federal Ministry for Economic they may not be able to access the equipment, e.g. Micro-credit Cooperation and Development (BMZ).

OVERVIEW: ZEF’S PROJECTS ON INNOVATION KNOWLEDGE SCIENCE POLICY

Project Description Time span Main funder Website

Program of Accompany- Research and policy 2014-2022 BMZ https://research4agrin- ing Research for Agricul- advice for agricultural novation.org/ tural Innovation (PARI) growth and food security in Africa. West African Biodiver- Msc Program and Net- 2017-2022 BInternational Climate http://www.wabes.net sity & Ecosystem Ser- working for Supporting Initiative (IKI) of the vices (WABES) IPBES capacity building German Federal Minis- in West Africa. try for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB) 21 THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC CRISIS AND POOR PEOPLE'S STRUGGLE FOR SURVIVAL: HOW SHOULD GOVERNMENTS IN LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES RESPOND AND WHAT RESOURCES ARE NEEDED? By Tekalign Gutu Sakketa and Lukas Kornher

This paper looks into the economic impact of the Covid-19 pandemic in Africa and possible policy responses. Here is a “Dos and Don’ts” list of the authors: The following responses could be vital in the fight against COVID-19:

1. Targeting is costly and takes time. Unless only selected groups are affected by the economic slowdown and poverty levels are moderate, targeting should be omitted. 2. Use virtual money (e.g. mobile money transfers) instead of cash pick-up to avoid human interactions and to reduce travel needs. 3. Keep food systems functioning and value chains intact as long as possible and use cash transfer pro-grams to increase the purchasing power of those most affected. 4. Identify bottlenecks in the supply chain and support collecting agricultural products from the farm gate to sustain food supply to urban areas. 5. Use in-kind distribution of food and other essentials if (food) supply is highly centralized and avoid crowds of people receiving their in-kind transfer at the same time. 6. Prioritize policy options that work fast using existing institutions and infrastructure, for instance suspending billing for basic needs, such as electricity, water, mobile communication. Read the full paper (ZEF Policy Brief 33) here: https://bit.ly/ZEFpolicybrief33

22 HOW COVID-19 IMPACTS THE AFRICAN FOOD AND BEVERAGE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY The Covid-19 pandemic and in particular the measures that have been taken by governments to contain the spread of the virus is affecting all segments of society and business around to world. To understand the impacts in on the African food and beverage manufacturing industry, ZEF/PARI in collaboration with the SADC Research Center, conducted a rapid phone survey of close to 600 companies in Nigeria, Kenya and South Africa in May 2020. Key findings TOWARDS NEAR REAL- TIME FOOD SECURITY Most of the companies where still operating at the time of the survey, that most of them had to reduce production volumes. MONITORING: LESSONS The number of temporary or permanent closures is likely to be FROM A CITIZEN-SCIENCE - higher than reported here, as they were less likely to answer APPROACH IN KENYA the phone. by Regine Weber Many firms had to pay higher prices for raw materials, in particular in Nigeria (95%) and Kenya (69%), but less so in This study looked into early warning and moni- South Africa (41%). toring systems as an import-ant pillar in the context of humanitarian emergencies, disaster Companies for the most part held on to their employees, but risk reduction and food security. at times had to reduce salaries. Most increased shifts to ensure social distancing. Its policy recommendations say: Many of the companies where impacted by measures imposed by foreign governments, in particular through delays • Prioritize investing in cost-effective technol- and additional requirements at the border. Many Kenyan ogies that enable instantaneous snapshot companies also saw their exports fall while South African and assessments and mapping of risks. Nigerian companies where more affected by a drop in imports. • Collaborate with local tech Start Ups that To reduce the economic impact of Covid-19 containment facilitate innovative technologies tailored measures, companies most frequently called for practical and to the local environment. business-survival interventions, such as a re-opening of the economy, financial support, tax relief and assistance in the • Continue investigating measures that con- area of health & safety. tribute to the democratization of information, e.g. through direct communication channels with the at-risk population. Further details on country-specific findings: PARI Policy Brief No. 24 (South Africa) • Explore use of SMS systems for near real- PARI Policy Brief No. 25 (Nigeria) time data collection beyond food security monitoring. PARI Policy Brief No. 26 (Kenya) More information at https://research4agrinnovation.org/cov- Read the full paper (ZEF Policy Brief 32) here: id19-industry/ https://bit.ly/ZEFpolicybrief32 23 1.4 GOVERNANCE CONFLICTS AND NATURAL RESOURCES

When the COVID-19 pandemic broke out early 2020, many governments had to address unforesseen challenges in terms of policy-and decision making, often with direct impact on human lives and society as a whole. Vulnerable groups, especially in the Global South were hit hardest by the pandemic and the following policy responses. The majority has no proper health insurance and/or access to health care facilities. Many cannot sustain their families without pursuing their daily (mainly informal) jobs.

BEYOND THE CURFEW: COVID-19’S IMPACT IN COLOMBIA By Eva Youkhana, Emilia Schmidt, and Alejandro Mora-Motta

The Colombian government’s re- maximize profits by keeping costs and many seriously ill people simultane- sponse to COVID-19 expenditures low. This implies that ously. costs for treatment and medical per- On March 6, 2020 the Ministry of sonnel are Curfew: a special challenge for poor Health and Social Protection confirmed kept at a people Colombia’s first case of COVID-19 infec- mini- tion. From that moment on, we could Although the imposed measures pre- observe a day-by-day approach to vent people from getting infected try to prevent an uncontrollable out- by making them stay at home, more break of the virus and collapse of the than half of the Colombian population public health system. Consequently, works in the informal sector and de- the right-wing conservative govern- pends on daily income from street ment under President Iván Duque sales. Only a few of them can afford Márquez announced a national quar- the “luxury” of quarantine while liv- antine which was initially imposed ing from financial reserves. At the until April 13. By April 3, Colombia end of 2019, just before the corona- reported 1,161 corona cases and 19 virus world crisis started, Colombian cases of death. Due to limited capaci- people took to the streets to protest ties to carry out large-scale testing, for significant changes. Among their these numbers might not reflect many demands was a desire for the the actual situation. The govern- transformation of the neoliberal ment’s response to the increasing public health, labor and social pro- number of coronavirus infections tection systems. Currently people consisted of closing schools and cannot protest in the streets due universities, the closing of all na- to quarantine, but sadly, COVID-19 tional land, river and sea borders arrived in Colombia only to show and the imposition of a strict cur- that the protests in 2019 were justi- few, partly enforced by security fied. In addition, NGOs in Colombia forces and terms of imprisonment mum. have reported that the curfew has in cases of violation in most parts of the The low worsened the situation of victims country. national budget for health (in addition of domestic violence, especially in the to an almost non-existent public health bigger cities. Only a few days after the Is Colombia’s public health system system) is a recipe for disaster in the curfew had been imposed, UN Women prepared? case of a major health event. Moreover, reported that more women had been around 65 per cent of the labor force murdered and assaulted than in other The Colombian health system is based in the health sector is informal. And comparable periods. The crisis will par- on Law no. 100 which was issued in most of those who have formal work- ticularly affect the socially vulnerable 1993. While access to essential health ing contracts are hired on a short-term and exacerbate existing structures of care services is considered universal basis, not as regular employees. Need- poverty and inequality within the coun- under this law, health care is treated as less to say, the government does not try. a commodity. provide unemployment subsidies. The The mainly private companies in charge COVID-19 outbreak in Colombia finds a of providing health care services try to health system incapable of coping with 24 Above: Long queues in front of the supermarkets – only 10 people at a time are allowed to enter.

Right: Empty restaurants. The corona virus has had dramatic consequences on many sectors of the economy and society in Colombia. Gastronomy is one of them.

The Doctoral Studies Support Program (DSSP) on "Environmental peace building and development in Colombia" is a bilateral program of the Cen- ter of Development Research (ZEF) at the University of Bonn and the This is an excerpt from a blog post pub- Institute of Environmental Studies (Instituto de Estudios Ambientales – lished on ZEF’s Blog COVID-19 and its IDEA) at the Universidad Nacional de Colombia. It is funded by the Ger- impact on research realities on April man Academic Exchange Service (Deutscher Akademischer Austausch- 7, 2020, see https://www.zef.de/2129/ dienst, DAAD). More information at https://dssp-colombia.org/ blog-colombia.html

25 CAN COVID-19 OFFER LESSONS FOR GOVERNMENTS TO ADDRESS BIODIVERSITY LOSS? By Abdul W. Arimiyaw, Ambrosse B. Kenneh, and Abdoulaye D. Diallo

Lockdown interventions have become a crucial component of public health measures to curtail the rapid spread of the novel coronavirus. In many West African countries, the identification of community hotspots of COVID-19 infections certainly justifies the decision to restrict movement in these areas, which are mainly urban or sub-urban. To most governments, the implementation of lockdown measures is an effort to avoid frequent contact between people, as social distancing clearly helps slow down the spread of the virus. It is therefore expected that these preven- tive measures will mitigate the spread of the outbreak and ultimately reduce the number of people affected.

Environmental health: who cares?

Although the lockdown measures reveal overwhelming concern for human lives, Above: An almost deserted highway in Accra, Ghana. the speed with which governments Below: Some beneficiaries of the free food supplies. Source: https://bit.ly/2wSeCMv have implemented them presents an opportunity to reflect on why there is no similar concern and attention to existing ecological issues. While scientists have warned of the high risk of extinction of flora and fauna (IPBES, 2019; bit. ly/3byuzql), the relevant actors have paid little attention to this threatening development. Environmental degradation continues unabated, putting many species at risk of extinction.

Response to COVID-19 in Ghana

In contrast to the slow pace of implementing laws to safeguard biodiversity, the government of Ghana has shown considerable commitment to the fight against COVID-19. On April 14, 2020, the country confirmed 636 infected cases, eight recoveries and nine per- sons who have succumbed to the disease. The introduction of lockdown and palliative interventions such as a three- month waiver on water bills, contact ing and widespread awareness-raising Ewe, English, Dagbani, Kotokoli, Fante, tracing of citizens who have been in campaigns on hygiene measures to be Ga among others), and the daily dis- contact with COVID-19 patients, ongo- observed in different languages (Akan, tribution of food parcels to poor citi- 26 zens in lockdown areas, are to be com- mended. However, the implementation of these measures has encountered a number of challenges. The constant brutalization of citizens by law enforcement agents and the politicization of free food supplies are some of the issues that need to be corrected if the objectives of these interventions are to be achieved.

Ghana: slow efforts in biodiversity protection

The recent IPBES Global Assessment report (2019) showed that the earth has already lost almost 47 per cent of its natural ecosystems, and that around 25 per cent of its species are on the verge of extinction. As a signa- tory to, and a member of the Inter- governmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), it is A view of Ghana’s capital Accra in lockdown. Source: https://bit.ly/2VLnD26 expected that Ghana will demonstrate tect the natural environment. Enforce- its commitment to the protection and ment. This situation provides insight ment and protection agencies should conservation of biodiversity. However into the shortages we can expect if be equipped and encouraged to miti- it is still common for Ghanaian people environmental degradation and unsus- gate biodiversity loss. to indulge in illegal hunting and trade tainable wildlife capture continues. It in endangered wild species, such as is imperative that we take appropriate pangolins and chimpanzees, for per- measures to ensure the smooth deliv- sonal gain. The consumption of bush ery of nature’s contributions to people, The authors are master students from meat delicacies is still a widespread because nature is relied upon for sur- the WABES project (see information be- trend in many restaurants, bars and vival in difficult times. With a majority low). This text was posted on ZEF’s Blog ceremonies. According to Ghana’s Na- of poor and disadvantaged people and COVID-19 and its impact on research re- tional Biodiversity Strategy and Action limited alternative livelihood options, alities: https://www.zef.de/2129/blog- Plan (NBSAP, 2016, bit.ly/2zc4Rtb), Ghanaians are bound to suffer in differ- wabes.html. about 380,000 tons of bush meat are ent ways and to varying degrees from consumed annually with an estimated the destruction of nature and the dis- value of US$ 350 million. Even though ruption of ecosystem services (NBSAP, existing laws prohibit the killing of en- 2016). Efforts and progress made to- dangered species, implementation and wards the achievement of the biodiver- compliance hardly exist and the illegal sity-related UN Sustainable Develop- and unsustainable capture of wildlife ment Goals (SDGs) 1, 2, 3, 6, 14 and 15 continues unabated. If this trend con- may otherwise be made in vain. tinues, the biodiversity of Ghana will be severely depleted in the coming years Global action for biodiversity conser- to such an extent that some important vation is imperative ‘WABES’ is a ZEF-led research and wildlife species of conservational inter- capacity building program funded est will become extinct. For decades it has been clear that we by the International Climate Initia- need to pay more attention to the con- tive (IKI) of the German Federal The need to keep our ecosystems servation of biodiversity around the Ministry for the Environment, Na- healthy globe. Just as governments are taking ture Conservation, Building and urgent action to protect their citizens Nuclear Safety (BMUB). ‘WABES’ The challenges that many people face from COVID-19, similar efforts need to stands for ‘West African Biodiver- today in West Africa and in Ghana, in be replicated for the conservation of sity and Ecosystem Services’. The particular during the pandemic, are the the natural environment and biodiver- program aims at supporting IPBES lack of provision of basic necessities sity. Effective policy actions need to be capacity building in West Africa. such as food, water, freedom of move- taken and rhetoric and grandstanding Website: http://www.wabes.net ment, and personal protective equip- should be replaced with actions to pro-

27 OVERVIEW: ZEF’S PROJECTS ON GOVERNANCE CONFLICTS NATURAL RESOURCES

Project Description Time span Main funder Website

Climate Information Analysis of and policy 2018-2021 ERA4CS (BMBF) https://www.zef.de/ to support integrated advice on renewable project/CIREG Renewable Electricity energy generation in Generation (CIREG) developing countries. Bilateral Doctoral Stud- PhD Program on Envi- 2017-2020 (application DAAD https://dssp-colombia. ies Support Program ronmental peace-build- for second phase pend- org/ (DSSP) ing and development in ing) Colombia. Integrated Water Gov- Effective and efficient 2017-2020 BMBF https://www.zef.de/ ernance Support Sys- governance of trans- project/grow tem boundary water in Southern Africa. Participatory Mapping Scientific exchange on 2019-2020 BMBF https://www.zef.de/ and Monitoring of Bio- Environmental peace- project/ diversity Loss due to En- building and develop- vironmental Conflicts in ment in Colombia. Colombia Sustainable TRade and Improving the knowl- 2016-2021 BMBF https://strive-bioecon. InnoVation transfer in edge base for the de- de/ the bioEconomy: From sign of sustainable National Strategies bioeconomy policies to Global Sustainable and investments with a Development Goals focus on international (STRIVE) regulatory frameworks. West African Biodiver- MSc Program and Net- 2017-2022 International Climate http://www.wabes.net sity & Ecosystem Ser- working for Supporting Initiative (IKI) of the vices (WABES) IPBES capacity building German Federal Minis- in West Africa. try for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB) Waterfront Metropolis Anthropological analy- 2017-2019 Deutsche Forschun- https://www.zef.de/ Abidjan sis of social and po- gsgemeinschaft (DFG, project/WATERFRONT- litical dynamics around German Research Foun- METROPOLIS waterfronts in Abidjan, dation), EG 381/1-1 Cote d’Ivoire. West African Center for Development of inter- 2017-2021 DAAD https://www.zef.de/ Sustainable Rural Trans- disciplinary, transna- project/WAC-SRT formation (WAC-SRT) tional research as well as the infrastructure in West Africa.

28 1.5 MARKETS, PUBLIC SERVICES

This research theme focuses on the developmental roles of markets and the political, infrastructure, and institutional constrains on access to public services by the rural and urban poor. The development of markets is partly related to the expansion of public services, as the latter often serve as a precondition for people to participate in markets. Among public services, particular attention is given to information, education, social transfer, insurance, and health systems. Read here some of our latest studies conducted under this theme.

EU COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY - IMPACTS ON TRADE WITH AFRICA AND AFRICAN AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT By Lukas Kornher and Joachim von Braun

This study analyzes the impacts of on longstanding favorable framework European agricultural and trade poli- conditions and long-term investments cies on agricultural development and in innovation. food security in Africa. The research is According to the expert consultation prompted by the pending further de- carried out for this study, a stronger en- velopment of the Common Agricultural vironmental and climate orientation of Policy (CAP) after 2020. The proposal the CAP is considered likely and would for the new CAP is based on higher am- have a dampening effect on European bitions with regard to environmental agricultural exports to Africa. The mod- protection and climate change through el simulation estimates that European mandatory ecological programs and an food exports to Africa would decrease enhanced linkage of direct payments to under the expected EU policy changes. the greening rules. However, this reduction in European The methodological approach com- exports would be mainly taken over by prises: (i) an examination and critical other exporters. Investments in African review of existing studies; (ii) an analy- agricultural development should be ex- sis and assessment of agricultural trade panded by the EU. flows between the EU and Africa as a Although African raw agricultural mate- whole and in the context of case stud- rial exports to the EU are largely free of ies on meat and milk; (iii) a systematic duties, the access of processed prod- consultation of leading experts in Eu- ucts to the EU market is still limited ropean and African agricultural and due to complicated rules of origin and trade policy on trends and impacts of social and hygiene standards for goods the CAP; and (iv) model simulations of imported into the EU. These standards the effects of possible reform projects are necessary but must be more trans- on production in and trade flows with parent. The EU should provide more Africa. support to improve standards in Africa; The study finds that direct payments to otherwise, the export potential of Afri- EU farmers continue to account for up can countries cannot be fully exploited. to 50% of total farm income in the EU, but EU spending on agricultural development in Africa is rather small in comparison. The current EU agricultural subsidy policy hampers the development of African agriculture much less than it did before export subsidies and coupled subsidy payments were largely abolished. However, these earlier ef- You can read the full ZEF Discussion fects cannot be corrected quickly be- Paper 294 here: https://bit.ly/ZEF- cause agricultural productivity depends DP-294 29 THE VALUE OF COCOA AND SHEA VALUE CHAINS IN GHANA

By Adjoa Annan

This study tries to understand how qual- programs implemented over the past purchasing commodities. Quality en- ity is promoted or non-promoted in years. Shea is domestically consumed hancement was not highly innovative food and agriculture value chains, with and its use in beauty and hair products is and its uptake was low, with some pro- cocoa and shea in Ghana as a case study. gaining momentum in Ghana. However, ducers resisting innovations. As such, The cocoa sector is state-regulated and to maximize profits in both value chains, the current focus of the study examines quality is highly controlled by the mar- our research indicates, Ghana should in- the power relations and control of qual- keting board, whereas the shea sector crease its trading of inter-mediate cocoa ity in the upstream (i.e. production, is privately driven with control of qual- and shea products. Ghana could also farm gate level) and downstream (i.e. ity in the hands of private firms and ac- benefit from the marketing and brand- end-market) segments of the chains. tors. The initial focus of the study was ing of Ghanaian chocolate or confections A disconnect in the promotion of qual- to understand the knowledge exchange and shea luxury products in the regional, ity in the cocoa and shea value chains and innovation diffusion on quality en- African, and international markets. I be- was noticed. This serves a double func- hancement technologies in the sectors. lieve these efforts could contribute to tion; whereas in the downstream of increasing margins and profits. More so, Potential of luxury goods industry, the chains it is promoted as a branding producers participating in these value such as confections and cosmet- and marketing tool, in the upstream, it chains could capture higher values if ics in Ghana is promoted as a control and sourcing policies were to target the alle- tool. When we look at the value chains Efforts are being made to viation of poverty by, for of agricultural products from Africa, strengthen origin pro- example, increasing often the raw materials are harvested cessing and to promote prices. there, but lots of the refinement takes locally-owned processing place elsewhere. However, dur- and manufacturing companies in ing data the country. The Ghanaian government Adjoa Annan is a doctoral student at the seeks to increase its share of processed collection, it Ghanaian-German Centre for Develop- cocoa beans into intermediate products was observed ment Studies, which is a collaboration such as cocoa butter, liquor and pow- that, knowl- between ZEF and the Institute of Sta- der as well as chocolate from 40 to 50 edge ex- tistical, Social and Economic Research percent. With respect to shea, Ghana change on (ISSER), University of Ghana, Accra. is the hub of shea processing in West quality The Ghanaian-German Centre for De- Africa and is trying to expand shea pro- velopment Studies and Adjoa Annan's duction to sustainably meet its process- research are funded by the Ger- ing capacity. There is an increase in man Academic Exchange Service chocolate consumption among en- (DAAD). Ghanaians because of sensiti- hancement did zation and educational not play a central role in promoting quality. Buy- ers in the sectors were more concerned with con- trolling sourcing commodities and implementing mechanisms in

30 COVID-19: IMPACTS ON FOOD TRADE - IS GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY AT RISK? By Lukas Kornher and Tekalign Gutu Sakketa

Many industrialized countries, including Ger- nies to finance their efforts to prevent sures in place to keep markets function- many and the United States, have responded and respond to the rapid spread of CO- ing. In a globalized world, countries are to the Covid-19 pandemic with large public VID-19. The IMF and World Bank have advised to keep trade open and supply investment programs to cushion the eco- also called on bilateral donors to con- chains working. For this to happen in- nomic effects of the lockdown. Developing sider debt relief for the poorest coun- ternational coordination, not national- countries do not have the budgetary means tries. ism, is of paramount importance to fight to implement similar programs. Instead, this global curse and return to normal Global commodity markets are not im- as soon as possible. In this context, in- closed borders and limited export opportuni- mune to the global economic down- stead of restricting trade flows, govern- ties and supply constraints are slowing down turn and the uncertainty of how the ments in poor countries should mobilize economic activities. crisis will evolve. The International resources to expand their social safety The United Nations Economic Commission Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) nets, specifically to mitigate the effect for Africa (ECA) estimates that economic simulated the impact of a global eco- on the most vulnerable population in ur- losses in Africa could tighten the fiscal re- nomic slowdown on poverty (and food ban areas who are living hand-to-mouth. sources of governments, creating a pressure insecurity). The figures are alarming if This blog was posted on ZEF’s Blog CO- on the provision of social safety nets that the crisis persists for a longer period: a VID-19 and its impact on research reali- make an important contribution to liveli- 1 per cent drop in global growth rates is ties: https://www.zef.de/2129/zef-cov- hoods for the poor in many countries. Glob- associated with an increase in poverty id-19.html ally, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) by 2 per cent affecting 14 million peo- Information in German: https://www. has responded by granting loans of 50 bil- ple worldwide. Certainly, the impacts uni-bonn.de/neues/covid-19-auswirkun- lion USD to developing countries. The World on food insecurity are more severe if gen-auf-den-nahrungsmittelhandel-ist- Bank has approved an emergency program trade channels are disrupted. die-globale-ernaehrungssicherheit-ge- of 14 billion USD to countries and compa- Governments must put urgent mea- faehrdet/ OVERVIEW: ZEF’S PROJECTS ON MARKETS AND PUBLIC SERVICES

Project Description Time span Main funder Website

Program of Accompany- Research and policy 2014-2022 BMZ https://research4agrin- ing Research for Agricul- advice for agricultural novation.org/ tural Innovation (PARI) growth and food security in Africa Analysis and Implemen- Investigation of the driv- 2011-2020 (now in BMZ (Federal Ministry https://www.zef.de/ tation of Measures to ers and causes of price phase 2) for Economic Coopera- project/volatility Reduce Price Volatility volatility, the transmis- tion and Development) in National and Interna- sion to regional, national Markets for Im- tional and micro-level, proved Food Security in and the impact on poor Developing Countries people (farmers and consumers). 31 1.6 MOBILITY MIGRATION URBANIZATION

Research under this theme is characterized by interdisciplinary social science research carried out at various scales. The usual focus is on the local scale where mainly qualitative studies are often complemented with quantitative methods. ZEF's interdisciplinary working group "ZEF in the City" contributes to this ZEF research theme. In this chapter we look into our latest studies on and carried out in Africa.

DENSE AND TENSE: HIGH POPULATION DENSITIES AND LOW HOUSING QUALITY OF POOR URBANITES IN ABIDJAN, CÔTE D´IVOIRE By Irit Eguavoen

The Corona pandemic shifted our focus to favelas, townships, or slums, where residents have been unable to keep physical distance. In the Global South and North alike, the pandemic has been illustrating that high population densities coupled with insufficient social security and poor housing quality increase not only infection rates but also vulnerability to mental stress. Population densities indicate economic inequalities Fig. 1 Unequal densities and living conditions in cities are not random. They often result from policies of city administrations that would also be able to set other priorities. The popular narrative continues to reason about dense quarters in African cities being a result from rural to urban migration and short supply of formal, good-quality housing. Our findings from Abidjan, however, underline the relevance of urban policy and private investors, as well as their impact on housing markets for the poor. Population densities in different parts of Abidjan, a West African city of five million inhabitants, range between ca. 4,900 to 26,800 inhabitants per km2. These numbers hint at economic stratifi- cation. While most houses in the well-off and middle-class quarters are multi-sto- Fig. 2 rey buildings such as villas or apartment Ethnographic research in an unplanned and their residents, we estimated cur- blocks, the dominant housing type in settlement rent population numbers and identi- precarious quarters are low-rise build- fied typical housing conditions. Most ings, so-called courtyards houses. Here, Based on an ethnographic census in Ad- households live in a single-rented, win- population densities are the highest in jahui-Coubé, an unplanned settlement dowless room of 9 to 10m2, constructed the city. In practice, everyday spaces of on a central peninsula in Port Bouët Mu- from wooden planks, without access to residents are even denser as everybody nicipal District of Abidjan, for which we electricity or drinking water facilities in lives and works on the same level. collected data on 52 courtyard houses 32 Photo by Irit Eguavoen by Photo the house. The schematic of the court- vulnerable populations against hazards rent gap, however, resulted in layouts yard house (see fig. 1) shows a classical and pandemics. with 10m2 self-contained units. Yards layout including a shop. It was home to were tight corridors without additional The layout of the houses, though, is not 53 people who shared a ground plot function. When investors prioritised the problem. Instead, courtyard houses of ca. 200m2. Courtyard houses were quick amortisation of investment over are part of the solution as they provide built wall-to-wall to each other forming housing quality, they also triggered much high-demanded low-cost hous- in-between a maze of paths and sand densification in practice. ing. Though population densities are roads. very high, tenants of affordable little Courtyard houses: part of the housing housing units still benefit from the airy problem or solution? semi-public space of the yard. Where the government tolerated these un- People reach their homes, as well as planned settlements, house owners basic sanitation facilities by walking and tenants improved buildings over through the yard. These open spaces time, irrespective of lacking legal land are shared for leisure, work, house- titles. Housing quality became better hold activities and childcare. For many with stone buildings and windows for decades, these yards have shaped ev- ventilation. In older quarters, electricity eryday life and social interactions in and tap water in the yard became nor- Abidjan. Courtyard houses are very mal amenities. popular among Abidjanais. We find family courtyards and a higher share Reasons for intra-urban migration of owner-occupiers in older quarters. Although housing quality in Adjahui- Rental housing dominates the younger Coubé was more precarious than in old- unplanned settlements, such as Adja- er quarters of Abidjan, the settlement hui-Coubé. There, informal real estate has attracted more than 60,000 new in- agencies facilitate contracts between habitants since 2011. Almost all house- small-scale private investors and their holds had already lived in Abidjan and tenants. other cities before. Many households Neither successive Ivorian govern- had lost their former home due to evic- ments nor city administrations have tions or demolitions, which further ever been in favor of courtyard houses. reduces availability of low-price hous- They perceived them as a hindrance ing. Former owner-occupiers became on their way to modern city ambitions. tenants. Skyrocketing security deposits This research was funded by the Many such quarters have experienced and costly rental apartments in the city Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft demolitions, as well as forceful evic- pushed even more low-income people (German Research Foundation (DFG), tions, especially after the Ivorian politi- to Adjahui-Coubé. We also observed EG 381/1-1. cal crisis in 2011. Ironically, authorities some new courtyard houses in planned More information at: https://www.zef. justify evictions with the protection of quarters. The need to close the local de/project/WATERFRONT-METROPOLIS

33 YOUTH ASPIRATIONS AND OUT-MIGRATION DECISIONS IN RURAL ETHIOPIA by Essa Chanie Mussa

The study examines youth aspirations fore, should seek to make farming and towns is not only a result of push fac- in rural sub-Saharan Africa using data rural life more attractive to the youth. tors such as lack of farmland, but is also obtained from a large-scale SMS-based due to their aspirations to work in high Taking southwestern Ethiopia as a case survey, complemented by an inves- socio-economic status occupations in point, the study finds that over half tigation on the causal effects of out- that are hard to come by in rural areas. of adolescents have negative percep- migration decisions by youth in south- Thus, African countries should work to tions towards farming (both farming western Ethiopia. The cross-country make rural areas and farming more at- life and the prerequisites to becoming a study shows that most rural youth in tractive to the aspiring youth. Improv- farmer). Taking a four-year period to un- Africa would prefer to work in nonfarm ing access to technology, developing derstand aspirations and decision mak- economic sectors. Over half of the re- infrastructure, and providing support to ing, the results show that educational spondents were undecided about their the expansion of rural non-farm sectors and occupational aspirations during migration aspirations, which provides are all measures that can help achieve adolescence exert differing effects on an opportunity for governments to this goal. migration decisions. Youth who aspire influence patterns of rural youth out- to attain more years of schooling are migration. unlikely to out-migrate whereas their Policy makers should keep in mind that counterparts who aspire to have high anti-poverty policy measures that sim- socio-economic status occupations ply improve the incomes of rural youth tend to out-migrate in search of work. might have unpredictable and unin- The full ZEF Discussion Paper 296 can The study concludes that out-migration tended consequences on their migra- be downloaded here: of youth from rural areas and small tion decisions. Policy measures, there- https://bit.ly/ZEF-DP-296 Photo by Asrat Gella Asrat by Photo 34 ‘US’ AND ‘THEM’: PROSOCIAL ATTITUDES AMONG REFUGEES AND HOST COMMUNITIES IN NORTHERN UGANDA By Annet Adong,Oliver Kiptoo Kirui, and Jolly Achola

conducted in the field Refugees do not perceive that their to test if there are in- partners might expect them to dis- group preferences or criminate along social identities of be- parochialism regarding refugee or host. However the hosts ing trust, trustwor- believe that refugees expect them to thiness and altruism, show parochial preferences. The re- and whether parochial searchers conclude that refugees do tendencies change not consider the social differentiation with remoteness. of “us refugees” and “them host” in their interactions as much as hosts do, The research team particularly in areas remote from urban found that refugees areas which offer opportunities for in- show out-group pref- creased interactions. erences for reciprocat- ing trust and altruism The results are useful for policy mak- Source: https://www.pxfuel.com/en/free-photo-ebrzs with increasing re- ers in humanitarian contexts where This paper examines prosocial attitudes moteness from district headquarters. concerns to assist vulnerable displaced between refugees and host commu- By contrast, members of host commu- people are high. nities exposed to armed conflict and nities show parochial preferences for living in close proximity in Northern trust, although this reduces with in- The full ZEF Discussion Paper 292 can be Uganda. Trust and dictator games were creasing remoteness. downloaded here: https://bit.ly/ZEF-DP-292

OVERVIEW: ZEF’S PROJECTS ON MOBILITY MIGRATION URBANIZATION

Project Description Time span Main funder Website

Waterfront Metropolis Anthropological analy- 2017-2019 Deutsche Forschun- https://www.zef.de/ Abidjan sis of social and po- gsgemeinschaft (DFG, project/WATERFRONT- litical dynamics around German Research Foun- METROPOLIS waterfronts in Abidjan, dation), EG 381/1-1 Cote d’Ivoire 35 1.7 ZEF GENDER GROUP

ZEF's Gender Group was established in early 2020. The Gender Group aims to strengthen gender-sensitive research at ZEF and promote interdisciplinary collaboration on gender issues among ZEF researchers.

ZEF’s Gender Group reotypes that portray women as either Find more information on our Website: saviors or victims based on claims that https://www.zef.de/gender-group.html are rarely grounded in data or generaliz- ZEF’s Gender Group was established in Contact: Dennis Avilés, able. Reproducing them can hinder the early 2020 by a group of senior and junior [email protected] researchers from different academic dis- design of policies that effectively reduce ciplines with expertise in gender analysis. poverty and improve food security. What The group shares an interest and com- is more, gender is but one social iden- mitment to advance a gender-sensitive tity or categorization alongside ethnic- agenda in development research. ity, class, age and other context-related differences that position women in fluid relations of power. Gender sensitive re- Aim search acknowledges these differences and the fact that gender influences every The Gender Group aims to strengthen aspect of social, economic, political, and gender-sensitive research at ZEF and to personal life as well as power structures promote interdisciplinary collaboration and relations. on gender issues among ZEF researchers. The group focuses on supporting se- Talking about gender is to talk about a nior and junior researchers to integrate system of relationships that affects both gender perspectives into their research men and women. Therefore, gender is projects, address gender differences as as much about women empowerment researchers, develop gender studies cur- as it is about concepts of masculinity. ricula and material for inter- and transdis- There is a need for research that informs ciplinary courses, and share publications on the intricacies of gender relationships and ideas on gender-sensitive research. and produces solid empirical evidence on how to eliminate gender inequalities What does gender mean and why does and transform social norms. Only then it matter to us? we can contribute to the development of policies that keep in mind both men and Gender equality and women’s empower- women’s situations, in different societies, ment have been defined in the Sustain- and foster equal gender relationships. able Development Goals (SDG5) as a fundamental human right and a key aspect of a prosperous and sustainable world. Despite improvements in gender-related GENDER INEQUALITIES SHOW AND DEEPEN indicators during the last decade, there are still pervasive social norms in place IN TIMES OF PANDEMIC that prevent women from executing their According to conventional wisdom, inequalities are revealed when disaster full potential and consequently hinder or crisis strike. Moreover, misfortunes do not happen in a social vacuum, but their social progress. Moreover, women’s find different expressions in specific contexts and groups of people. So what experiences and particular vulnerabilities are the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on women and men beyond the tend to be invisible and excluded from re- disease per se? Do women have different experiences than men? Is it even search and policy implementation. possible to pose such a general question considering that other factors also play a role, such as place of residence, age, culture and other socio-economic Academia has a crucial role to play in the conditions? In this blog post, we focus on the situation of women in the Glob- transformative process of achieving a al South, where severe inequalities are often a part of their daily lives and world in which access to rights and op- experiences. portunities is independent of one’s gender (gender equality). It is important, Read the full blog post by ZEF’s Gender group on ZEF’s blog COVID-19 and its im- for example, to avoid reproducing ste- pact on research realities here: https://www.zef.de/2129/blog-gender.html

36 2 CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT

ZEF's doctoral graduate program "Bonn International Graduate School for Development Research" (BIGS-DR) is at the core of our education efforts. But ZEF runs many more projects involved in educating young people from the Global South and North. The overall goal of our capacity development programs is to enable a next generation of decision- and policymakers as well as scientists to address current and future global challenges.

Project Description Time span Main funder Website

Bilateral Doctoral Stud- PhD Program on Envi- 2017-2020 (application DAAD https://dssp-colombia. ies Support Program ronmental peace-build- for second phase pend- org/ (DSSP) ing and development in ing) Colombia. Ghanaian-German Cen- PhD Program at ZEF-led 2008-2023 (program is DAAD https://www.zef.de/ ter for Development DAAD Center of Excel- now in third phase) project/ggcds Studies (GGCDS) lence in Ghana. One Health and Urban PhD research in 4 2016-2020 (first phase) Ministerium für Innova- https://www.zef.de/ Transformations – iden- countries on the inter- 2020-2023 (second tion, Wissenschaft und project/onehealth tifying risks and devel- connections between phase) Forschung des Landes oping sustainable solu- human, animal and en- Nordrhein-Westfalen tions vironmental health. (MIWF-NRW) West African Biodiver- MSc Program and Net- 2017-2022 International Climate http://www.wabes.net sity & Ecosystem Ser- working for Supporting Initiative (IKI) of the vices (WABES) IPBES capacity building German Federal Minis- in West Africa. try for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB) West African Center for MSc and PhD Programs 2017-2021 German Foreign Office https://www.zef.de/ Sustainable Rural Trans- in Ghana and Niger. and DAAD projects/ formation (WAC SRT) WASCAL-PAUWES Co- The cooperation proj- 2017-2020 BMBF https://www.zef.de/ operation project for ect links the two Afri- projects/ capacity building can Capacity Building Centers supported by the BMBF WASCAL-GSP and PAUWES. Water and Energy Secu- MSc and PhD studies 2016-2020 BMBF https://www.zef.de/ rity for Africa (WESA) and networking at Pan project/wesa African University - In- stitute of Water and Energy Sciences (PAU- WES).

37 2.1 BIGS-DR

The Bonn International Graduate School for Development Research (BIGS-DR) is ZEF's doctoral program which is part of a group of international graduate programs at the University of Bonn. Due to this institutional setting and the international setting in Bonn, students have access to a large worlwide research network. Roughly 700 students have joined ZEF’s doctoral program since its inception in 1999. Our doctoral students complete the full-time doctoral program in 3.5 years on average. In this time frame they participate in course work, conduct their field research, and write their theses. In addition to the academic cur- riculim, students take part in softskill workshops that train them in academic writing, intercultural working, leadership skills, and ethical considerations. Over 40% of our students are women. Our educational concept encourages the open exchange of academic and social ideas.

HIGHLIGHTS 2019-2020

ZEF alumna Marwa Shumo met virtually ZEF alumna Shen Xiaomeng appointed Grant for ZEF junior researcher with Nobel Laureates new director of UNU-EHS Nawaphan Mechanun

Nawaphan Metchanun's research pro- ZEF alumna Marwa Shumo was nominat- ZEF alumna Shen Xiaomeng is the new posal on "Covid-19 epidemic trends and ed to participate in the 70th Lindau Nobel Bonn-based Vice-Rector in Europe of the health system needs projections for de- Laureate Meeting 2020 (June 28-July 1). United Nations University (UNU) and Di- veloping countries" received a grant in a Once a year a scientific review panel of rector of its Institute for Environment and competitive call by the Transdisciplinary the Council for the Lindau Nobel Laure- Human Security (UNU-EHS) as of August 1, Research Area Innovation and Technol- ate Meetings selects the 650 most quali- 2020. ogy for Sustainable Futures (TRA 6) of fied applicants from all over the world to Shen Xiaomeng started her doctoral stud- Bonn University, who will also provide meet about 40 Nobel Laureates for scien- ies in the (at the time new) joint doctoral research funds of 30,000 €. The study tific exchange. This year, the 70th Lindau program of ZEF and UNU-EHS in 2004 and applies mathematical-computational Nobel Laureate Meeting was turned obtained her doctoral degree from Bonn disease modeling to project Covid-19 into a virtual event (Online Science Days University in 2008. epidemic trends and health system needs Meeting). More on the Lindau Nobel Lau- More at https://ehs.unu.edu/about/direc- for low- and middle-income countries reate Meeting here: https://www.lindau- tor (LMICs), using Thailand as a case study, nobel.org. to demonstrate how modeling can be More on Marwa Shumo's research here: applied in a situation where health care https://bit.ly/ZEF-Shumo resources are highly limited.

ZEF alumnus Felix Ankomah Asante appointed University’s Pro-Vice- Chancellor

ZEF alumnus Felix Ankomah Asante was appointed University of Ghana’s New Pro-Vice-Chancellor for Research, Inno- vation and Development as of August 1, Our 137 enrolled students 2020. Felix Akomah Asante conducted his doc- come from toral research at ZEF from 1999 to 2002 and received his doctoral degree from Bonn University’s Faculty of Agriculture. 56 countries (see map His research was funded by the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD). on page 40) 38 2.2 DOCTORAL DEGREES 2019-2020

Despite difficult working conditions, 16 of our doctoral students succeeded in completing and defending their doctoral theses in the past year (status August 10, 2020).

Nawaphan Metchanun Thailand 7/21/2020 Evaluating novel vector control strategies - Modeling the impact of gene editing for malaria elimination in the Democratic Republic of Congo Mohammad Hossain Bangla- 7/3/2020 Dispossession, environmental degradation and protest: Contested develop- desh ment in Bangladesh Johannes Schielein Germa- 6/22/2020 Broken roads and broken laws. How infrastructure and law enforcement ny shape Amazonian deforestation frontiers Francis Mwambo Camero- 6/8/2020 Energy efficiency analysis of biomass production - Considering human and Molua on draft animal labor inputs in maize-based production system in the Sudanian savanna agroecological zone, Ghana Alicia Bustillos Bolivia 5/26/2020 Applying disaster risk governance in dynamic environments - case study Ardaya Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil Mouhamed Idrissou Togo 4/21/2020 Modeling water availability for smallholder farming in inland valleys under climate and land use/land cover change in Dano, Burkina Faso Melissa Quispe Peru 3/16/2020 Mining and small-scale farming in the Andes: Socio-environmental roots Roxana Zúñiga of land-use conflicts Eeusha Nafi Bangla- 3/10/2020 Interactive tillage and crop residue management effects on soil proper- desh ties, crop nutrient uptake and yield in different weathered soils of West Africa - measurements, modelling and scenario simulations Marwa Abdel Hamid Sudan 1/29/2020 Use of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) in bioconversion and feed Shumo production Sneha Sharma India 1/21/2020 Politics of waste: contestations, practices and geographies of exclusion at a dumping site in Mumbai Regine Weber Germa- 1/20/2020 Food security monitoring for developing countries in the age of big data ny Aftab Nasir Pakistan 12/18/2019 Language choice as a gate-keeping practice: An exploration into the psycho-social impacts of multi-linguaism through case studies from the educational and judicial sectors of Pakistan Gabisel Barsallo Alva- Panama 12/17/2019 Decisions, practices and priorities: A qualitative study on university drop- rado out and personal development in Panama David Boansi Ghana 10/30/2019 Extreme weather events in Sudan savanna Region of West Africa: agricultural impacts and adaptation

Michael Mensah Ghana 10/16/2019 Gender roles in agriculture and natural resources management in upper east region, Ghana Gohar Ghazaryan Armenia 10/8/2019 Analysis of long-term land surface dynamics in Ukraine observed by satellite sensors

doctoral students enrolled in 137 Our enrolled students conduct 2019-2020 137 their field research in46 countries 16 of our doctoral students (see map on next page) graduated August 2019-July 2020 39 2.3 OUR STUDENTS: WORLD MAP

40 (46) Countries where our (137) enrolled students come from (56) Countries where our (137) enrolled students conduct their field research

41 2.4 OUR STUDENTS: PORTRAITS AND STORIES

(Former) doctoral students tell about their research and experiences at ZEF.

Julia Minetto Gellert Paris Impact of dietry choices on the health of humans, animals and the environment in the Metropolis Ruhr, Germany The objective of my ‘One Health’ research is to evaluate the impacts of food consumption on human nutritional health, the welfare of livestock animals, and the damage to ecosystems. Due to the sudden outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic I had to adapt my survey and shift into digital mode. My earlier plan to distribute printed material at restaurants and other food outlets around the city of Essen had to be modified because of the pandemic and its travel restrictions. Although I distributed some postcards, it didn’t help much because people avoided eating out. So I decided to use this unique opportunity to focus on how our lifestyles and diet behaviors changed during the pandemic and lockdown period. I am interested to explore if the crisis can be taken as an opportunity to improve our diets towards more sustainable and healthier in the post-COVID-19 period.

[This research is part of the NRW Forschungskolleg 'One Health and Urban Transformation' which is funded by the Ministry of Culture and Science of North Rhine-Westphalia].

Shaibu Mellon Bedi Scaling-up agricultural innovations: Who should be targeted? Adoption of Africa. Reasonsnew such agricultural as poor road network or lack of learn- innovations ing material are often given. However, theis option of scaling-up low in Sub-Saharan Nawaphan Metchanun strategies and the question of which farm households should be targeted COVID-19. Epidemic trends and health system needs pro- are Sub-Saharan less documented. jections for developing countries: a case study of Thailand Africa endowment and agro-ecologicalare heterogeneous conditions,Since farming farmers respond This study applies mathematical-computational disease systems differently to interventions. My researchin looks terms into how thein modeling to project COVID-19 epidemic trends and health scaling-up of agricultural innovations could be targetedof resource in system needs for low- and middle-income countries, using a better way. Current results indicate that farmers’ resource Thailand as a case study. It intends to demonstrate how endowment and unobserved factors influence their marginal a model can be applied to a new outbreak in a situation benefit of adopting sustainable intensification practices. For where healthcare resources are limited. The project runs new farmers at the margins of participation, the results show until the end of 2020. that low-resource endowed farmers should be targeted since In previous malaria modeling work, I ran simulations to they will benefit most from the scaling-up. evaluate the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of a novel vector control method (gene drives) and existing malaria [This research Service is funded interventions for malaria elimination in the Democratic Re- (DAAD) by via the German public of the Congo. I developed an assessment framework Cooperation and Developmentthe German (BMZ)] Academic Federal Exchange for the country and other high malaria burden countries. Ministryfor Economic [This research is funded by the Transdisciplinary Research Area Innovation and Technology for Sustainable Futures (TRA 6) of Bonn University]

42 Marwa Shumo Use of the Black Soldier Fly in bioconversion and feed production in Kenya I investigated the use of the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) in bioconversion and feed production in Kenya My research em- ployed a set of laboratory-based experiments to investigate the use of the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) as a tool in the bioconversion of urban organic waste streams and in the production of high-quality livestock feed within a developing world context. I wanted to assess the impact of commonly and readily available urban organic waste streams on the nutritive quality of the Black Soldier Fly larvae reared on these waste streams. My comparative research indicated that the nutrient composition of the Black Soldier Fly larvae differed depending on the organic substrates they were reared on. Overall, the findings of my doctoral research confirmed the possibility of taking advantage of the readily available urban organic waste streams in Nairobi, Kenya, and arguably elsewhere in the developing world, to produce nutrient-rich feed derived from Black Soldier Fly larvae.

[This research is funded by the International Center of Insect Phys- Maryoriet Nicole Rosales Salgado iology and Ecology (icipe), Foundation fiat panis, the Federal Min- istry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) and the The pandemic against women: The situation of domestic Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ)] violence in urban settlements in the Central District of Honduras during COVID-19 COVID-19 exacerbates prevailing inequalities in Hondu- ras, placing women and girls at greater risk of sexist (especially domestic) violence. My research, which consisted mainly of phone surveys, has explored the impact of the health crisis on gender-based violence, providing important information to the public health sector as well as national and international agencies working for the protection of women and girls’ rights in Honduras. Shaibu Mellon Bedi Scaling-up agricultural innovations: Who should be targeted? [This research is funded by Studienstiftung des Deutschen Volkes] Adoption of Africa. Reasonsnew such agricultural as poor road network or lack of learn innovations ing material are often given. However, the option of scaling-up is low in strategies and the question of which farm householdsSub-Saharan should be targeted - are Sub-Saharan less documented. Africa endowment and agro-ecologicalare heterogeneous conditions,Since farming farmers respond systems differently to interventions. My researchin looks terms into how thein scaling-up of agricultural innovations could be targetedof resource in a better way. Current results indicate that farmers’ resource endowment and unobserved factors influence their marginal benefit of adopting sustainable intensification practices. For new farmers at the margins of participation, the results show that low-resource endowed farmers should be targeted since they will benefit most from the scaling-up.

[This research Service is funded (DAAD) by the German Cooperation andvia Development the German (BMZ)] Academic Federal Ministryfor Exchange Economic

43 2.5 ENROLLED DOCTORAL STUDENTS

Name Family Name enroll- Nationality Title of Research Proposal / Dissertation ment Imran Sajid 2018 Afghanistan Options to improve irrigation efficiency and productivity in field, farm and scheme level in Mongi distribu- tary canal Level in context of Warabandi system in Punjab Pakistan Kalterina Shulla 2016 Albania Analyses on the role of non-state actors for the implementation of Sustainable Development Goals Anis Fellahi 2015 Algeria Youth Migration Choices in Light of the Rural Renewal Program in Algeria: The case of Batna Province (Aures Region) Pablo Mac Clay 2020 Argentina Transformation and sustainability governance of South American bioeconomies Philipp Swoboda 2017 Austria Turning Rocks to Bread? Agricultural usage of rock dust in the context of One Health Md. Fuad Hassan 2015 Bangladesh Inter-linkage between food price and agricultural wage and its impact on farm mechanization: Evidence from Bangladesh Yauheniya Shershunovich 2019 Belarus Rethink. Reduce. Recirculate: Economic Instruments of Better Waste Management Veronica Manzanero 2018 Belize Huanglongbing (Citrus Greening) disease in Belize: Incidence, severity and its interaction with Citrus rootstock varieties and mineral nutrition Merveille Koissi Savi 2017 Benin Exploring the Complexity of Malaria Transmission and Control in Urban Settings, Ghana Vanessa Gandarillas 2017 Bolivia Developing biodiversity indicators for impact as- Rodriguez sessment: The Case of Hydropower in the Bolivian Amazon Aline Barbosa Pereira 2013 Brazil Iron-ore mining in Minas Gerais: local grievances, national policies and global demands - legal fields under dispute in socio-environmental conflicts Andre Bueno Rezende 2019 Brazil The agro-processing value chain as a pathway for de Castro development: Evidence from Tanzania Jéssica Francine Felappi 2017 Brazil Reconciling mental health promotion and wildlife conservation in a megacity: the importance of urban parks’ qualities Juliana Minetto Gellert Paris 2017 Brazil Shifting towards sustainable and healthier dietary patterns in the Metropolis Ruhr, Germany Samara Evangelista Gomes 2017 Brazil An assessment of the implementation of the Environ- mental Quota instrument in the city of Sao Paulo since its entry into force in 2016 and its potential impacts on environmental health William Ricardo Isidorio 2020 Brazil Investigating the Impacts of Diet on Gut Microbial An- tibiotic Resistance (AMR) Among Distinct Adult Popu- lations Living in Brazil

44 Name Family Name enroll- Nationality Title of Research Proposal / Dissertation ment Gabriel Ponzoni Frey 2015 Brazil Modern agricultural frontier development and pasture restoration in the Brazilian Amazon: implications for biodiversity and ecosystem services. Felipe Quartucci 2019 Brazil Deep soil organic matter assessment and soil carbon sta- bilization after land restoration in São Paulo, Brazil Fernanda Silva Martinelli 2018 Brazil "Measuring bioeconomy's contributions to the Sustaina- ble Development Goals achievement in Brazil". Trevor Tisler 2020 Brazil Ecosystem services loss to the economy as a result of infrastructure development and ensuring land-use and land cover change Wenceslas Somda 2013 Burkina Faso Adaptability of small irrigation systems to Climate Change in inland valleys in Dano Minette Nago Zeufack 2016 Cameroon Climate change adaptation aid effectiveness in Congo Basin: A case study of EU and COMIFAC´s countries cooperation Annie Stephanie Nana 2017 Cameroon Heavy metal contamination and assessment of cancer risk related to wastewater irrigation in Yaoundé city Liwen Zhang 2014 China Labor Migration within China: A Field Study in Xiangfu Township of Southwestern China Oscar Burbano- 2017 Colombia Yield, productivity and technical gaps that limits the Figueroa cotton agricultural production system in the Colombian Caribbean Cesar Canon Barriga 2014 Colombia Technical and Social Adaptation to Floods and Risk Miti- gation in Urban Areas: A Case in Cali, Colombia Daiana Mayuri Castillo Lopez 2019 Colombia Food sovereignty and (post) conflict in the rural Colom- bia: The case of Tenza Valley Gina María Chinchilla 2016 Colombia Building resilient communities after the conflict in Co- Salcedo lombia: memories, identity, and contested narratives. Milena Guerrero Florez 2019 Colombia Effect on diarrheal diseases rates, undernourishment and death of children associated to infection by Crypto- sporidium at two muncipalities from Narino, Columbia Mayra Alejandra Martin Espinosa 2019 Colombia Social mobilization in Colombia: advocacy action for the guarantee of the rights of freedom of expression and access to public information. Two cases of National Platforms of Civil Society Organizations - CSOs Alejandro Mora Motta 2015 Colombia Rural well-being, sustainability and territorial transformation: fundamental human needs in the context of extractive forestry plantations in Los Rios, Chile Juan Manuel Orozco Ortiz 2016 Colombia Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens): Key component in the genesis of Amazonia black earths (terra preta de andio)? Abby Daniela Ortega Sandoval 2019 Colombia Best management practicies and low impact development techniques for urban flood risk management in a latinamerican city with bimodal climate 45 Name Family Name enroll- Nationality Title of Research Proposal / Dissertation ment Fernando Rodriguez- 2018 Colombia "Enhancing food security and the resilience of small- Camayo holder coffee farmers to climate change through sustainable business modelsspecialty coffee value chains? The case of the dry corridor in Honduras." Galia Figueroa 2014 Cuba Agroecology in times of change: political, institutional Alfonso and economic analysis in the context of the 'updated´ socio-economic reform in Cuba Ivone Aracely Núñez Mejía 2020 Ecuador IT services specialized in traditional sectors: an upgrading opportunity of exported services for Chile and Ecuador? Ahmed Mohamed Abdalla 2019 Egypt Transition towards sustainable agriculture: The case of Abdelaal wheat-based production systems in Egypt Nourhan Morsy Elsobky 2019 Egypt Detecting and mapping the impacts of land fragmenta- tion on Water and food security in South Asia, the case of Viet Nam Mahmoud Nady Abdelsa- 2020 Egypt The effects of wetlands dynamics and future scenarios bour Mohamed on biodiversity and society Rodolfo Eduardo Herrera 2018 El Salvador Return migration, food security and wellbeing in El Martinez Salvador Solomon Benti Abuna 2017 Ethiopia Developing nature induced urban planning strategies for small urban areas in Ethiopia: Case studies from small towns nearby Oromia special zones surrounding Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Hiwot Wolde Adebo 2019 Ethiopia Navigating through the Roughness: Ethiopian Migrants’ Lived Experiences and Migration Decision Making in South Africa Rahel Deribe Bekele 2015 Ethiopia Essays on Irrigation Systems of Ethiopia: Institutional and Technological Performance Analysis Asrat Ayalew Gella 2015 Ethiopia Gender, Gender (in)Equality and Small Scale Family Farming in Ethiopia: Discourses and Practices Hadush Kidane Meresa 2018 Ethiopia ‘Water extreme risk modelling and management under the influence of environmental change’ Mekdim Dereje Regassa 2017 Ethiopia Rural-Urban Linkage and Household’s Welfare in Sub- Saharan Africa (SSA) Nicholas Moret 2013 France Biodiversity as indicator of ecosystem resilience in West Africa Nino Pkhikidze 2015 Georgia Road infrastructure improvements and spatial development in developing countries Anna Brückner 2017 Germany Blue health for all? Investigating urban blue spaces as potentially therapeutic landscapes for elderly people in deprived communities. Learning from cases in Ruhr and Ahmedabad Metropolis Sebastian Forneck 2015 Germany (Re)Creating Home: Climate Variability, Food Security and the Social Construction of Home in Ladakh, India Franziska Geiger 2019 Germany Thriving After Trauma - Individual and Group Resilience of Female Refugees in Bonn Bad Godesberg Aminata Germer 2011 Germany "Food habits and nutrition security in West Africa Prac- tices from Southwestern Burkina Faso" Anna Hennecke 2009 Germany Greenhouse gas balances and sustainability assessment of agrofuel production with focus on smallholder agrosystems, agroforests and monoculture plantations in Mexico

46 Name Family Name enroll- Nationality Title of Research Proposal / Dissertation ment Emilia Schmidt 2019 Germany Preserving past - Building future? Local communities and cultural heritage at the National Archaeological Park Tierradentro in South Colombia Anna Brückner 2017 Germany Blue health for all? Investigating urban blue spaces as potentially therapeutic landscapes for elderly people in deprived communities. Learning from cases in Ruhr and Ahmedabad Metropolis Sebastian Forneck 2015 Germany (Re)Creating Home: Climate Variability, Food Security and the Social Construction of Home in Ladakh, India Franziska Geiger 2019 Germany Thriving After Trauma - Individual and Group Resili- ence of Female Refugees in Bonn Bad Godesberg Aminata Germer 2011 Germany "Food habits and nutrition security in West Africa Practices from Southwestern Burkina Faso" Anna Hennecke 2009 Germany Greenhouse gas balances and sustainability assessment of agrofuel production with focus on smallholder agrosystems, agroforests and monoculture plantations in Mexico Emilia Schmidt 2019 Germany Preserving past - Building future? Local communities and cultural heritage at the National Archaeological Park Tierradentro in South Colombia Dennis Schmiege 2017 Germany Risk assessment of source and dissemination of mul- tidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in the catchment area of a wastewater system in the Ruhr Metropolis, Germany Holm Voigt 2009 Germany Hydrological Dimension of Dryland Afforestation in Central Asia Edna Agyepong 2017 Ghana Land scarcity’ in the southern communities of Ghana’s Bui Dam: Polyrational social constructions, access, and societal transformation in contested spaces Adjoa Tsetsewa Annan 2016 Ghana Quality Enhancement in Commodity Chains; a Myth or Reality? Promoting Quality in the Cocoa and Shea Chains of Ghana. Isaac Bonuedi 2016 Ghana Enhancing Food and Nutrition Security through Cash Crop Promotion and Nutrition Education in Sierra Leone Albert Allan Dakyie 2017 Ghana Between free movement and citizenship struggles. Mechanisms of transborder citizens in accessing public education and health care in Ghana Makafui Isaac Dzudzor 2018 Ghana Food and nutrition (in)security: the dilemma of urban households in Ghana Shaibu Mellon Bedi 2018 Ghana Sustainable intensification practices, household welfare, poverty, perceive shock and food and nutrition security: Empirical evidence from Ghana Francis Xavier Naab 2020 Ghana Changing Youth Aspirations in Agriculture Towards Rural Transformation in the Wa West District, Ghana Joshua Ntajal 2017 Ghana Linking land use dynamics and surface water systems in Accra, Ghana: human health risk perspective Genevieve Odamtten 2019 Ghana International Organisations in the Politics and Gover- nance of African Migration Daniel Akoto Sarfo 2014 Ghana Towards bamboo-agroforestry development in Ghana: exploring socioeconomic and ecological potentials

47 Name Family Name enroll- Nationality Title of Research Proposal / Dissertation ment Salamatu Shaibu 2017 Ghana Impact assessment of climate change on the extractive’s corporate sustainability: Perspectives from South Western Ghana Maryoriet Nicole Rosales Salgado 2018 Honduras The Space where we belong; Narratives of space and insecurity in urban Honduras Suparna Banerjee 2016 India Left Wing Extremism in India- A Study of State Responses Mibi Ete 2011 India An Ethnographic Study of Local Development Bro- kers in the Arena of Hydropower Development in Arunachal, India Amit Kumar 2016 India Urban Citizenship: An Ethnographic Study of Everyday Practices, Resistance and Negotiations in the slum communities of Mumbai Vivek Kumar 2017 India "Spatio-temporal assessment and mapping of health risk due to climatic and non-climatic factors in Patna, India'' Krupali B. Patel 2017 India AMR in Urban Ahmedabad: A Comparative study between Animal Handlers & Non-animal Handlers Pallavi Rajkhowa 2017 India Mobile phones, agriculture technology platforms and electronic auctions: Implications of digital technologies on agriculture performance and market efficiency Namrata Rawat 2018 India Youth Aspirations, Decision Making and Migration Choices in the Hill Region of Uttarakhand, India Poornima Thapa 2015 India Water and Sanitation access during Pregnancy in an urban slum in Jaipur, India. Sandul Yasobant 2017 India Convergence model for One health approach: Explor- ing opportunities for control and management of selected zoonotic diseases in Ahmedabad, India Alfariany Milati Fatimah 2016 Indonesia Intergenerational Mobility of Internal Migrant's Chil- dren in Indonesia Faus Tinus Handi Feryandi 2015 Indonesia Proposed aquatic land cadastral system (ALCADS) to secure land tenure in the coastline area of Kepulauan Riau Province, Indonesia Lenny Martini 2014 Indonesia Knowledge Communities and the Creative City Con- cept: Their Interplay in Urban Development in Ban- dung, Indonesia Arif Budy Pratama 2019 Indonesia The pursuit of smartness - An ethnographic study understanding everyday practice of smart city in the Magelang municipality, Indonesia Homa Maddah 2013 Iran Women Household Heads in Iran: A Discursive Analy- sis Amir Hossein Mahrookashani 2013 Iran Simulation and analysis of drought stress effect on wheat in interaction with high temperatures Marian Salim Adan 2020 Kenya Integrated Pest and Pollinator Management Emily Injete Amondo 2018 Kenya Climate Variability and Health Adaptation: Effects on Human Health Outcomes, Food security and Welfare Irene Awino Ojuok 2020 Kenya Land degradation and farmer managed natural regen- eration in Kenya Elizabeth Kusia 2018 Kenya Biodiversity and distribution of Saturniidae (Lepidop- tera), and their potential for mass rearing in Kenya Cecilia Maina 2020 Kenya Cost benefit analysis of including prevention and treatment services of non-communicable diseases into the universal health coverage (UHC) benefits package in low income countries 48 Name Family Name enroll- Nationality Title of Research Proposal / Dissertation ment Elizabeth Mumbi Ndunda 2019 Kenya Contribution of Multi-stakeholder initiatives and Col- lective action in Conflict Management among Pastoral communities in Northern Kenya John Ndungu 2017 Kenya Sustainability assessment of organic and conventional agricultural farming systems in Kenya: The cases for Machakos, Murang’a and Kirinyaga Counties Wyclife Agumba Oluoch 2019 Kenya Availability and sustainable harvesting of wild edible plants in Turkana County, Kenya Klara Dzhakypbekova 2019 Kyrgyztan The ex-ante assessment of innovations in the waltnut- fruit forests in Kyrgyzstan, Central Asia Vanessa Bassil 2020 Lebanon Peace Journalism as a Media Development Tool To Advance Peace & Human Rights in Conflict-Affected Societies: Lebanon as a Case Study. Phillip Garjay Innis 2018 Liberia Unlocking vulnerability to urban floods in informal settlements in Monrovia, Liberia Henry Kankwamba 2016 Malawi Economic disruptions, commodity and factor market linkages in eastern Africa: Implications for income distribution, food and nutrition security Powell Mponela 2016 Malawi Options for sustainable intensification in Maize Mixed Farming Systems: Explorative ex-ante assessment using Multi-Agent System Simulation Ernesto Cruz Kanter 2016 Mexico Dynamics of Ejidal conflicts in the context of Neo Zapatism 1980-2015 Silvia Berenice Fischer 2017 Mexico Assessing socio-ecological vulnerability to drought in peri-urban agriculture in São Paulo city Alfonso Javier Miranda Arana 2014 Mexico Land use decisions and environmental policy performance: Structural modeling of the Brazilian agricultural system for spatially explicit policy analysis at the forest frontier Ana Maria Perez Arredon- 2017 Mexico The influence of social networks in household health do environment and risks. The case of urban poor communities in Accra Oyuntuya Shagdarsuren 2012 Mongolia Policy and Practices of Sustainable Development in the Extractive Industries and Education Sectors in Mongolia Su Mon San 2019 Myanmar Assessment on forest governance in Reserved Forests in order to support the Nationally Determined Contri- bution (NDC) of Myanmar submitted to UNFCCC Myint Thu Thu Aung 2019 Myanmar Value chains of edible insects in Myanmar Dipesh Chapagain 2019 Nepal Detection and attribution of the spatiotemporal trend of climate-related disaster losses and vulnerability in Nepal Shova Shrestha 2016 Nepal Effects of emerging crop rotations and changing soil aeration status on B and Zn availability and vegetable responses in Nepal Ewere Evelyn Anyokwu 2017 Nigeria Bio-economic Transition and Land Use Change in Ni- geria: Building Sustainability and Mitigating trade-offs Abdulrasheed Isah 2020 Nigeria The Effects of Climate Change on Crop Choice: Micro Abdulkarim econometric Evidence from Nigeria Kingsley Nnaeme- Ogbu 2018 Nigeria Performance evaluation of hydrologic models under ka the influence of land use and climate change in a sparsely gauged watershed Oyewole Simon Oginni 2018 Nigeria Away from home: everyday urban life and wellbeing of displaced people in the Lake Chad Basin (LCB) region

49 Name Family Name enroll- Nationality Title of Research Proposal / Dissertation ment Christopher Okolo 2020 Nigeria Dynamics of nematode-bacteria interactions for the control of insect pests of plants Hina Amber 2019 Pakistan Role of Entrepreneurship in Reducing Youth Unemploy- ment in Pakistan Madiha Hussain 2017 Pakistan "Opportunities and Barriers for the Inclusion of Young Women in politics. A Case Study of Young Women Activists and Politicians of Pakistan." Kashif Mehmood 2019 Pakistan Assessment of Water Allocations using Modeling approach for Indus Basin, Pakistan Sundus Saleemi 2016 Pakistan Empowerment of Rural Women in Pakistan: Impact of Migration and Policy Interventions Arslan Waheed 2017 Pakistan Development Discourses and Urban Poor: A Compara- tive Study of Slums of Islamabad and Brasilia Layla Hashweh 2015 Palestine The hydrochemistry and hydrogeology of Ewaso Narok wetland in Kenya Modelling of a floodplain in a data- scarce environment Michelle Mineli Guanti Lasso 2015 Panama "Rethinking the issue: Primary and Secondary Preven- tion of HIV and AIDS since the Structural Vulnerability approach, the case of the Panamanian Indigenous groups Ngäbe and Buglé". Renzo Giudice Grana- 2014 Peru Is it working? A quantitative analysis of a conditional dos cash transfer mechanism to reduce deforestation, carbon emissions and to promote sustainable development Gretchen Gonzaga 2020 Philippines An Intersectional Analysis of Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery in the Philippines Anne Margaret Pili 2020 Philippines "Linking Intestinal Parasitism with Water, Sanitary and Hygiene Domestic Practices and Conditions" Stephanie Sangalang Oc- 2015 Philippines Environmental health in schools in Manila, Philippines: ampo assessing the impact of exposures to indoor air quality and water, sanitation, and hygiene on children's health, nutrition, and education outcomes Erecson Sipin Solis 2017 Philippines Bioenergy initiatives in developing and emerging countries and their environmental, social and economic impacts Rizza Karen A. Veridiano 2019 Philippines Policy, practice and people: towards science-based climate-resilient forest management in the Philippines HongMi Koo 2012 South Korea Agricultural land use planning for enhancing ecosystem services using scenario-based assessment: Cases of Bolgatanga and Bongo districts in the Upper East Region, Ghana Helena Cermeno Me- 2013 Spain Access to the city: a comparative research of urban diavilla assemblages and resulting processes of social inclusion and exclusion in Amritsar and Lahore Marcos Jiménez Mar- 2013 Spain Temporal dynamics of biomass-based products provisi- tínez on in a region of Upper East Ghana Fatima Ali 2020 Sudan Mapping and valuation of forest ecosystem services in relation to agriculture expansion in Sudan Tasneem Moawia Abdalla 2018 Sudan Biology and ecology of arboviral disease vectors: Evi- Osman dence from Kenya Dima Al Munajed 2017 Syria Participation of Syrian women in civil society organizations following the Syrian conflict: Investigating participation in Turkey and Lebanon.

50 Name Family Name enroll- Nationality Title of Research Proposal / Dissertation ment Khushbakht Hojiev 2011 Tajikistan Conflicts in Fergana Valley: Identity and Social Dy- namics along Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan border. Qambemeda Nyanghura 2020 Tanzania Optimizing Rural Development and Conservation: Dis- placement and Compensation in Wildlife Corridors, Tanzania Annet Adong 2016 Uganda Violent conflicts, property rights and food security: Evidence from post conflict and refugee settlements Dorothy Birungi Namuyiga 2018 Uganda Agro-ecological intensification in perennial mixed farming systems for sustainable food and livelihood security in Uganda Maria Eugenia Silva Carrazzone 2020 Uruguay Pending Elizabeth Ekren 2016 USA Institutions, innovation and opportunity in asylum- seeker communities: Evidence from North Rhine Westphalia, Germany Quyen Mai 2015 Vietnam Networks and flows in the World Heritage governance: The case of Vietnam Mercy Mashingaidze 2015 Zimbabwe Pooling resources, scattering the family’: transnational realities of Zimbabwean post-2000 migrants in the United Kingdom

51 3 BUDGET 2019/2020 ZEF’S FUNDING PARTNERS

Indirect Support*) in Euro in % German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) / German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and 538,238 64.1 Development (BMZ) DAAD Regional Program / German Foreign Office (AA) 54,260 6.5 Own funds of students 45,200 5.4 KAAD Schlumberger Stichting Fund 29,680 3.5 Colciencia Colombia 20,000 2.4 SENACYT, Panama 17,000 2 HEC Pakistan 15,000 1.8 Thünen Institute and the German Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL) 15,000 1.8 ProEcoAfrica/OFSA, Switzerland 14,400 1.7 Stiftung des Deutschen Volkes 14,400 1.7 Sudan Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research Scholarship 12,600 1.5 Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (FES) 12,460 1.5 GIZBMZ via BEAF 12,460 1.5 Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria 8,400 1

Total 840,298 100

External Funds**) Projects in Euro in % German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation 2,504,756 31.8 and Development (BMZ) • BMZ PARI Volatility SDG2 UN Food Systems Summit • BMZ/GIZ to International Research Centers International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ento NUTRI Ecology (icipe) International Food Policy Research Institute Montpellier Malabo Panel (IFPRI) German Federal Ministry of Education and 1,619,019 20.5 Research (BMBF) via • German Aerospace Center (DLR) CIREG Desertification NOURICITY PRODIGY RARSUS RARSUS-SEMALI WASCAL-PAUWES WESA CLIMAFRI - Verbundvorhaben Client II LANUSYNCON Wissenschaftleraustausch Kolumbien • Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ) STRIVE • Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (PTKA-WTE) GROW InoCottonGROW • Biodiversity International (GIZ) Improving Dietary Quality and Livelihoods in Ethiopia and Kenya 52 External Funds - cont. Projects in Euro in % German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) 1,381,948 17.5 International Doctoral Studies Program 2020 RARSUS-DAAD RLC Alumni Programm II RLC Campus III DAAD/ZEF Centre of Excellence, Ghana, WAC-SRT DAAD/ZEF Centre of Excellence, Ghana, III RLC Campus IV Socio-environmental impact management of hydropower megaprojects in Bolivia DAAD Forschungsstipendium Imran Sajid Bilateral SDG-Graduate School DSSP Colombia RLC Alumni Programm North Rhine-Westphalia / MIWF-NRW One Health and Urban Transformation 713,752 9.1 BioSC-Transform2Bio German Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture 759,421 9.6 (BMEL) via ABU • Federal Office for Agriculture and Food (BLE) PROCINUT • Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe (FNR) FSS-ZEF German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature IKI: IPBES Support, West Africa 352,889 4.5 Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB) German Research Foundation (DFG) Waterfront Metropolis 258,034 3.3 Virus SFB/Transregio 228 Übergänge in ländlich-urbanen Schnittstellen Äthiopien Robert Bosch Foundation RLC Network Fiat Panis Foundation Dr. Hermann Eiselen Doctoral Program 65,000 0.8 Volkswagen Foundation Research Funds 29,280 0.4 Senior Fellowship Dr. Ayamga Extension Senior Fellowship Dr. Tonnang, funds for student assistant Alexander-von-Humboldt Foundation Georg Forster Forschungspreisträger 8,539 0.1 Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) SEI 11,350 0.1 European Union via 4,672 0.1 • Welthungerhilfe (WHH) Fostering Smallholder Agriculture in Sierra Leone TRA6 Uni Bonn TRA6_COVID 19 trends and healt system needs 30,000 0.4 FAO FAO_Great Green Wall 50,000 0,6 Third-Party Project Fund available after Project End 93,827 1.2 Total 7,882,488 100

Core Funds***) in Euro in % Personnel Costs 1,193,485 73.04 Administrative Costs 283,530 17.35 BMBF & DFG Overhead Shares****) 157,017 9.61

Total 1,634,032 100 Indirect Support & External Funds & Core Funds 10,356,818 Euro

*) Scholarships directly funded by the donors. **) Third-party projects of ZEF. Funds budgeted i.a.w. annual financing plans. ***) University of Bonn, State of North Rhine-Westphalia funds for ZEF. ****) Partial distribution of BMBF (5 percent) & DFG (4 percent) Overhead Shares to ZEF by the University of Bonn. 53 4 (SOCIAL) MEDIA AND OUTREACH [A SELECTION] The Covid-19 pandemic forced ZEF like so many partner institutes to go more virtual and digital. Be it for staff and research meetings, colloquia, doctoral supervision and defenses or seminars: ZEF succeeded to keep the work going!

You can read about the impact of COVID-19 on ZEF's researchers work on ZEF's special BLOG: "Covid-19 and its impact on research realities" (see https://www.zef.de/2129/zef-covid-19.html).

Listen to ZEF’s first audio podcast: A "One ZEF and IPCC Health" Perspective on the Pandemic Climate change remains a major on our Youtube channel (https://bit. cross-cutting research theme at ZEF. ly/ZEFpodcast1). In this podcast we The institute is also closely involved talk with the medical geographer Timo in key scientific processes related to Falkenberg, coordinator of the One climate change at the international Health project at ZEF about the One level. As part of the IPCC’s 6th As- Health approach in times of Corona, sessment report (Working Group 2), the danger of human-animal disease ZEF senior researcher Alisher Mirza- transmission, and the role of health in baev is currently co-leading the cross- sustainable development. chapter paper on “Deserts, semi-arid areas and desertification”. He is also a lead author in Chapter 16 on Key Risks Across Sectors and Regions in Right Livelihood Campus is Annual Partner of City of Bonn this report, where he is coordinating On the occasion of its tenth anniversary, the "Right Livelihood College" was the work of the group assessing the appointed annual partner of the Federal City of Bonn in 2020 by the Committee risks to food security due to climate for International change. Mirzabaev was also a coor- Affairs and Science. dinating lead author (Desertification The German chapter) in the IPCC Special report on headquarters of Climate change and Land published the international last year. organization are located at ZEF / University of Bonn.

Web talk: Building better systems for ZEF senior researcher Heike resilient and sustainable futures Baumüller one of most cited zefunibonn researcher June 23, 2020. As part of the Bonn Water Lecture series, this webinar under Heike Baumüller was recognized as one zefbonn the lead of the International Water of the most cited researchers in the Management Institute (IWMI) and ZEF Journal of International Development zefbonn brought together experts to share their for her article "The little we know: An views on the nexus between water- exploratory literature review on the energy-agriculture-health-environment utility of mobile phone-enabled servic- zefbonn systems for resilient and sustainable es for smallholder farmers" (see Jour- futures in light of the global pandemic. nal of International DevelopmentJ. Int. subscribe to our newsletter via email More than 80 people from all over the Dev.30, 134–154 (2018) Published on- to [email protected] world joined. line on 23 August 2017 in Wiley Online Library DOI: 10.1002/jid.3314) www.zef.de 54 5 OUR RESEARCH PARTNERS: ZEF'S INTERNATIONAL NETWORK [A SELECTION]

• West African Science Service Center Togo: Africa on Climate Change and Adapted • Directorate of Water Resources of Land Use, Ghana Algeria: the Ministry of Water, Rural and Village Hydraulics, Togo • Abou Bakr Belkaid University of Kenya: • Ministry of Environment and Tlemcen • International Centre of Insect Forestal Resources, Togo • Pan African University - Institute of Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi Water and Energy Sciences • Welthungerhilfe Kenia, Nairobi • University of Lomé, Togo

Benin: Madagascar: • University of Abomey Calavi, Benin • Centre National de la Recherche Asia • Ministry of Living Environment and Appliquée au Développement Rural, Madagascar Sustainable Development, Benin Afghanistan • University of Antananarivo, • Faculty of Technical Sciences at • The Central Statistics Organization Madagascar the Université d’Abomey Calavi in of Afghanistan Cotonou Mali: • WASCAL Graduate School Program Bangladesh: • Faculty of Sciences and Techniques; Climate Change and Water • Building Resources Across University of Sciences, Techniques Communities and Technologies of Bamako Burkina Faso: • Bureau of Socioeconomic • • The Regional Center Agrhymet, Institut Polytechnique Rural Research and Training, Bangladesh Permanent Interstate Committee de Formation et de Recherche Agricultural University, Bangladesh for drought control in the Sahel Appliquee (Katibougo) India: (CILSS Headquarters) Mozambique: • Indian Institute of Public Health- Côte d’Ivoire: • International Center for Water Gandhinagar, Ahmedabad • Centre Suisse des Recherches Economics and Governance in • Indian Council for Research on Scientifiques, Abidjan Africa; University of Eduardo International Economic Relations), Mondlane, Mozambique • Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, New Delhi, India Abidjan Niger: • Japan: Université Nangui Abrogoua, • Abdou Moumouni University of • Abidjan Niamey/WASCAL MRP Climate International Program in Change and Energy (Niger) Agricultural Development Studies / Ethiopia: University of Tokyo • Department of Landscape Planning Senegal: and Design, Addis Ababa University Myanmar: • African Growth and Development • Ethiopian Coffee Forest Forum, • Spectrum Addis Ababa Policy Modeling Consortium • Malabou Montpellier Panel • Yezin Agricultural University Ghana: (headquarters), Dakar Almadies Pakistan: • Forum for Agricultural Research in South Africa: • Africa Punjab Irrigation and Power • Institute of Statistical, Social and • Centre for Environmental Department Economic Research, University of Economics and Policy in Africa, • University of Agriculture, Ghana University of Pretoria, South Africa Faisalabad • University for Development Studies, • DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Thailand: Wa & Tamale, Ghana/Faculty of Food Security at the University of Planning and Land Management Western Cape • Mahidol University, Thailand & Faculty of Agribusiness and Communication Science

55 • Research Institute for Textile and Europe Clothing at Hochschule Nieder- USA rhein; Germany • Björnsen Consulting Engineers • International Food Policy Research • Research Institute for Water and GmbH, Germany Institute (headquarters), Washing- Waste Management at RW Tech- ton DC • Bonn International Center for Con- nische Hochschule Aachen, Ger- version many • Department of Remote Sensing/ • Right Livelihood Award Founda- University of Wuerzburg tion, Stockholm, Sweden • Department of Sustainable Engi- • School of Life Sciences Weihen- neering at Technische Universität stephan at the Technical University Berlin of Munich, Germany • Dr. Hermann Eiselen Doctoral Pro- • Stockholm Environment Institute, gram of the Fiat Panis Foundation, Sweden Germany • Technical University of Danemark • Food Security Center, University of • United Nations University – Insti- Hohenheim, Germany tute for Environment and Human • Forschungszentrum Jülich, Ger- Security, Germany many • Universität Münster, Germany • Green Growth Knowledge Plat- • University of Bayreuth, Germany form, Germany • University of Hohenheim, Germany • Helmholtz Centre for Environmen- tal Research – Leipzig, Germany • UN-System Staff College (Knowl- edge Center for Sustainable Devel- • House of Finance, Goethe Univer- opment), Germany-based sity Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany • Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium • Institute of Environmental Engi- neering and Management at the • Wageningen Economic Research, Witten/Herdecke University, Ger- part of Wageningen University and many Research, The Netherlands • Institute for Environmental Plan- • World Conservation Monitoring ning, University of Hannover, Ger- Center, Cambridge, United King- many dom • Institute for Technology and Re- • Welthungerhilfe, Germany-based sources Management in the Tropics • World Wildlife Fund, German and Sub-Tropics / Technische Hoch- brand schule Cologne, Germany • Institute of Business Adminstration & Hochschule Ruhr West, Germany South America • Institute of Crop Science and Re- Bolivia: source Conservation, University of • Universidad Católica Boliviana, Bonn Cochabamba • Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Manage- Brazil: ment at RWTechnische Hochschule • University São Paulo Aachen , Germany • Universidade Federal de Minas • IWW Water Centre Muehlheim, Gerais Germany Colombia: • International Centre for Sustain- able Development at the University • Institute for Environmental Studies of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein- in Bogotá Sieg • Universidad Austral • Intergovernmental Panel on Cli- Nicaragua: mate Change (IPCC) • Universidad Nacional Autónoma de • Mercator Research Institute on Nicaragua-Managua Global Commons and Climate Change, Berlin, Germany Uruguay: • Potsdam Institute for Climate Im- • Universidad ORT Uruguay pact Research, Germany

56 6 SELECTED PUBLICATIONS

For a detailed overview of all ZEF-publications please look at: www.zef.de/publications.html

Health, nutrition and national Journal of Health Sciences and gional cooperation for food security ecosystems Research. doi:10.1080/09603123.2019. make sense? Global Food Security 1668544 22: 37-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. Callo-Concha, D., Jaenicke, H., Schmitt, gfs.2019.09.004 C. and Denich, M. 2020. Food and Non- Usman, M. A. and Gerber, N. 2020. Ir- Food Biomass Production, Processing rigation, Drinking Water Quality, and Okello, J.J., Kirui, O.K. and Gitonga, Z.M. and Use in sub-Saharan Africa: Towards Child Nutritional Status in Northern 2020. Participation in ICT-based market a Regional Bioeconomy. Sustainability, Ethiopia. Journal of Water, Sanitation information projects, smallholder farm- 12 (5). (Open Access). https://www. and Hygiene for Development. doi: ers' commercialization, and agricultural mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/5/2013 10.2166/washdev.2020.045. income effects: findings from Kenya. Development in Practice, 1-15. doi: Callo-Concha, D., Jemal O. and Seyoum, Innovation, knowledge and 10.1080/09614524.2020.1754340 H. 2019. Local Alternatives to Local science policy Problems: The Contribution of Agro- Richartz, C., Abdulai, A. and Kornher, L. forestry System By-products to Food Baumüller, H. and Kah M.M.O. 2019. 2020. Attribute Non-Attendance and and Nutrition Security of Communities Going digital: harnessing the power of Consumer Preferences for Online food in Southwestern Ethiopia. Food Stud- emerging technologies for the trans- products in Germany. German Journal of ies, 9(1): 29-42. (Open Access). https:// formation of Southern African agricul- Agricultural Economics, 69 (1). https:// cgscholar.com/bookstore/works/local- ture. In: Sikora R.A., Terry E.R., Vlek doi.org/10.30430/69.2020.1.31-48 alternatives-to-local-problems P.L.G., and Chitja J. (eds.): Transform- ing Agriculture in Southern Africa: Sakketa, T.G. and Gerber, N. 2020. Ru- Nshakira-Rukundo E., Mussa E.C., Ger- Constraints, Technologies, Policies and ral Shadow Wages and Youth Agricul- ber N. and von Braun J. 2019. Impact Processes. London: Routledge, 179- tural Labor Supply in Ethiopia: Evidence of voluntary community-based health 187, https://www.taylorfrancis.com/ from Farm Panel Data. Research in La- insurance on child stunting: Evidence books/9780429401701. bor Economics, Volume 48, 61–106. from rural Uganda. Social Science ISSN: 0147-9121/doi:10.1108/S0147- and Medicine. doi: 10.1016/j.socs- Kirui O.K. 2020. Skills Development for 912120200000048003 cimed.2019.112738 Value Chain Actors in African Agricul- ture: In “Policies for Successful Agri- Mobility, migration and Okyere, C. Y., Pangaribowo, E. H. and Food System Transformation.” Regional urbanization Gerber, N. 2019. Household Water Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Sup- Quality Testing and Information: Identi- port System (ReSAKSS) 2020 Annual Habel J.C., Nzau J.M., Apfelbeck B., Ben- fying Impacts on Health Outcomes and Trends and Outlook Report (ATOR). Pg dzko T., Fischer C., Kimatu J.N., Mwaku- Sanitation-and Hygiene-Related Risk- 98-107. manya M.A., Maghenda M., Mulwa R.K., Mitigating Behaviors. Evaluation Re- Rieckmann M., Shauri H., Teucher M. view, doi: 10.1177/0193841X19885204. Markets and public services and Schmitt C.B. 2020. Land scarcity, communication gaps and institutional Somda, W., Tischbein, B., Bogardi, J.J. Kornher, L. and J. von Braun. 2020. EU confusions influence the loss of biodi- 2020. Water use inside inland valleys Common Agricultural Policy - Impacts versity in south-eastern Kenya. Biodi- agro-systems in the Dano basin, Burki- on Trade with Africa and African Agri- versity and Conservation: 1-7. https:// na Faso. In: Water Cycle. https://doi. cultural Development. (ZEF Discussion link.springer.com/article/10.1007/ org/10.1016/j.watcyc.2020.06.003. Paper 294) Available at SSRN: https:// s10531-020-02043-0 ssrn.com/abstract=3613628 or http:// Usman, M. A. and Gerber, N. 2019. dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3613628 Nero B.F., Callo-Concha D., Denich Assessing the Effect of Irrigation on M. 2019. Increasing urbanization and Household Water Quality and Health: Kornher, L. and Kalkuhl, M. 2019. The the role of green spaces in urban cli- A Case Study in Rural Ethiopia. Inter- gains of coordination-When does re- mate resilience in Africa. In: Dietz T.,

57 Tischler J., Haltermann I. (eds) Cli- Anderson C.C., Denich M., Neumann Kumar, N., Khamzina, A., Tischbein, B., mate & Culture – Africa. Brill, Leiden, K., Amankwah K., Tortoe C. 2019. Iden- Knöfel, P., Conrad, C. & Lamers, J.P.A. The Netherlands.265-296. (Open Ac- tifying Biomass-Based Value Webs for 2019. Spatio-temporal supply–demand cess). https://brill.com/view/book/ed- Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa: A of surface water for agroforestry plan- coll/9789004410848/BP000016.xml Systems Modeling Approach. Sustain- ning in saline landscape of the lower ability 2019, 11, 2885; doi:10.3390/ Amu darya Basin. Journal of Arid Envi- Schmitt C.B. and Mukungu J. 2019. su11102885. ronments 162: 53–61. How to achieve effective participation of communities in the monitoring Boboev, H., Djanibekov, U., Bekchanov, Mora-Motta, A., Stellmacher, T., Habert, of REDD+ projects: A case study in the M., Lamers, J.P.A. & Toderich, K. 2018. G.P., Henríquez, C. 2020. Between Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Feasibility of conservation agriculture in extractivism and conservation: Tree Forests, 10: 794. https://www.mdpi. the Amu Darya River Lowlands, Central plantations, forest reserves, and peas- com/1999-4907/10/9/794 Asia, International Journal of Agricultur- ant territorialities in Los Ríos, Chile. In al Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.108 Felix Fuders & Pablo J. Donoso (Eds.): Veldman J.W. and 45 co-authors includ- 0/14735903.2018.1560123 Ecological economic and socio ecologi- ing Schmitt C.B. 2019. Comment on cal strategies for forest conservation. A “The global tree restoration potential”. Escobar, N., Laibach, N. 2020. Sustain- Transdisciplinary Approach Focused on Science, Vol. 366, Issue 6463 : eaay7976 ability check for bio-based technolo- Chile and Brazil. Springer. https://science.sciencemag.org/con- gies: A review of process-based and life tent/366/6463/eaay7976.full cycle approaches. In: Renewable and Mwangi, V., Owuor, S., Kiteme, B., and Sustainable Energy Reviews. https:// Kirui, O.K. 2020. Linking Household Land, water, food and energy doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110213 Food Security and Food Value Chains in North West Mt. Kenya. Sustainability, Escobar, N., Tizado, E.J., Erasmus K.H.J., 12 (12), 4999. https://doi.org/10.3390/ Adzawla W., Baumüller, H., Donkoh S.A. zu Ermgassen, Löfgren, P., Börner, J., Go- su12124999 and Serra R. 2019. Effects of climate dar, J. 2020. Spatially-explicit footprints change and livelihood diversification on of agricultural commodities: Mapping Rajão, R., Soares-Filho, B., Nunes, F., the gendered productivity gap in North- carbon emissions embodied in Bra- Börner, J., Machado, L., Assis, D., Olivei- ern Ghana. Climate and Development, zil's soy exports. Global Environmen- ra, A., Pinto, L., Ribeiro, V., Rausch, L. DOI: 10.1080/17565529.2019.1689093, tal Change. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. 2020. The rotten apples of Brazil's agri- https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/1 gloenvcha.2020.102067. business. Science. 369, 246–248. 0.1080/17565529.2019.1689093

Idrissou, M., Diekkrüger, B., Tischbein, Stellmacher, T. and Kelboro, G. 2019: Adzawla W. and Baumüller H. 2020. B., Boubacar, I., Yira, Y., Steup, G. and Family Farms, Agricultural Productiv- Effects of livelihood diversification Poméon, T. 2020. Testing the Robust- ity and the Terrain of Food (In)security on gendered climate vulnerability in ness of a Physically-Based Hydrological in Ethiopia. Sustainability 11(18), 4981; Northern Ghana. Environment, De- Model in Two Data Limited Inland Val- MDPI, Doi.org/10.3390/su11184981 velopment and Sustainability, https:// ley Catchments in Dano, Burkina Faso. doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00614-3, In: Hydrology. doi:10.3390/hydrolo- https://link.springer.com/article/10.100 gy7030043. 7%2Fs10668-020-00614-3.

Kamau, J.W., Biber-Freudenberger, L., Akoto Sarfo D., Partey S.T., Denich M., Lamers, J.P.A., Stellmacher, T. & Borge- Kwaku M., Borgemeister C., Schmitt C.B. meister, C. 2019. Soil fertility and bio- 2020. Environmental and financial as- diversity on organic and conventional sessment of producing bioenergy from smallholder farms in Kenya. Applied Soil Bambusa balcooa, Anogeissus leiocarpus Ecology, 134: 85-97. and Senna siamea in Ghana. Journal of Cleaner Production 275, 123147 Kelboro, G. and Stellmacher, T. 2019. Global Changes in Local Governance of Amouzou, K.A., Lamers, J.P.A., Naab, the Commons: The Case of the African J.B., Borgemeister, C., Vlek, P.L.G. & Parks Foundation Engagement in Nech Becker, M. 2019 Climate change impact Sar National Park, Ethiopia. In Haller, T., on water- and nitrogen-use efficiencies T. Breu, T. De Moor, C. Rohr, and H. Znoj and yields of maize and sorghum in the (eds.): The Commons in a Global World: northern Benin dry savanna, West Af- Global Connections and Local Respons- rica. Field Crops Research 235: 104– es. Abingdon: Routledge. 502 pages 117

58 7 ABBREVIATIONS*

BEAF Advisory Service on Agricul- FONAP Forum for Sustainable curity and sustainable Agriculture tural Research for Development Palm Oil MIWF-NRW Ministry for Innova- BMBF German Federal Ministry of GlobE BMBF'S Global Food Secu- tion, Science and Research of the Education and Research rity Initiative State of North Rhine-Westphalia

BMEL German Federal Ministry of GIZ German Federal Enterprise for OECD Organization for Economic Food and Agriculture International Cooperation Cooperation and Development

BMU German Federal Ministry of icipe International Centre of Insect PARI Program of Accompanying the Environment, Nature Conser- Physiology Research for Agricultural Innova- vation, and Nuclear Safety tion IDEA Institute for Environmental BMZ German Federal Ministry for Studies of National University Bo- PAUWES Pan African University - Economic Cooperation and Devel- gotá Institute of Water and Energy Sci- opment ences IFPRI International Food Policy Re- BIGS-DR Bonn International Grad- search Institute SDGs Sustainable Development uate School of Development Re- Goals search IITA International Institute of Trop- ical Agriculture UAM Abdou Moumouni Univer- CIFOR Center for International sity, Niger Forestry Research IKI International Climate Initiative of the German Federal Ministry of UDS University of Development DAAD German Academic Ex- the Environment, Nature Conser- Studies of Tamale, Ghana change Service vation, and Nuclear Safety UN United Nations DFG Deutsche Forschungsgemein- IPADS International Program in schaft Agricultural Development Studies, UNU-EHS United Nations Univer- University of Tokyo, Japan sity - Institute for Environmental DLR German Aerospace Center and Human Security IPBES Intergovernmental Platform EC H2020 European Commission for Biodiversity UNAL National University Bogotá Horizon 2020 ISSER Institute of statistical, social VW Foundation Volkswagen Foun- ERA-Net Networking the Europe- and economic research at the Uni- dation an Research Area versity of Ghana WASCAL West African Science Ser- ECOWAS Economic Commission of ITT Institute for Technology and vice Center on Climate Change and West African States Resource Management in the Adapted Land Use Tropics and Subtropics ERA4CS European Research Area WHH Welthungerhilfe for Climate Services IWMI International Water Man- WWF World Wildlife Fund agement Institute EU European Union A Long-term EU and Af- FARA Forum for Agricultural Re- LEAP Agri search in Africa rica research and innovation Part- nership on food and nutrition se- *) in alphabetical order. 59 60