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The National Red List 2012 of Sri Lanka Conservation Status of the Fauna and Flora This publication has been prepared by the Biodiversity Secretariat of the Ministry of Environment in collaboration with the National Herbarium, Department of National Botanic Gardens. Published by: Biodiversity Secretariat of the Ministry of Environment and National Herbarium, Department of National Botanic Gardens Amended Version Copyright : Biodiversity Secretariat, Ministry of Environment Citation: 1. For citing the threatened list MOE 2012. The National Red List 2012 of Sri Lanka; Conservation Status of the Fauna and Flora. Ministry of Environment, Colombo, Sri Lanka. viii + 476pp 2. For citing an article Author name 2012. Title of the paper. In: The National Red List 2012 of Sri Lanka; Conservation Status of the Fauna and Flora. Weerakoon, D.K. & S. Wijesundara Eds., Ministry of Environment, Colombo, Sri Lanka. x-y pp ISBN Number : : 978-955-0033-55-3 Printed by : Karunarathne and Sons Pvt (Ltd) 67, UDA Industrial Estate Katuwana Road, Homagama. Available from : Biodiversity Secretariat, Ministry of Environment. National Herbarium, Department of National Botanic Gardens. Cover page photos: George Van der Poorten Samantha Suranjan Fernando Ranil Nanayakkara Manoj Prasanna Samantha Gunasekera Mendis Wickremasinghe Thilanka Perera Table of Contents List of Abbreviations v Red Listing Team vi Participants of Expert Panel viii Acknowledgements xiv Message of the Minister of Environment xv Message of the Secretary, Ministry of Environment xvi A Brief Overview of the Biodiversity of Sri Lanka xvii Preparation of the 2012 Red List xx The Taxonomy and Conservation Status of the Dragonfly Fauna of Sri Lanka 1 List of Dragonflies in Sri Lanka 5 The Taxonomy and Conservation Status of Ants in Sri Lanka 11 List of Ants in Sri Lanka 15 The Taxonomy and Conservation Status of the Bees in Sri Lanka 20 List of Bees in Sri Lanka 23 The Taxonomy and Conservation Status of the Butterflies of Sri Lanka 26 List of Butterflies in Sri Lanka 32 The Taxonomy and Conservation Status of the Spiders in Sri Lanka 42 List of Spiders in Sri Lanka 45 Taxonomy and Conservation Status of the Freshwater Crabs in Sri Lanka 58 List of Freshwater Crabs in Sri Lanka 63 The Taxonomy and Conservation Status of the Land Snails in Sri Lanka 65 List of Land Snails in Sri Lanka 69 The Taxonomy and Conservation Status of the Freshwater Fishes in Sri Lanka 77 List of Freshwater Fish in Sri Lanka 82 The Taxonomy and Conservation Status of Amphibians in Sri Lanka 88 List of Amphibians in Sri Lanka 92 The Taxonomy and Conservation Status of the Reptile Fauna in Sri Lanka 99 List of Reptiles in Sri Lanka 104 iii The Taxonomy and Conservation Status of Birds in Sri Lanka 114 List of Birds in Sri Lanka 118 The Taxonomy and Conservation Status of Mammals in Sri Lanka 134 List of Mammals in Sri Lanka 138 Analysis of Faunal Groups 145 Taxonomy and Conservation Status of Pteridophyte Flora of Sri Lanka 148 Summary of the Status of Pteridophytes in Sri Lanka 154 List of Pteridophytes in Sri Lanka 155 Present Status of Dry-zone Flora in Sri Lanka 165 Present Status of Lowland Wet Zone Flora of Sri Lanka 175 Present Status of Montane Forests in Sri Lanka 181 Present Status of Fresh Water Aquatic Flora of Sri Lanka 186 Present Status of Mangroves in Sri Lanka 197 Present Status of Family Orchidaceae in Sri Lanka 200 Summary of the Status of Angiosperms of Sri Lanka 205 List of Gymnosperms in Sri Lanka 210 List of Angiosperms in Sri Lanka 210 Analysis of Seed Plants of Sri Lanka 340 Potential Applications of the National Red List and the Way Forward 346 References 353 Provisional Checklist of Sea Urchins (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) of Sri Lanka 370 Provisional Checklist of Crinoidea, Ophiuroidea & Holothuroidea 373 Provisional Checklist of Soft Corals Recorded in Sri Lanka 375 Provisional Checklist of Corals in Sri Lanka 376 Provisional Checklist of Marine Aquatic Shelled Molluscs of Sri Lanka 384 Provisional Check List of the Marine Crustaceans in Sri Lanka 396 Provisional Checklist of Marine Fish of Sri Lanka 411 Provisional Checklist of the Leafhoppers in Sri Lanka 431 Provisional Checklist of Dung Beetles in Sri Lanka 438 Provisional Checklist of Centipede Fauna in Sri Lanka 445 The IUCN Red List Categories 450 Criteria 452 iv List of Abbreviations ARROS Amphibian & Reptile Research Organization of Sri Lanka BDS Biodiversity Secretariat BEAR Biodiversity Education & Research Organization CABRE Center for Applied Biodiversity Research and Education CEA Central Environmental Authority CR Critically Endangered CR(PE) Critically Endangered Possibly Extinct DD Data Deficient E English name EN Endangered EW Extinct in Wild EX Extinct FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of UN FNCP Foundation for Nature Conservation & Preservation GCS Global Conservation Status IFS Institute of Fundamental Studies IUCN World Conservation Union LC Least Concerned LORRIS Land Owners Restore Rainforests in Sri Lanka MOE Ministry of Environment NARA National Aquatic Resources & Research Development Agency NCS National Conservation Status NE Not Evaluated NSCAC National Species Conservation Advisory Committee NT Near Threatened ORCA Ocean Resources Conservation Association PGIS Post Graduate Institute of Science RFLP Regional Fisheries Livelihood Programme for South and Southeast Asia S Sinhala name SEALS Spirit & Eco Adventure Living Squad SNR Strict Nature Reserve T Tamil name VU Vulnerable v Red listing Team Supervision and Guidance Prof. Devaka Weerakoon ( University of Colombo) Dr. Siril Wijesundara (Director General, Department of National Botanic Gardens) Mr. Gamini Gamage (Former Director, Biodiversity Secretariat) Mr. Ajith Silva (Former Director, Biodiversity Secretariat) Ms. Padma Abeykoon ( Director, Biodiversity Secretariat) Coordination Ms. Dakshini Perera (Biodiversity Secretariat) Ms. Hasula Wickramasinghe (Biodiversity Secretariat) Ms. Subhani Ranasinghe (National Herbarium) Dr. Achala Attanayake (Department of Botanic Gardens) Mapping Ms. Dakshini Perera (Biodiversity Secretariat) Ms. Saranga Jayasundara (Biodiversity Secretariat) Editors Prof. Devaka Weerakoon ( University of Colombo) Dr. Siril Wijesundara (Director General, Department of National Botanic Gardens) Editorial Assistance Mr. Pradeep Arjuna Jayatunga Cover page design & page setting Mr Sanjeewa Lelwala Data Compiling and Mapping Assistance Ms. Nadeeka Gunawardana (National Herbarium) Ms. Gayani Fonseka (National Herbarium) Ms Hasula Wickremasinghe (Biodiversity Secretariat) Ms. Himali de Costa (Biodiversity Secretariat) Mr Amila Sumanapala Mr Chaminda Ratnayake Mr. Gayan Kariyawasam Mr. Gihan Kanchana Vandergert Mr. H.L.Imeda Lahiru Mr. Kasun R.Dalpathadu Mr. Lasantha Jayaruwan vi Mr. M.P.Tharanga Wijewickrama Mr. M.T.R.Fernando Mr. Salindra Kasun Dayananda Mr. Sanjeewa Mahaarachchikumbura Mr. Tharaka Muthunayake Ms T.S. Herath Ms. A.M.S.K.Abeysekara Ms. A.M.Wathsala Abesinghe Ms. B.A.K.Wickramathilake Ms. K.A.Samanthi Kumarasinghe Ms. Kasundika Bandara Ms. L.W.L.H.Thejanikala Ms. N.G.K.D.D. Senevirathne Ms. S.A.Dilani Kaushalya Ms. S.M. Wijesuriya Ms. Sathiska Cathurani Epa Ms. Thilini Muthukudarachchi Ms. W. A. Sathya Surakshi Ms. W.G.Kanchana Kumuduni Ms. W.M.N.P.Wijayakoon Ms. T.A.Dilhani Jayawardana Ms. Gayani Hapuarachchi Ms. Himali Gamage vii Participants of Expert Panel Flora Higher Plants Prof. Deepthi Yakandawala University of Peradeniya Prof. Nimal Gunathilake University of Peradeniya Prof. Savithri Gunathilake University of Peradeniya Dr. Achala Attanayake Department of National Botanic Gardens Dr. Anoma Perera University of Peradeniya Dr. Hashendra Kaththiarachchi University of Colombo Dr. Magdon Jayasuriya Environmental Management Limited Dr. Samantha Suranjan Fernando PGIS & CABRE Dr. Siril Wijesundara Department of National Botanic Gardens Mr. Dilup Chandranimal Flora Consultant Mr. Nalinda Peris Flora Consultant Mr. Sarath Ekanayake Flora Consultant Ms. Subhani Ranasinghe National Herbarium Orchids Dr. Siril Wijesundara Department of National Botanic Gardens Dr. Samantha Suranjan Fernando PGIS & CABRE Mr. Ajantha Palihawadana Sewalanka Foundation Mr. Samantha Gunasekara Department of Customs Ferns Dr. D.N.K.G.Pushpakumara University of Peradeniya Dr. R.H.G.Ranil University of Peradeniya Ms. Nadeeka Gunawardana National Herbarium Mr. D.M.U.B.Dhanasekara Mangroves Prof. L.P. Jayatissa University of Ruhuna Prof. K.B.Ranawana University of Peradeniya Prof. Mala Amarasinghe University of Kelaniya Dr. Abyerami Sivasubramanium University of Jaffna Dr. T. Jayasingam Eastern University of Sri Lanka Mr. Duglus Thisera Small Fisheries Federation Mr. Hasantha Amarasekara RFLP & FAO Mr. M.Gammanpila NARA Mr. Manoj Prasannna Biodiversity Secretariat Mr. W.A.Sumanadasa NARA viii Fauna Freshwater Fishes Prof. Ruchira Cumaranatunga University of Ruhuna Prof. Upali Amarasinghe University of Kelaniya Dr. Terney Pradeep Kumara University of Ruhuna Mr. Dinesh Gabadage Taprobanica Nature Conservation Society Mr. Jagath Gunawardana Mr. Kelum Manamendra Arachchi Postgraduate Institute of Archaeology Mr. M.M. Bahir Taprobanica Nature Conservation Society Mr. Madura De Silva Wildlife Conservation Society Galle Mr. Nadika Hapuarachchi Wildlife Conservation Society Galle Mr. Sajeewa Chamikara Sri Lanka Nature Group Mr. Samantha Gunasekara Sri Lanka Customs Mr. Sameera Akmeemana Wildlife Conservation Society Galle Mr. Sampath Goonatilake IUCN Mr. Shantha Jayaweera Young Zoologists’ Association Mr. Tharaka Muthunayake University of Colombo Mr. Vimukthi
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  • Root Fungal Associations in Some Non-Orchidaceous Vascular Lithophytes

    Root Fungal Associations in Some Non-Orchidaceous Vascular Lithophytes

    Acta Botanica Brasilica - 30(3): 407-421. July-September 2016. doi: 10.1590/0102-33062016abb0074 Root fungal associations in some non-orchidaceous vascular lithophytes Thangavelu Muthukumar1*, Marimuthu Chinnathambi1 and Perumalsamy Priyadharsini1 Received: March 7, 2016 Accepted: July 11, 2016 . ABSTRACT Plant roots in natural ecosystems are colonized by a diverse group of fungi among which the most common and widespread are arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and dark septate endophyte (DSE) fungi. Th ough AM and DSE fungal associations are well reported for terricolous plant species, they are rather poorly known for lithophytic plant species. In this study, we examined AM and DSE fungal association in 72 non-orchidaceous vascular plant species growing as lithophytes in Siruvani Hills, Western Ghats of Tamilnadu, India. Sixty-nine plant species had AM and 58 species had DSE fungal associations. To our knowledge, we report AM fungal association in 42 and DSE fungal association in 53 plant species for the fi rst time. Th ere were signifi cant diff erences in total root length colonization and root length colonized by diff erent AM and DSE fungal structures among plant species. In contrast, the diff erences in AM and DSE fungal colonization among plants in various life-forms and lifecycles were not signifi cant. AM morphology reported for the fi rst time in 56 plant species was dominated by intermediate type AM morphology. A signifi cant negative relationship existed between total root length colonized by AM and DSE fungi. Th ese results clearly