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Fatty Acid Profile and Bioactivity from Annona Hypoglauca Seeds Oil
Vol. 14(30), pp. 2377-2382, 29 July, 2015 DOI: 10.5897/AJB2015.14714 Article Number: 6EA38BF54455 ISSN 1684-5315 African Journal of Biotechnology Copyright © 2015 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB Full Length Research Paper Fatty acid profile and bioactivity from Annona hypoglauca seeds oil Ricardo Carvalho dos Santos1*, Antonio Alves de Melo Filho1,2,6, Edvan Alves Chagas3, Jacqueline Aparecida Takahashi4, Vany Perpetua Ferraz5, Ane Karina Porto Costa6, Ana Cristina Gonçalves Reis de Melo2, Ismael Fernández Montero2 and Pedro Romulo Estevam Ribeiro2 1Post-Graduate in Biodiversity and Biotechnology Program, Bionorte, State Coordination of Roraima, Federal University of Roraima - UFRR, Campus Cauamé, BR 174, s/n, Km 12, District Monte Cristo, CEP 69310-250, Boa Vista-RR-Brazil. 2Post-Graduate in Chemistry Program, Center for Research and Post-Graduate Studies in Science and Technology, NPPGCT, UFRR, Av Capitão Ene Garcez, no. 2413, Campus Paricarana, CEP 69310-000, Boa Vista-RR-Brazil. 3Embrapa - Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation. Rodovia 174, Km 8, Industrial District, CEP 69301970, Boa Vista-RR-Brazil. 4Institute of Exact Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG, Av Antonio Carlos, no. 6627, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte-MG-Brazil. 5Chromatography Laboratory, Institute of Exact Sciences, Department of Chemistry, UFMG, Belo Horizonte-MG-Brazil; 6Department of Chemistry, UFRR, Boa Vista-RR-Brazil. Received 12 May, 2015; Accepted 17 July, 2015 Plants from Annona (Annonaceae) genus are present in tropical regions, where they have economic and medicinal potential. Information on the fatty acids profile and bioactivity from seed oil of Annona species are incipient. -
Malpighiaceae De Colombia: Patrones De Distribución, Riqueza, Endemismo Y Diversidad Filogenética
DARWINIANA, nueva serie 9(1): 39-54. 2021 Versión de registro, efectivamente publicada el 16 de marzo de 2021 DOI: 10.14522/darwiniana.2021.91.923 ISSN 0011-6793 impresa - ISSN 1850-1699 en línea MALPIGHIACEAE DE COLOMBIA: PATRONES DE DISTRIBUCIÓN, RIQUEZA, ENDEMISMO Y DIVERSIDAD FILOGENÉTICA Diego Giraldo-Cañas ID Herbario Nacional Colombiano (COL), Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá D. C., Colombia; [email protected] (autor corresponsal). Abstract. Giraldo-Cañas, D. 2021. Malpighiaceae from Colombia: Patterns of distribution, richness, endemism, and phylogenetic diversity. Darwiniana, nueva serie 9(1): 39-54. Malpighiaceae constitutes a family of 77 genera and ca. 1300 species, distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres. They are mainly diversified in the American continent and distributed in a wide range of habitats and altitudinal gradients. For this reason, this family can be a model plant group to ecological and biogeographical analyses, as well as evolutive studies. In this context, an analysis of distribution, richness, endemism and phylogenetic diversity of Malpighiaceae in natural regions and their altitudinal gradients was undertaken. Malpighiaceae are represented in Colombia by 34 genera and 246 species (19.1% of endemism). Thus, Colombia and Brazil (44 genera, 584 species, 61% of endemism) are the two richest countries on species of this family. The highest species richness and endemism in Colombia is found in the lowlands (0-500 m a.s.l.: 212 species, 28 endemics); only ten species are distributed on highlands (2500-3200 m a.s.l.). Of the Malpighiaceae species in Colombia, Heteropterys leona and Stigmaphyllon bannisterioides have a disjunct amphi-Atlantic distribution, and six other species show intra-American disjunctions. -
Bioprospecção De Ácidos Graxos, Α-Tocoferol E Atividade Anti-Acetilcolinesterásica Em Óleos E Gorduras De Frutos Amazônicos
UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE RORAIMA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BIODIVERSIDADE E BIOTECNOLOGIA DA REDE BIONORTE BIOPROSPECÇÃO DE ÁCIDOS GRAXOS, α-TOCOFEROL E ATIVIDADE ANTI-ACETILCOLINESTERÁSICA EM ÓLEOS E GORDURAS DE FRUTOS AMAZÔNICOS RICARDO CARVALHO DOS SANTOS Boa Vista - RR Junho/2016 RICARDO CARVALHO DOS SANTOS BIOPROSPECÇÃO DE ÁCIDOS GRAXOS, α-TOCOFEROL E ATIVIDADE ANTI-ACETILCOLINESTERÁSICA EM ÓLEOS E GORDURAS DE FRUTOS AMAZÔNICOS Tese de doutorado apresentada ao Curso de Doutorado do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Rede BIONORTE, na Universidade Federal de Roraima, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do Título de Doutor em Biotecnologia. Orientador: Dr. Edvan Alves Chagas Coorientador: Dr. Antonio Alves de Melo Filho Boa Vista, RR Junho/2016 . Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na publicação (CIP) Biblioteca Central da Universidade Federal de Roraima S237b Santos, Ricardo Carvalho dos. Bioprospecção de ácidos graxos, α-TOCOFEROL atividade Anti- Acetilcolinesterásica em óleos e gorduras de frutos amazônicos / Ricardo Carvalho dos Santos – Boa Vista, 2016. 137 f.: il. Orientador: Pesq. Dr. Edvan Alves Chagas. Coorientadores: Prof. Dr. Antonio Alves M. Filho. Tese (doutorado) – Universidade Federal de Roraima, Programa de Pós- Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal. 1 – Biodiversidade. 2 – Vitamina E. 3 – Doença de Alzheimer. 4 – Doenças Neurodegenerativas. I – Título. II – Chagas, Edvan Alves (orientador). CDU – 574:614 “Ninguém ignora tudo. Ninguém sabe tudo. Todos nós sabemos alguma coisa. Todos nós ignoramos alguma coisa. Por isso aprendemos sempre”. Paulo Freire. DEDICATÓRIA A Deus e a minha família, em especial a minha esposa Virgínia Marne e ao meu filho Benjamim Marne. AGRADECIMENTOS Primeiramente ao único Deus, O Todo-Poderoso! À Ele, toda honra e glória. -
Annona Muricata L. = Soursop = Sauersack Guanabana, Corosol
Annona muricata L. = Soursop = Sauersack Guanabana, Corosol, Griarola Guanábana Guanábana (Annona muricata) Systematik Einfurchenpollen- Klasse: Zweikeimblättrige (Magnoliopsida) Unterklasse: Magnolienähnliche (Magnoliidae) Ordnung: Magnolienartige (Magnoliales) Familie: Annonengewächse (Annonaceae) Gattung: Annona Art: Guanábana Wissenschaftlicher Name Annona muricata Linnaeus Frucht aufgeschnitten Zweig, Blätter, Blüte und Frucht Guanábana – auch Guyabano oder Corossol genannt – ist eine Baumart, aus der Familie der Annonengewächse (Annonaceae). Im Deutschen wird sie auch Stachelannone oder Sauersack genannt. Inhaltsverzeichnis [Verbergen] 1 Merkmale 2 Verbreitung 3 Nutzen 4 Kulturgeschichte 5 Toxikologie 6 Quellen 7 Literatur 8 Weblinks Merkmale [Bearbeiten] Der Baum ist immergrün und hat eine nur wenig verzweigte Krone. Er wird unter normalen Bedingungen 8–12 Meter hoch. Die Blätter ähneln Lorbeerblättern und sitzen wechselständig an den Zweigen. Die Blüten bestehen aus drei Kelch- und Kronblättern, sind länglich und von grüngelber Farbe. Sie verströmen einen aasartigen Geruch und locken damit Fliegen zur Bestäubung an. Die Frucht des Guanábana ist eigentlich eine große Beere. Sie wird bis zu 40 Zentimeter lang und bis zu 4 Kilogramm schwer. In dem weichen, weißen Fruchtfleisch sitzen große, schwarze (giftige) Samen. Die Fruchthülle ist mit weichen Stacheln besetzt, welche die Überreste des weiblichen Geschlechtsapparates bilden. Die Stacheln haben damit keine Schutzfunktion gegenüber Fraßfeinden. Verbreitung [Bearbeiten] Die Stachelannone -
Universidade Federal De Pernambuco Centro De Ciências Biológicas Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Biologia Vegetal
UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE PERNAMBUCO CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BIOLOGIA VEGETAL ORCHIDACEAE NO PARQUE NACIONAL DO VIRUÁ, RR, BRASIL: ASPECTOS TAXONÔMICOS E BIOGEOGRÁFICOS EDLLEY MAX PESSOA Orientador: Prof. Marccus Alves Co-orientador: Prof. Fábio de Barros Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Mestre em Biologia Vegetal. RECIFE 2013 Catalogação na fonte Elaine Barroso CRB 1728 Pessoa, Edlley Max Orchidaceae no Parque Nacional do Viruá, RR, Brasil: aspectos taxonômicos e biogeográficos/ Edlley Max Pessoa– Recife: O Autor, 2013. 167 folhas : il., fig., tab. Orientador: Marccus Alves Coorientador: Fábio de Barros Dissertação (mestrado) – Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Biologia Vegetal, 2013. Inclui bibliografia 1. Orquídeas 2. Amazonia 3. Monocotiledôneas I. Alves, Marccus (orientador) II. Barros, Fábio de (coorientador) III. Título 584.4 CDD (22.ed.) UFPE/CCB- 2013- 223 EDLLEY MAX PESSOA ORCHIDACEAE NO PARQUE NACIONAL DO VIRUÁ, RR, BRASIL: ASPECTOS TAXONÔMICOS E BIOGEOGRÁFICOS Dissertação Apresentada à Banca Examinadora: ____________________________________________ Orientador: Prof. Dr. Marccus Alves Departamento de Botânica – UFPE ____________________________________________ 1º Examinador: Prof. William Wayt Thomas New York Botanical Garden ____________________________________________ 2º Examinador: Prof. Rafael Batista Louzada Departamento de Botânica – UFPE ____________________________________________ 1º Suplente: Prof. Maria Regina Barbosa Departamento de Botânica - UFPB ____________________________________________ 2º Suplente: Prof. Maria Jesus Nogueira Rodal Departamento de Botânica - UFRPE “esta obra há de servir também a alguém, senão pra aprender ao menos pra corrigir”. F.C. Hoehne AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço primeiramente aos meus pais, que mesmo em diversas turbulências ocorridas nesses 23 anos, mantiveram um padrão de excelência para minha educação. -
Redalyc.Tree and Tree-Like Species of Mexico: Apocynaceae, Cactaceae
Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad ISSN: 1870-3453 [email protected] Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México Ricker, Martin; Valencia-Avalos, Susana; Hernández, Héctor M.; Gómez-Hinostrosa, Carlos; Martínez-Salas, Esteban M.; Alvarado-Cárdenas, Leonardo O.; Wallnöfer, Bruno; Ramos, Clara H.; Mendoza, Pilar E. Tree and tree-like species of Mexico: Apocynaceae, Cactaceae, Ebenaceae, Fagaceae, and Sapotaceae Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, vol. 87, núm. 4, diciembre, 2016, pp. 1189-1202 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Distrito Federal, México Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=42548632003 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 87 (2016) 1189–1202 www.ib.unam.mx/revista/ Taxonomy and systematics Tree and tree-like species of Mexico: Apocynaceae, Cactaceae, Ebenaceae, Fagaceae, and Sapotaceae Especies arbóreas y arborescentes de México: Apocynaceae, Cactaceae, Ebenaceae, Fagaceae y Sapotaceae a,∗ b a a Martin Ricker , Susana Valencia-Avalos , Héctor M. Hernández , Carlos Gómez-Hinostrosa , a b c Esteban M. Martínez-Salas , Leonardo O. Alvarado-Cárdenas , Bruno Wallnöfer , a a Clara H. Ramos , Pilar E. Mendoza a Herbario Nacional de México (MEXU), Departamento -
The Palms of the Guianas
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Horizon / Pleins textes ORSTOM Centre de Cayenne September 198-6 THE PALMS_OF THE GUIANAS J.-J. ~e Granville _Syagrus inajai THE PATJMS OF THE GUIA11AS (J.-J. de GRANVILLE, 1986) : Inventaire des espèces de palmiers des trois Guyanes (Guyane française, Surinam, Guyana) et principales caractéristiques de chaque groupe pour une reconnaissance pratique sur le terrain. Instructions pour la collecte des herbiers de palmiers. Clef de détermination des genres basée sur les caractères végétatifs. Inventory of the species occurring in the three Guianas (French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana) and main features of each group for a practical id.m1tification in the field. Guide lines for collecting palms. Key for iden tifi~ation of the genera. based on vegetative characters. -..-J • .. - - --._-_._ 1 1 . .. i" - Guyana}Suriname} eo' G) ~ TH /..1----1 C-; '<:1: gmE 3 G ". .. 0 ..• '"V1 w :;G) U'IANAS se' :: ;" C • 0- 3» 51' roZ ~ ~ 1 Guyane » GU") c '< o ~,,?~~l;O~ p /l ::3. 0 ----r--:;--: --; : .. :. ft) 21'~ Franr;aise "Tl s .., ~ ss' ... 0 ': :J -0 I~ ._._ o 8 5" .. ~~:LL-----t-----, ~ ~ ~-.-. i 150 , -t'--'-'~----' 1 nouli~ol ) 1 53' , . .,. ~ ",U t !. 1 ::•• ! 52' ,..-.- , 1 .. -.' \..------+---i'· SI' \ --~w· , J' -:,. , THE PALMS OF THE GUIANAS J.-J. de Gruu~VILLE This paper is not a systematic treatment : it aims at helping the botanists to identify and to collect the palms in the field. l SURVEY OF THE PALM GROUPS OCCURRING IN THE GUIANAS ================================================== According to the litterature (especially DAHLGREN, 1936; GLASSMAN, 1972; WESSELS BOER, 1965 and 1972) and to the study of the herbarium specimens, the number of species of indige nous palms occurring in the 3 Guianas together amounts to 8J, that is to say 7 %of the american species. -
Phylogeny and Systematics of the Rauvolfioideae
PHYLOGENY AND SYSTEMATICS Andre´ O. Simo˜es,2 Tatyana Livshultz,3 Elena OF THE RAUVOLFIOIDEAE Conti,2 and Mary E. Endress2 (APOCYNACEAE) BASED ON MOLECULAR AND MORPHOLOGICAL EVIDENCE1 ABSTRACT To elucidate deeper relationships within Rauvolfioideae (Apocynaceae), a phylogenetic analysis was conducted using sequences from five DNA regions of the chloroplast genome (matK, rbcL, rpl16 intron, rps16 intron, and 39 trnK intron), as well as morphology. Bayesian and parsimony analyses were performed on sequences from 50 taxa of Rauvolfioideae and 16 taxa from Apocynoideae. Neither subfamily is monophyletic, Rauvolfioideae because it is a grade and Apocynoideae because the subfamilies Periplocoideae, Secamonoideae, and Asclepiadoideae nest within it. In addition, three of the nine currently recognized tribes of Rauvolfioideae (Alstonieae, Melodineae, and Vinceae) are polyphyletic. We discuss morphological characters and identify pervasive homoplasy, particularly among fruit and seed characters previously used to delimit tribes in Rauvolfioideae, as the major source of incongruence between traditional classifications and our phylogenetic results. Based on our phylogeny, simple style-heads, syncarpous ovaries, indehiscent fruits, and winged seeds have evolved in parallel numerous times. A revised classification is offered for the subfamily, its tribes, and inclusive genera. Key words: Apocynaceae, classification, homoplasy, molecular phylogenetics, morphology, Rauvolfioideae, system- atics. During the past decade, phylogenetic studies, (Civeyrel et al., 1998; Civeyrel & Rowe, 2001; Liede especially those employing molecular data, have et al., 2002a, b; Rapini et al., 2003; Meve & Liede, significantly improved our understanding of higher- 2002, 2004; Verhoeven et al., 2003; Liede & Meve, level relationships within Apocynaceae s.l., leading to 2004; Liede-Schumann et al., 2005). the recognition of this family as a strongly supported Despite significant insights gained from studies clade composed of the traditional Apocynaceae s. -
Perú: Medio Putumayo-Algodón Medio Perú: 28 No
Perú: Medio Putumayo-Algodón Medio Perú: 28 no. Perú: Medio Putumayo-Algodón Rapid Biological and Social Inventories THE FIELD MUSEUM INFORME/REPORT NO. 28 Perú: Medio Putumayo-Algodón Nigel Pitman, Adriana Bravo, Santiago Claramunt, Corine Vriesendorp, Diana Alvira Reyes, Ashwin Ravikumar, Álvaro del Campo, Douglas F. Stotz, Tyana Wachter, Sebastian Heilpern, Benjamín Rodríguez Grández, Ana Rosa Sáenz Rodríguez y/and Richard Chase Smith editores/editors Diciembre/December 2016 Instituciones Participantes/Participating Institutions The Field Museum Instituto del Bien Proyecto Especial Binacional Común (IBC) Desarrollo Integral de la Cuenca del Río Putumayo (PEDICP) Federación de Comunidades Fundación para la Herbario Amazonense de Nativas Fronterizas del Conservación y el Desarrollo la Universidad Nacional de la Putumayo (FECONAFROPU) Sostenible (FCDS) Amazonía Peruana (AMAZ) Museo de Historia Natural de Centro de Ornitología y la Universidad Nacional Mayor Biodiversidad (CORBIDI) de San Marcos (UNMSM) RI28_01-Spanish_d2(10).indd 1 12/8/16 9:25 AM LOS INFORMES DE INVENTARIOS RÁPIDOS SON PUBLICADOS POR/ Cualquiera de las opiniones expresadas en los informes de los Inventarios RAPID INVENTORIES REPORTS ARE PUBLISHED BY: Rápidos son expresamente las de los autores y no reflejan necesariamente las de The Field Museum. / Any opinions expressed in the Rapid Inventories THE FIELD MUSEUM reports are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of Science and Education The Field Museum. 1400 South Lake Shore Drive Esta publicación ha sido financiada en parte por The Gordon and Betty Chicago, Illinois 60605-2496, USA Moore Foundation y The Field Museum./ This publication has been funded in T 312.665.7430, F 312.665.7433 part by The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and The Field Museum. -
Volume Ii Tomo Ii Diagnosis Biotic Environmen
Pöyry Tecnologia Ltda. Av. Alfredo Egídio de Souza Aranha, 100 Bloco B - 5° andar 04726-170 São Paulo - SP BRASIL Tel. +55 11 3472 6955 Fax +55 11 3472 6980 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT E-mail: [email protected] STUDY (EIA-RIMA) Date 19.10.2018 N° Reference 109000573-001-0000-E-1501 Page 1 LD Celulose S.A. Dissolving pulp mill in Indianópolis and Araguari, Minas Gerais VOLUME II – ENVIRONMENTAL DIAGNOSIS TOMO II – BIOTIC ENVIRONMENT Content Annex Distribution LD Celulose S.A. E PÖYRY - Orig. 19/10/18 –hbo 19/10/18 – bvv 19/10/18 – hfw 19/10/18 – hfw Para informação Rev. Data/Autor Data/Verificado Data/Aprovado Data/Autorizado Observações 109000573-001-0000-E-1501 2 SUMARY 8.3 Biotic Environment ................................................................................................................ 8 8.3.1 Objective .................................................................................................................... 8 8.3.2 Studied Area ............................................................................................................... 9 8.3.3 Regional Context ...................................................................................................... 10 8.3.4 Terrestrian Flora and Fauna....................................................................................... 15 8.3.5 Aquatic fauna .......................................................................................................... 167 8.3.6 Conservation Units (UC) and Priority Areas for Biodiversity Conservation (APCB) 219 8.3.7 -
The Apocynaceae S. Str. of the Carrancas Region, Minas Gerais, Brazil Darwiniana, Vol
Darwiniana ISSN: 0011-6793 [email protected] Instituto de Botánica Darwinion Argentina Simões Olmos, André; Kinoshita Sumiko, Luiza The Apocynaceae s. str. of the Carrancas Region, Minas Gerais, Brazil Darwiniana, vol. 40, núm. 1-4, 2002, pp. 127-169 Instituto de Botánica Darwinion Buenos Aires, Argentina Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=66940414 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative A. O. SIMÕES & L. S. KINOSHITA. The ApocynaceaeDARWINIANA s. str. of the Carrancas Region, Minas ISSNGerais, 0011-6793 Brazil 40(1-4): 127-169. 2002 THE APOCYNACEAE S. STR. OF THE CARRANCAS REGION, MINAS GERAIS, BRAZIL ANDRÉ OLMOS SIMÕES & LUIZA SUMIKO KINOSHITA Dpto. de Botânica, IB, Unicamp, Caixa Postal 6109 CEP 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Simöes, A. O. & Kinoshita, L. S. 2002. The Apocynaceae s. str. of the Carrancas Region, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Darwiniana 40(1-4): 127-169. The aims of the present work were to identify and characterize the species of Apocynaceae s. str. occurring in the Carrancas region, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Collections were performed from 1997 to 2000 and regional representative collections were also examined. The floristic survey showed the presence of 31 species belonging to 15 genera: Aspidosperma (5 spp.), Condylocarpon (1 sp.), Forsteronia (3 spp.), Hancornia (1 sp.), Macrosiphonia (2 spp.), Mandevilla (9 spp.), Mesechites (1 sp.), Peltastes (1 sp.), Prestonia (2 spp.), Rauvolfia (1 sp.), Rhabdadenia (1 sp.), Rhodocalyx (1 sp.), Secondatia (1 sp.), Tabernaemontana (1 sp.) and Temnadenia (1 sp.). -
Appendix: Orchid Potting Mixtures - an Abridged Historical Review 1
Appendix: Orchid potting mixtures - An abridged historical review 1 T. J. SHEEHAN Introduction There is little doubt that potting media development over time has been the salvation of orchid growers (Bomba, 1975). When epiphytic orchids were first introduced into England and other European countries in the 18th century growers could not envision plants growing in anything but soil. '"Peat and loam' were good for everything and frequently became the mass murderers of the first generation of epiphytic orchids," Hooker is believed to have said around the end of the 19th century; England had become the graveyard of tropical orchids. Undoubtedly this was in reference to the concern individuals were having over the potting media problems. This problem also drew the attention of such noted individuals as John Lindley and Sir Joseph Paxton, as well as the Gardener's Chronicle, who noted that "The Rule of Thumb" had nothing to say about orchid growing; it was only effective in orchid killing (Bomba 1975). Fortunately, the ingenuity of growers solved the problem as innovative potting mixes evolved over the years. After visiting a number of orchid growing establishments it immediately becomes obvious to any orchid grower, professional or hobbyist, that orchids, both epiphytic and terrestrial, will grow in a wide variety of media. It has often been stated that epiphytic orchids can be grown in any medium except soil as long as watering and fertilization are adjusted to fit the mix being used. Ter restrial orchids seem to thrive in any medium that contains 40% or more organic matter. Reading cultural recommendations from the early days of orchid growing is most interesting and highly recommended.