State-wide seed conservation strategy for threatened species, threatened communities and biodiversity hotspots Project 033146a Final Report South Coast Natural Resource Management Inc. and Australian Government Natural Heritage Trust July 2008 Prepared by Anne Cochrane Threatened Flora Seed Centre Department of Environment and Conservation Western Australian Herbarium Kensington Western Australia 6983 Summary In 2005 the South Coast Natural Resource Management Inc. secured regional competitive component funding from the Australian Government’s Natural Heritage Trust for a three-year project for the Western Australian Department of Environment and Conservation (DEC) to coordinate seed conservation activities for listed threatened species and ecological communities and for Commonwealth identified national biodiversity hotspots in Western Australia (Project 033146). This project implemented an integrated and consistent approach to collecting seeds of threatened and other flora across all regions in Western Australia. The project expanded existing seed conservation activities thereby contributing to Western Australian plant conservation and recovery programs. The primary goal of the project was to increase the level of protection of native flora by obtaining seeds for long term conservation of 300 species. The project was successful and 571 collections were made. The project achieved its goals by using existing skills, data, centralised seed banking facilities and international partnerships that the DEC’s Threatened Flora Seed Centre already had in place. In addition to storage of seeds at the Threatened Flora Seed Centre, 199 duplicate samples were dispatched under a global seed conservation partnership to the Millennium Seed Bank in the UK for further safe-keeping. Herbarium voucher specimens for each collection have been lodged with the State herbarium in Perth, Western Australia. The information is accessible through Florabase (http://florabase.dec.wa.gov.au/ ). The project was able to assist in the implementation of fundamental recovery processes for threatened flora by providing seed-based genetic resources for a number of flora reintroductions and by providing insurance against loss of plant species in the wild. Investigations into seed germination contributed to an understanding of the biology of the species, knowledge that underpins successful plant recovery and revegetation. This project provided training to community members and other stakeholders in correct methods for seed collection and helped to foster an appreciation and awareness of ex situ conservation and its role in the recovery of threatened species and communities. The project produced a number of awareness raising and promotional products, in addition to popular and scientific articles and conference presentations on seed conservation and its role in supporting the survival of plant species in the wild. Department of Environment and Conservation - 1 - A selection of conservation flora from across the NRM Regions targeted for seed collection and conservation through this project. Department of Environment and Conservation - 2 - Introduction One in five of the 13,000 species, subspecies and varieties of plant life found in Western Australia are of conservation concern. The majority of this flora occurs in the South West of the State, an area recognised as the only global biodiversity hotspot in Australia due to the rich diversity of plant life and the high level of threat facing that flora. A legacy of land clearing has resulted in substantial habitat fragmentation and salinisation of the landscape. Grazing by introduced herbivores, frequent fire and weed invasion further threaten already degraded landscapes. The introduced water mould, Phytophthora cinnamomi, threatens 40 per cent of the flora in the south west corner. A mass extinction of biodiversity is projected under future climate change scenarios. Conserving ecosystems in a changing environment will be a challenge. Where habitats are in immediate danger of destruction, and where on ground actions cannot guarantee species survival, the collection and maintenance of plant material from the wild becomes necessary, acting as insurance. Seeds are nature’s genetic storehouse and are a ready source of plant material for utilisation in restoring degraded lands, reintroducing species into the wild and restocking depleted populations. Conserving seeds off site represents a means of saving vital natural resources for the future. It is a complementary approach to on ground actions and a cost effective and efficient way to conserve genetic diversity. Good quality collections with a broad genetic base are required to reinforce and benefit species survival. Under some scenarios, seed conservation is the only realistic tool for some of our most at risk species. This multi-regional, multi-year approach to delivering a major biodiversity conservation outcome aimed to increase the level of protection of native flora by collecting, conserving and making available material for recovery actions and seed research. Conservation of seed material provides insurance against loss of important flora in the wild and provides genetic material for its future use in reintroduction and restoration. Studies aimed to improve knowledge of seed biology, ecology and threatening processes underpin the management and conservation of plant species and lead to better on ground outcomes for the public benefit. This project was linked to a global seed conservation partnership between the Western Australian Department of Environment and Conservation through the Millennium Seed Bank, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew UK where duplicate collections of seeds were sent for safe keeping. Key investment areas addressed by this project. 1. Increased level of protection of native flora through seed conservation Using existing skills, data and facilities this key investment area was met. A target of 300 native plant species was set at the onset of the project and between 2005 and 2008 571 collections (428 species and subspecies – see Appendix 1) were incorporated into, and are being actively managed in, DEC’s seed conservation facility in Perth (Threatened Flora Seed Centre). This facility and its staff use internationally accepted genebanks standards for seed collection and storage (low temperature and low moisture). Sixty-two per cent of the collections made (230 taxa) are conservation-listed in Western Australia Department of Environment and Conservation - 3 - and include 163 Declared Rare flora collections, 192 Priority flora collections and 217 non-conservation listed flora collections associated with Threatened Ecological Communities and Biodiversity Hotspots. In total 428 taxa from 45 families and113 genera were collected from across the six NRM regions in Western Australia. Although only one half of the collections have been processed to date these collections amount to more than 10.5 kilograms of seeds (> 7 million individual seeds). All seed collections made through this project were accompanied by an herbarium voucher specimen that has been lodged at the Western Australian Herbarium. Details of these specimens can be accessed through the Department of Environment and Conservation herbarium database Florabase (http://florabase.dec.wa.gov.au/ ). Duplicate samples of 199 of these collections were dispatched to the Millennium Seed Bank at the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew United Kingdom for safe-keeping under an existing Access and Benefit Sharing Agreement between the Western Australian government and Kew. This project assisted the Western Australian government through DEC’s Threatened Flora Seed Centre to achieve and report against the international goals of Target 8 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation. The goals of this target are ’60 per cent of threatened plant species in accessible ex situ collections, preferably in the country of origin, and 10 per cent of them included in recovery and restoration programmes’ . Ben Bayliss, Project Officer Project Manager, Anne Cochrane, collecting seeds of Priority listed documenting collection information Dryandra stricta in the NACC Region. in the Rangelands Region. Department of Environment and Conservation - 4 - Table1. Collections by NRM Region Table 2. Collections by conservation status NRM Region No collections Conservation status No collections South Coast 319 Critically Endangered 83 Avon 192 Endangered 30 South West 25 Vulnerable 49 Rangelands 23 Priority 1 42 Northern Agricultural 7 Priority 2 64 Swan 5 Priority 1 38 Priority 2 48 Common 217 Todd Erickson, Project Officer, collecting seeds of Eucalyptus dolichorhyncha . 2. Provision of material for recovery and information to assist recovery planning Seeds from a number of threatened flora collected through this project were provided for in situ recovery works, and included the Critically Endangered Lambertia fairallii, Banksia brownii, Dryandra anatona and Hemigenia ramossisima . The first three species have been planted into a ‘seed orchard’ in the South Coast Region. The fourth was planted into a reserve in the Avon Region. These plantings have contributed to increased protection of these species through increase in numbers of on ground plants and an accumulation of knowledge regarding their biology and ecology. Department of Environment and Conservation - 5 - a. b. c. d. e. f. Examples of seeds collected under this project for long term conservation and utilisation. a. Dryandra ; b. Caustis c. Dodonaea d. Banksia e. & f. Acacia. Ecological