Le Paradigme Coopératif : Une Matrice Philosophique Dévoilant L'homo Cooperatus Pour Une Oikonomia Renouvelée

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Le Paradigme Coopératif : Une Matrice Philosophique Dévoilant L'homo Cooperatus Pour Une Oikonomia Renouvelée Le paradigme coopératif : une matrice philosophique dévoilant l’Homo cooperatus pour une oikonomia renouvelée Thèse André Martin Doctorat en philosophie de l’Université Laval offert en extension à l’Université de Sherbrooke Philosophiae Doctor (Ph.D.) Faculté des lettres et sciences humaines Université de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke, Canada Faculté de philosophie Université Laval Québec, Canada © André Martin, 2016 RÉSUMÉ La présente thèse porte sur des postulats philosophiques qui fondent l’activité coopérative. La coopérative est une association de personnes réunies sur une base volontaire afin de satisfaire des aspirations et des besoins d’ordre économique, social et culturel par le biais d’une entreprise collective où le pouvoir est exercé démocratiquement. Une représentation particulière de l’être l’humain, un cadre normatif spécifique et des finalités existentielles singulières se dégagent de cette définition. Ainsi, de la coopérative émerge une autre vision du monde. Par conséquent, elle contraste avec le paradigme dominant actuel de type économiste, qui base toute sa praxis sur la logique interne de l’homo œconomicus et des valeurs qui transcendent cette posture héritée du libéralisme classique et confirmée par le nouveau libéralisme du 20e siècle. Hautement influencé par cette représentation du monde, l’Occident est toujours aux prises avec les conséquences sociales, économiques, politiques, culturelles que provoque un système dont la chrématistique institutionnalisée tente de subordonner le politique et le du social à l’économique, conduisant ainsi au réductionnisme anthropologique et éthique. Devant l’impasse qu’il suscite, bon nombre d’auteurs en questionnent actuellement la pertinence et la justesse. Cela conduit aussi à l’évaluation d’un changement de paradigme pour notre temps et à l’analyse d’alternatives. Une question se pose : le coopératisme, malgré la méconnaissance de son objet, voire sa marginalité, peut-il être considéré comme un paradigme ayant des attributs suffisamment développés pour se présenter comme une perspective convenable pouvant répondre aux attentes d’aujourd’hui? Cette recherche tente d’analyser cette possibilité en resituant la coopérative dans un contexte paradigmatique et en revisitant les caractéristiques philosophiques et éthiques de l’homo cooperatus, c’est-à-dire cette personne comme être singulier, dynamique et multidimensionnel incorporé dans une communauté humaine concrète. Inspiré de l’idéal démocratique républicain et influencé par le libéralisme et le socialisme, le coopératisme propose un ensemble de valeurs qui s’imbriquent les unes dans les autres comme un tout ouvrant des perspectives différentes de développement d’humanité. L’analyse exposée dans cette thèse présente le coopératisme comme une alternative contemporaine qui tente de redonner à l’économie, comme oikonomia, toutes ses lettres de noblesse en intégrant continuellement cette dimension dans les autres sphères humaines qui se voient, par le fait même, rééquilibrées. Cette multidimensionnalité coopérative repositionne la personne au cœur d’un projet personnel et social d’envergure. Le coopératisme se dévoile ainsi comme la possibilité d’une démocratisation de l’économie. Il possède en son sein les caractéristiques philosophiques et éducatives nécessaires capables de susciter une transformation de la pensée et des institutions. Ainsi, le coopératisme ne se présente pas seulement comme une entreprise au sens classique du terme, mais aussi comme une école d’apprentissage démocratique et comme un paradigme à part entière capable de confronter l’actuel aux prises avec des anomalies qu’il tarde à résoudre. Le cadre normatif proposé par le coopératisme et la matrice anthropologique qu’il renferme nous portent à penser qu’il peut définitivement vaincre sa marginalité et s’inscrire comme un ouvrage de reconstruction du bien commun et d’un vivre ensemble authentique. En bref, le coopératisme est aussi une œuvre civilisationnelle pour notre temps. iii TABLE DES MATIÈRES RÉSUMÉ .............................................................................................................................. iii LISTE DES ABRÉVIATIONS, DES SIGLES ET DES ACRONYMES ...................... vii REMERCIEMENTS ........................................................................................................... xi INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1 CHAPITRE 1 - LA PROBLÉMATIQUE ........................................................................ 11 1.1 SITUATION SOCIOÉCONOMIQUE ACTUELLE : UNE IMPASSE À RÉSOUDRE ...................................................................................................... 14 1.1.1 Mise en contexte : l’économisme ............................................................. 17 Oikonomia ................................................................................................ 18 Chrématistique ......................................................................................... 21 1.1.2 Fondements du modèle socioéconomique actuel : vers l’homo œconomicus .............................................................................................. 23 Une dimension de propriété ..................................................................... 24 John Locke : liberté et propriété .............................................................. 26 Adam Smith : la division du travail et l’importance du marché .............. 38 Friedrich Hayek : l’ordre spontané et l’individualisme ........................... 46 Conséquences humaines ........................................................................... 54 Remise en question ................................................................................... 67 1.2 ÉPOQUE À LA RECHERCHE DE CHANGEMENTS ................................... 71 1.3 COOPÉRATISME : UNE ALTERNATIVE RAISONNABLE ........................ 79 1.3.1 Trois tendances coopératives .................................................................... 80 Léon Walras et l’école néoclassique ........................................................ 81 Le socialisme et Jean Jaurès .................................................................... 89 Charles Gide et la République coopérative ............................................ 109 Quelques précisions sur les coopératives ............................................... 113 1.3.2 Méconnaissance du modèle coopératif ................................................... 121 1.3.3 Difficultés de la gestion coopérative ...................................................... 124 1.3.4 La coopérative : une autre vision du monde ........................................... 129 1.4 MISE EN PERSPECTIVE DE LA QUESTION DE RECHERCHE .............. 131 CHAPITRE 2 - LES RÉFÉRENTS CONCEPTUELS ................................................. 137 2.1 NOTION DE PARADIGME ........................................................................... 139 2.1.1 Science normale ...................................................................................... 149 2.1.2 Étape de transition vers la révolution scientifique ................................. 153 2.2 PARADIGME ET SOCIÉTÉ .......................................................................... 159 2.2.1 Système social ........................................................................................ 159 2.2.2 Vision du monde délimitée ..................................................................... 162 2.3 PARADIGME ET ÉDUCATION .................................................................... 167 2.3.1 Educare comme formation ..................................................................... 171 2.3.2 Educere comme éducation ..................................................................... 173 2.3.3 Complémentarité des concepts et de la réalité éducative ....................... 175 v 2.3.4 Changement de paradigme et éducation ................................................ 182 2.4 NOUVEAUTÉ PARADIGMATIQUE ............................................................ 187 2.4.1 Influence cartésienne ............................................................................. 188 2.4.2 De la complexité .................................................................................... 193 2.5 NOTRE GRILLE DE LECTURE .................................................................... 197 CHAPITRE 3 - LES PERSPECTIVES PHILOSOPHIQUES DU PARADIGME COOPÉRATIF .................................................................................................................. 201 3.1 QUELQUES REPÈRES HISTORIQUES ........................................................ 202 3.1.1 Jean Jacques Rousseau et la notion de république ................................. 206 3.1.2 Question de propriété collective ............................................................ 220 3.1.3 Quelques penseurs-praticiens coopératifs .............................................. 223 Robert Owen (1771-1858) ...................................................................... 225 Louis Blanc (1812-1882) ........................................................................ 227 William King (1786-1865) ...................................................................... 228 Philippe Buchez (1796-1865) ................................................................. 229 Les Pionniers équitables de Rochdale (1844) ........................................ 232 3.2 HOMO COOPERATUS : VERS UNE
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