Certification, Biocomplexité Et Valorisation Des Lauracées De Guyane Française

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Certification, Biocomplexité Et Valorisation Des Lauracées De Guyane Française Université des Antilles et de la Guyane Faculté de Sciences Exactes et Naturelles École doctorale pluridisciplinaire : Santé, Environnement et Sociétés dans les Amériques Thèse pour le doctorat en Chimie RINALDO Raphaëlle Certification, biocomplexité et valorisation des Lauracées de Guyane française Sous la direction de Marc GIBERNAU Soutenue le 12 Juin 2012 à Cayenne NNT : 2012AGUY0516 Jury : Philippe GERARDIN, Professeur, Laboratoire d’Etude et de Recherche sur le Matériau Bois, Université Henri POINCARE – Nancy I, Rapporteur Roger HERNANDEZ, Professeur, Centre de Recherche sur le Bois, Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt – Université Laval, Rapporteur Marc GIBERNAU, Chargé de recherche, UMR ECOFOG–CNRS, Directeur de thèse, Examinateur Jacques BEAUCHÊNE, Chargé de recherche, UMR ECOFOG–CIRAD, Examinateur Invitée : Caroline SCOTTI-SAINTAGNE, Chargée de recherche, UMR ECOFOG–INRA, Examinatrice A Lucien, merci d’avoir cru en moi « Divan tanbou, galman pa la » « C’est à l’œuvre que l’on reconnaît l’artisan » AVANT-PROPOS C’est avec émotion que j’écris ces quelques mots de remerciements en me rendant compte que finalement comme le dit le dolo1 « tan fè tan, tan lessé tan2 » et que, comme de nombreuses personnes me le disaient souvent « bod lanmè pa lwen3 ». J’ai découvert notre forêt guyanaise grâce à Lucien, gérant de la société KLR, un visionnaire et amoureux de cette forêt guyanaise qu’il a cherché à valoriser par des ouvrages d’art en bois (ponts, constructions de digues, marinas), mais aussi en investissant dans la recherche et le développement en finançant des thèses et de nombreux projets. Merci Lucien, de m’avoir transmis ta passion et de m’avoir toujours fait confiance, tu m’as donné l’envie de me battre pour ce en quoi je crois. Puisses-tu être fier de moi, là ou tu es. A Bernard THIBAUT et à Jacques BEAUCHENE, vous m’avez encouragée et soutenue dans les moments les plus éprouvants, même quand je n’avais plus confiance en moi. A Marc GIBERNAU mon directeur de thèse, je te dois l’achèvement ma thèse. Merci de m’avoir encadrée comme tu l’as fait. A Maman, Papa, Isaac, Israël, Nadège, Jaëlle et Noah vous m’avez apporté un soutien inestimable : la chaleur du foyer familial si important à mes yeux. Vous êtes mon tout. Merci aussi à toutes les personnes qui ont de près ou de loin contribué à l’achèvement de ma thèse, que ce soit en apportant leur soutien technique en m’aidant dans mes manips, en m’amenant en forêt ou en m’apportant leur inestimable soutien moral, un sourire, un café. 1 Dolo : proverbe créole 2 « L’eau a coulé sous les ponts » 3 « A force de courage et de persévérance on finit par atteindre son but » 5 TABLE DES MATIERES 7 TABLE DES MATIERES TABLE DES MATIERES ................................................................................................................... 7 LES LAURACEES DE GUYANE, UN POTENTIEL PEU EXPLOITE ......................................................... 15 I. Introduction et contexte de l’étude ........................................................................................... 17 II. Etat de l’art sur la famille des Lauracées ................................................................................. 19 1. La famille des Lauracées ...................................................................................................... 19 1.1. Classification ............................................................................................................................... 20 1.2. Botanique ................................................................................................................................... 24 1.3. Disponibilité, écologie et habitat ................................................................................................ 25 2. Usages traditionnels et valorisations industrielles des Lauracées ...................................... 25 2.1. Usages traditionnels des Lauracées du plateau des Guyanes .................................................... 25 2.2. Usages industriels ....................................................................................................................... 26 3. L’identification des Lauracées .............................................................................................. 31 3.1. Détermination taxinomique ....................................................................................................... 31 3.2. Anatomie du bois, aide à l’identification et à classification ....................................................... 31 3.3. Marqueurs chimiotaxinomiques ................................................................................................ 34 3.4. Génétique, taxinomie et barcoding ............................................................................................ 36 4. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 38 PARTIE I. ANATOMIE DU BOIS ............................................................................................... 41 I. Anatomie des Lauracées ............................................................................................................ 43 1. Rappels d’anatomie des bois ............................................................................................... 43 1.1. Mise en place du bois ................................................................................................................. 44 1.2. Eléments constitutifs du bois ..................................................................................................... 45 2. Les cellules à huile des Lauracées ........................................................................................ 51 2.1. Cellules à huile et à mucilage ..................................................................................................... 51 2.2. Formation et structure ............................................................................................................... 53 3. Anatomie des Lauracées ...................................................................................................... 53 3.1. Genre Aniba ................................................................................................................................ 54 3.2. Genre Endlicheria ....................................................................................................................... 55 3.3. Genre Licaria .............................................................................................................................. 56 3.4. Genre Mezilaurus ....................................................................................................................... 57 3.5. Genre Ocotea ............................................................................................................................. 58 3.6. Genre Rhodostemonodaphne ..................................................................................................... 59 3.7. Genre Sextonia ........................................................................................................................... 60 3.8. Cristaux et silice .......................................................................................................................... 61 3.9. Récapitulatif ............................................................................................................................... 63 II. Matériels .................................................................................................................................. 64 1. Prélèvements ....................................................................................................................... 64 2. Appareillage ......................................................................................................................... 64 3. Méthodologie ...................................................................................................................... 64 3.1. Observations macroscopiques ................................................................................................... 64 3.2. Observations microscopiques et mesures .................................................................................. 65 3.3. Préparation de coupes minces ................................................................................................... 65 III. Méthodes d’analyse ................................................................................................................ 66 1. Observations, tri des données ............................................................................................. 66 2. Analyses et outils statistiques .............................................................................................. 67 2.1. Analyse non-métrique multidimensionnelle (NMDS : Non – metric MultiDimensional Scaling) 67 9 TABLE DES MATIERES 2.2. Analyse en composantes principales (ACP) ................................................................................ 70 2.3. Analyse en permutations simples (SIMPER) ............................................................................... 70 IV. Résultats .................................................................................................................................. 71 1. Description anatomique des bois ........................................................................................ 71 1.1. Aniba panurensis .......................................................................................................................
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