Diversificação E Conservação Das Lecythidaceae Neotropicais
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Effects of Forest Fragmentation on Bottom-Up Control in Leaf-Cuttings Ants
Effects of forest fragmentation on bottom-up control in leaf-cuttings ants Dissertation zur Erlangung des naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorgrades Fachbereich Biologie Technische Universität Kaiserslautern vorgelegt von M.Sc. Pille Urbas Kaiserslautern, Dezember 2004 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Burkhard Büdel 2. Gutachter: PD Dr. Jürgen Kusch Vorsitzender der Prüfungskommission: Prof. Dr. Matthias Hahn ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank my family for always being there; Joachim Gerhold who gave me great support and Jutta, Klaus and Markus Gerhold who decided to provide me with a second family; my supervisors Rainer Wirth, Burkhard Büdel and the department of Botany, University of Kaiserslautern for integrating me into the department and providing for such an interesting subject and the infrastructure to successfully work on it; the co-operators at the Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Brazil - Inara Leal and Marcelo Tabarelli - for their assistance and interchange during my time overseas; the following students for the co-operatation in collecting and analysing data for some aspects of this study: Manoel Araújo (LAI and LCA leaf harvest), Ùrsula Costa (localization and size measurements of LCA colonies), Poliana Falcão (LCA diet breadth) and Nicole Meyer (tree density and DBH). Conservation International do Brasil, Centro de Estudos Ambientais do Nordeste and Usina Serra Grande for providing infrastructure during the field work; Marcia Nascimento, Lourinalda Silva and Lothar Bieber (UFPE) for sharing their laboratory, equipment and knowledge for chemical analyses; Jose Roberto Trigo (University of Campinas) for providing some special chemicals; my friends in Brazil Reisla Oliveira, Olivier Darrault, Cindy Garneau, Leonhard Krause, Edvaldo Florentino, Marcondes Oliveira and Alexandre Grillo for supporting me in a foreign land. -
Toward a Phylogenetic-Based Generic Classification of Neotropical Lecythidaceae— I
Phytotaxa 203 (2): 085–121 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/ PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2015 Magnolia Press Article ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.203.2.1 Toward a phylogenetic-based Generic Classification of Neotropical Lecythidaceae— I. Status of Bertholletia, Corythophora, Eschweilera and Lecythis YA-YI HUANG1, SCOTT A. MORI2 & LAWRENCE M. KELLY3 1Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2, Academia Road, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; [email protected] 2Author for correspondence: Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York, USA 10458-5126; [email protected] 3The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York, USA 10458-5126; [email protected] Abstract Lecythidaceae subfam. Lecythidoideae is limited to the Neotropics and is the only naturally occurring subfamily of Le- cythidaceae in the New World. A subset of genera with zygomorphic flowers—Bertholletia, Corythophora, Eschweilera and Lecythis—comprises a group of about 125 species called the Bertholletia clade. A previous study based on plastid ndhF and trnL-F genes supported the monophyly of Corythophora but suggested that Eschweilera and Lecythis are not mono- phyletic. Using this study as a baseline, we sampled more taxa and sequenced more loci to address the taxonomic problems of the ambiguous genera and to determine relationships within the Bertholletia clade. Our results support the monophyly of the Bertholletia clade as previously circumscribed. In addition, Corythophora is monophyletic, and the two accessions of Bertholletia excelsa come out together on the tree. Results of the simultaneous analysis do not support the monophyly of Lecythis or Eschweilera. -
A Rapid Biological Assessment of the Upper Palumeu River Watershed (Grensgebergte and Kasikasima) of Southeastern Suriname
Rapid Assessment Program A Rapid Biological Assessment of the Upper Palumeu River Watershed (Grensgebergte and Kasikasima) of Southeastern Suriname Editors: Leeanne E. Alonso and Trond H. Larsen 67 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL - SURINAME CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL GLOBAL WILDLIFE CONSERVATION ANTON DE KOM UNIVERSITY OF SURINAME THE SURINAME FOREST SERVICE (LBB) NATURE CONSERVATION DIVISION (NB) FOUNDATION FOR FOREST MANAGEMENT AND PRODUCTION CONTROL (SBB) SURINAME CONSERVATION FOUNDATION THE HARBERS FAMILY FOUNDATION Rapid Assessment Program A Rapid Biological Assessment of the Upper Palumeu River Watershed RAP (Grensgebergte and Kasikasima) of Southeastern Suriname Bulletin of Biological Assessment 67 Editors: Leeanne E. Alonso and Trond H. Larsen CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL - SURINAME CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL GLOBAL WILDLIFE CONSERVATION ANTON DE KOM UNIVERSITY OF SURINAME THE SURINAME FOREST SERVICE (LBB) NATURE CONSERVATION DIVISION (NB) FOUNDATION FOR FOREST MANAGEMENT AND PRODUCTION CONTROL (SBB) SURINAME CONSERVATION FOUNDATION THE HARBERS FAMILY FOUNDATION The RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment is published by: Conservation International 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500 Arlington, VA USA 22202 Tel : +1 703-341-2400 www.conservation.org Cover photos: The RAP team surveyed the Grensgebergte Mountains and Upper Palumeu Watershed, as well as the Middle Palumeu River and Kasikasima Mountains visible here. Freshwater resources originating here are vital for all of Suriname. (T. Larsen) Glass frogs (Hyalinobatrachium cf. taylori) lay their -
Disentangling the Phenotypic Variation and Pollination Biology of the Cyclocephala Sexpunctata Species Complex (Coleoptera:Scara
DISENTANGLING THE PHENOTYPIC VARIATION AND POLLINATION BIOLOGY OF THE CYCLOCEPHALA SEXPUNCTATA SPECIES COMPLEX (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE: DYNASTINAE) A Thesis by Matthew Robert Moore Bachelor of Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2009 Submitted to the Department of Biological Sciences and the faculty of the Graduate School of Wichita State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science July 2011 © Copyright 2011 by Matthew Robert Moore All Rights Reserved DISENTANGLING THE PHENOTYPIC VARIATION AND POLLINATION BIOLOGY OF THE CYCLOCEPHALA SEXPUNCTATA SPECIES COMPLEX (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE: DYNASTINAE) The following faculty members have examined the final copy of this thesis for form and content, and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science with a major in Biological Sciences. ________________________ Mary Jameson, Committee Chair ________________________ Bin Shuai, Committee Member ________________________ Gregory Houseman, Committee Member ________________________ Peer Moore-Jansen, Committee Member iii DEDICATION To my parents and my dearest friends iv "The most beautiful thing we can experience is the mysterious. It is the source of all true art and all science. He to whom this emotion is a stranger, who can no longer pause to wonder and stand rapt in awe, is as good as dead: his eyes are closed." – Albert Einstein v ACKNOWLEDMENTS I would like to thank my academic advisor, Mary Jameson, whose years of guidance, patience and enthusiasm have so positively influenced my development as a scientist and person. I would like to thank Brett Ratcliffe and Matt Paulsen of the University of Nebraska State Museum for their generous help with this project. -
New Triterpene Isolated from Eschweilera Longipes (Lecythidaceae)
Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências (2003) 75(1): 21-25 (Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences) ISSN 0001-3765 www.scielo.br/aabc New triterpene isolated from Eschweilera longipes (Lecythidaceae) PATRÍCIA M. DA COSTA and MÁRIO G. DE CARVALHO Departamento de Química, ICE, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro 23851-970 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil Manuscript received on May 22, 2002; accepted for publication on November 17, 2002; presented by Fernando Galembeck ABSTRACT The phytochemical studies of Eschweilera longipes Miers (Lecythidaceae) have led to the identification of a new triterpene 3β,24-dihydroxyfriedelane, the known 1β,2β,3β,19β-tetrahydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (1β-hydroxyeucaphic acid) besides the saponin sitosterol 3βO-βD-glucopyranoside. The structures were established from the IR, NMR and mass spectra data including 2D NMR experiments of natural substances and of the acetyl derivative of the new triterpene. Key words: Eschweilera longipes, Lecythidaceae, triterpenoids. INTRODUCTION longipes (Carvalho et al. 1998) and three penta- cyclic triterpenoids which were isolated from the Lecythidaceae is a pantropical family (about 25 gen- bark and leaves of E. rabeliana (Carvalho et al. era and 400 species) with the greatest concentration 1995). of genera in tropical South America (Brito 1986). Species of this family have been reported as showing pharmacological activities and the chemi- MATERIALS AND METHODS cal study of some species as Petersianthus macro- carpus, Barringtonia acutangula and Cereya arbo- General experimental procedure rea, allowed the identification of pentacyclic triter- Mp’s are uncorrected. NMR spectra were mea- penes, saponins, elagic acid and indolo[2,1-b]quina- sured in Pyridine-d6, MeOD4 or CDCl3 solutions zolinic alkaloids (Pant and Rastogi 1979, Das and and recorded on a Bruker (200 and 500 MHz for 1H Mahato 1983, Pal et al. -
The Hyperdominant Tropical Tree Eschweilera Coriacea (Lecythidaceae) Shows Higher Genetic Heterogeneity Than Sympatric Eschweilera Species in French Guiana
Plant Ecology and Evolution 153 (1): 67–81, 2020 https://doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2020.1565 REGULAR PAPER The hyperdominant tropical tree Eschweilera coriacea (Lecythidaceae) shows higher genetic heterogeneity than sympatric Eschweilera species in French Guiana Myriam Heuertz1,*, Henri Caron1,2, Caroline Scotti-Saintagne3, Pascal Pétronelli2, Julien Engel4,5, Niklas Tysklind2, Sana Miloudi1, Fernanda A. Gaiotto6, Jérôme Chave7, Jean-François Molino5, Daniel Sabatier5, João Loureiro8 & Katharina B. Budde1,9 1Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Biogeco, FR-33610 Cestas, France 2INRAE, Cirad, Ecofog, GF-97310 Kourou, French Guiana 3INRAE, URFM, FR-84914 Avignon, France 4International Center for Tropical Botany, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL-33199, USA 5Université de Montpellier, IRD, Cirad, CNRS, INRAE, AMAP, FR-34398 Montpellier, France 6Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Ilhéus, BR-45662-901, Bahia, Brazil 7Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, CNRS, EBD, FR-31062, Toulouse, France 8University of Coimbra, Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, PT-3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal 9Present address: University of Copenhagen, Forest, Nature and Biomass, Rolighedsvej 23, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark *Corresponding author: [email protected] Background and aims – The evolutionary history of Amazonia’s hyperabundant tropical tree species, also known as “hyperdominant” species, remains poorly investigated. We assessed whether the hyperdominant Eschweilera coriacea (DC.) S.A.Mori (Lecythidaceae) represents a single genetically cohesive species, and how its genetic constitution relates to other species from the same clade with which it occurs sympatrically in French Guiana. Methods – We sampled 152 individuals in nine forest sites in French Guiana, representing 11 species of the genus Eschweilera all belonging to the Parvifolia clade, with emphasis on E. -
Martinez Andrenunes M.Pdf
UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE BIOLOGIA ANDRÉ NUNES MARTINEZ Padrão filogenético de comunidades arbustivo-arbóreas de Cerrado em diferentes escalas espaciais e filogenéticas Phylogenetic pattern of Cerrado shrub-tree communities on different spatial and phylogenetic scales Campinas 2018 ANDRÉ NUNES MARTINEZ Padrão filogenético de comunidades arbustivo-arbóreas de Cerrado em diferentes escalas espaciais e filogenéticas Phylogenetic pattern of Cerrado shrub-tree communities on different spatial and phylogenetic scales Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Biologia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas como parte dos requisitos exigidos para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Ecologia Dissertation presented to the Institute of Biology of the University of Campinas in partial fullfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Ecology Este arquivo digital corresponde a versão final da dissertação pelo aluno André Nunes Martinez e orientado pelo Professor Doutor Fernando Roberto Martins Orientador: Dr. Fernando Roberto Martins Campinas 2018 COMISSÃO EXAMINADORA Prof. Dr. Fernando Roberto Martins Dra. Lilian Patricia Sales Macedo Dr. Leandro Cardoso Pederneiras Os membros da Comissão Examinadora acima assinaram a Ata de Defesa, que se encontra no processo de vida acadêmica do aluno. À minha mãe, Vania, minha maior inspiração À todos meus irmãos de quatro patas, por todo seu amor. “Down Bend the trees quietly witnessing Man’s journey into himself” Lorenna McKennitt, Ages Past, Ages Hence AGRADECIMENTOS Primeiramente gostaria de agradecer a minha família por todos suporte e apoio que me deram ao longo dos anos em que esta tese foi desenvolvida. Agradeço em especial meus pais, Vania e Celso pela confiança, pelos ínumeros incentivos nós momentos difíceis e por todo suporte que me deram nos estudos. -
Recovery of a Tropical Rain Forest Over 30 Years Following Silvicultural Interventions
Recovery of a tropical rain forest over 30 years following silvicultural interventions Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree Doctor rer. nat. of the Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany by Angela Luciana de Avila Freiburg im Breisgau, September 2016 Dean: Prof. Dr. Tim Freytag First examiner: Prof. Dr. Jürgen Bauhus Second examiner: Prof. Dr. Jaboury Ghazoul Third examiner: Prof. Dr. Carsten Dormann Date of thesis defence: 23rd January 2017 Statement of originality I hereby declare that this thesis has never been submitted to another examination commission in Germany or in another country for a degree in the same or similar form. This thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due acknowledgement is made in the proper manner. Angela Luciana de Avila Freiburg, 29th September 2016 Statement of contributions and manuscripts This doctoral research was carried out between April 2012 and September 2016. I conducted most of the work myself, from the development of the research concept, data preparation and analyses to the writing of manuscripts, introduction and final chapters of this thesis. Three manuscripts were elaborated to be published in peer-reviewed scientific journals, as follows: de Avila, A.L., A.R. Ruschel, J.O.P. de Carvalho, L. Mazzei, J.N.M. Silva, J.do.C. Lopes, M.M. Araujo, C.F. Dormann, and J. Bauhus. 2015. Medium-term dynamics of tree species composition in response to silvicultural intervention intensities in a tropical rain forest. Biological Conservation, 191:577–586. de Avila, A.L., M. -
Neotropical 11(2).Indd
ISSN 1413-4703 NEOTROPICAL PRIMATES A Journal of the Neotropical Section of the IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group Volume 11 N u m b e r 2 August 2003 Editors Anthony B. Rylands Ernesto Rodríguez-Luna Assistant Editor John M. Aguiar PSG Chairman Russell A. Mittermeier PSG Deputy Chairman Anthony B. Rylands Neotropical Primates A Journal of the Neotropical Section of the IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group Center for Applied Biodiversity Science Conservation International 1919 M St. NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036, USA ISSN 1413-4703 Abbreviation: Neotrop. Primates Editors Anthony B. Rylands, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Washington, DC Ernesto Rodríguez-Luna, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, México Assistant Editor John M. Aguiar, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Washington, DC Editorial Board Hannah M. Buchanan-Smith, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK Adelmar F. Coimbra-Filho, Academia Brasileira de Ciências, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Liliana Cortés-Ortiz, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, México Carolyn M. Crockett, Regional Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Stephen F. Ferrari, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil Eckhard W. Heymann, Deutsches Primatenzentrum, Göttingen, Germany William R. Konstant, Conservation International, Washington, DC Russell A. Mittermeier, Conservation International, Washington, DC Marta D. Mudry, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina Horácio Schneider, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil Karen B. Strier, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA Maria Emília Yamamoto, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil Primate Specialist Group Chairman Russell A. Mittermeier Deputy Chair Anthony B. Rylands Co-Vice Chairs for the Neotropical Region Anthony B. Rylands & Ernesto Rodríguez-Luna Vice Chair for Asia Ardith A. -
Plano De Manejo Do Parque Nacional Do Viruâ
PLANO DE MANEJO DO PARQUE NACIONAL DO VIRU Boa Vista - RR Abril - 2014 PRESIDENTE DA REPÚBLICA Dilma Rousseff MINISTÉRIO DO MEIO AMBIENTE Izabella Teixeira - Ministra INSTITUTO CHICO MENDES DE CONSERVAÇÃO DA BIODIVERSIDADE - ICMBio Roberto Ricardo Vizentin - Presidente DIRETORIA DE CRIAÇÃO E MANEJO DE UNIDADES DE CONSERVAÇÃO - DIMAN Giovanna Palazzi - Diretora COORDENAÇÃO DE ELABORAÇÃO E REVISÃO DE PLANOS DE MANEJO Alexandre Lantelme Kirovsky CHEFE DO PARQUE NACIONAL DO VIRUÁ Antonio Lisboa ICMBIO 2014 PARQUE NACIONAL DO VIRU PLANO DE MANEJO CRÉDITOS TÉCNICOS E INSTITUCIONAIS INSTITUTO CHICO MENDES DE CONSERVAÇÃO DA BIODIVERSIDADE - ICMBio Diretoria de Criação e Manejo de Unidades de Conservação - DIMAN Giovanna Palazzi - Diretora EQUIPE TÉCNICA DO PLANO DE MANEJO DO PARQUE NACIONAL DO VIRUÁ Coordenaço Antonio Lisboa - Chefe do PN Viruá/ ICMBio - Msc. Geógrafo Beatriz de Aquino Ribeiro Lisboa - PN Viruá/ ICMBio - Bióloga Superviso Lílian Hangae - DIREP/ ICMBio - Geógrafa Luciana Costa Mota - Bióloga E uipe de Planejamento Antonio Lisboa - PN Viruá/ ICMBio - Msc. Geógrafo Beatriz de Aquino Ribeiro Lisboa - PN Viruá/ ICMBio - Bióloga Hudson Coimbra Felix - PN Viruá/ ICMBio - Gestor ambiental Renata Bocorny de Azevedo - PN Viruá/ ICMBio - Msc. Bióloga Thiago Orsi Laranjeiras - PN Viruá/ ICMBio - Msc. Biólogo Lílian Hangae - Supervisora - COMAN/ ICMBio - Geógrafa Ernesto Viveiros de Castro - CGEUP/ ICMBio - Msc. Biólogo Carlos Ernesto G. R. Schaefer - Consultor - PhD. Eng. Agrônomo Bruno Araújo Furtado de Mendonça - Colaborador/UFV - Dsc. Eng. Florestal Consultores e Colaboradores em reas Tem'ticas Hidrologia, Clima Carlos Ernesto G. R. Schaefer - PhD. Engenheiro Agrônomo (Consultor); Bruno Araújo Furtado de Mendonça - Dsc. Eng. Florestal (Colaborador UFV). Geologia, Geomorfologia Carlos Ernesto G. R. Schaefer - PhD. Engenheiro Agrônomo (Consultor); Bruno Araújo Furtado de Mendonça - Dsc. -
Recircumscription of the Lecythidaceae
TAXON 47 - NOVEMBER 1998 817 Recircumscription of the Lecythidaceae Cynthia M. Morton'", Ghillean T. Prance', Scott A. Mori4 & Lucy G. Thorburn' Summary Morton. C. M.• Prance, G. T., Mori, S. A. & Thorburn. L. G.: Recircumscriplion of the Le cythidaceae. Taxon 47: 817-827. 1998. -ISSN 004Q-0262. The phylogenetic relationships of the genera of Lecythidaceae and representatives of Scyto petalaceae were assessed using cladistic analysis of both molecular (rbcL and trnL se quences) and morphological data. The results show that the pantropical family Lecythida ceae is paraphyletic. Support was found for the monophyly of three of the four subfamilies: Lecythidoideae, Planchonioideae, and Foetidioideae. The fourth subfamily, Napoleonaeol deae, was found to be paraphyletic, with members of the Scytopetalaceae being nested within it forming a strong clade with Asteranthos. Both families share a number of mor phological features, including several distinct characters such as cortical bundles in the stem. The combined analysis produced three trees of 471 steps and consistency index Cl = 0.71 and retention index Rl = 0.70. Asteranthos !'P.~, members of Scytopetalaceae should be treated as a subfamily of Lecythidaceae, while Napoleonaea and Crateranthus (the latter based solely on morphological features) should remain in the subfamily Napoleo naeoideae.The Lecythldaceaeare recircumscribed, and Asteranthosand members of Scyto peta/aceae are included in Scytopetaloideae. A formal·llWJ!J-pmic synopsis accommodating this new circumscription is presented. Introduction The Lecythidaceae Poit, are 8 pantropical family of trees and shrubs consisting of . 20 genera split into four subfamilies in contemporary classifications (Cronquist, 1981; Prance & Mori, 1979; Takhtajan, 1987; ~ri & Prance, 1990; Thome, 1992). -
Leandro Tavares Vieira Padrões De Diversidade Da
LEANDRO TAVARES VIEIRA PADRÕES DE DIVERSIDADE DA FLORA LENHOSA DOS CERRADOS DO NORDESTE DO BRASIL Campinas 2012 i ii Campinas, 30 de julho de 2012 Prof. Dr. Fernando Roberto Martins __________________________________ (Orientador) Assinatura Dr. José Felipe Ribeiro __________________________________ Assinatura Dra. Julia Caram Sfair __________________________________ Assinatura Dr. Igor Aurélio da Silva __________________________________ Assinatura Profa. Dra. Francisca Soares de Araujo __________________________________ Assinatura Prof. Dr. Leonardo Dias Meirelles __________________________________ Assinatura Prof. Dr. Flavio Antonio Maës dos Santos __________________________________ Assinatura Prof. Dr. João Semir __________________________________ Assinatura iii “O fato de as coisas acontecerem nada significa. Que sejam conhecidas é o que significa tudo”. Egon Friedell (1878-1938) iv AGRADECIMENTOS À Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) pela bolsa de estudos e ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) pelo suporte financeiro para o projeto “Cerrados Marginais do Nordeste e Ecótonos Associados – Sítio 10” do Programa de Pesquisas de Longa Duração. Agradeço especialmente aos professores Fernando Roberto Martins e Antônio Alberto Jorge Farias Castro pela valiosa orientação, pelas ricas discussões e pela transferência de conhecimento, além da confiança e amizade. Aos membros da pré-banca e banca pelas preciosas sugestões: Dra Julia Caram Sfair, Dr. José Felipe Ribeiro, Dr. Igor Aurélio Silva, Dra. Francisca Soares de Araújo. Agradeço também a ajuda dos suplentes: Dr. Leonardo Dias Meirelles, Dr. Flavio Antonio Maës dos Santos e Dr. João Semir. Aos grandes professores do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e da Biologia Vegetal: Flavio Santos, João Semir, Jorge Tamashiro, Carlos Joly, Rafael Oliveira, André Freitas, Ricardo Rodrigues, Sergius Gandolfi, Marlies Sazima, Thomas Lewinsohn, Woodruff Benson, George Shepherd.