Klavirska Dela Františka Josefa Benedikta Dusíka Piano Works of František Josef Benedikt Dusík

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Klavirska Dela Františka Josefa Benedikta Dusíka Piano Works of František Josef Benedikt Dusík M. BARBO • KLAVIRSKA DELA ... UDK 78.071.1:929Dusík DOI: 10.4312/mz.51.1.129–143 Matjaž Barbo Univerza v Ljubljani, Filozofska fakulteta University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Arts Klavirska dela Františka Josefa Benedikta Dusíka Piano Works of František Josef Benedikt Dusík Prejeto: 25. februar 2015 Received: 25th February Sprejeto: 31. marec 2015 Accepted: 31st March 2015 Ključne besede: František Josef Benedikt Dusík, Keywords: František Josef Benedikt Dusík, piano klavirska glasba, slovenska glasba, sonata music, Slovenian music, sonata form IZVLEČEK ABSTRACT Dusík se nam v klavirskih skladbah kaže kot spreten The piano compositions of Dusík reveal a skilful skladatelj in briljanten pianist. Strukturna jasnost in composer and a brilliant pianist. The structural fantazijska sproščenost, dramatična ekspresivnost, clarity and fantasy freedom, the dramatic expressi- pianistična eruptivnost obsežnih cod in vsebinska on, the piano eruption of extensive codas and the zaokrožitev večstavčnega ciklusa izkazujejo odlično link between the movements of the cyclic structure poznavanje sodobnega kompozicijskega stavka ter show the composer's excellent knowledge of con- pričajo o njegovi estetski prepričljivosti. temporary style and gives proof of the aesthetic persuasiveness of his oeuvre. František Josef Benedikt Dusík se je rodil v znani glasbeni družini v češkem mestu Čáslav.1 Njegov oče Jan Josef2 (17383–1818) je že šestnajstleten postal osnovnošolski učitelj oz. pomočnik v kraju Langenauu, kjer je poučeval tudi generalni bas.4 Dvajsetle- ten je nato prišel za učitelja v Čáslav, kjer se je poročil z Alžběto Mlázovicki (Elisabeth Mlasovicensis), r. Schreiner,5 pevko na koru dekanijske cerkve sv. Petra in Pavla. Na 1 Več o Dusíkovem življenju gl.: Matjaž Barbo, František Josef Benedikt Dusík (Ljubljana; 2009) in Matjaž Barbo, František Josef Benedikt Dusík. The Biography of an Eighteenth-Century Composer (Wien, 2011). 2 V literaturi srečamo obe imeni, četudi Bušek meni, da je bil krščen kot Jan. Prim. Jan Bušek, »Rod Dusíkův«, Hudební Výchova. 10 (1909): 22–24, tu 22. 3 Bušek opozarja, da se v literaturi pojavlja včasih napačna letnica rojstva 1739. Prim. ibid. 4 Leo Schiffer, Johann Ladislaus Dussek, seine Sonaten und seine Konzerte (Leipzig, 1914), 1. 5 Ibid. 129 MUZIKOLOŠKI ZBORNIK • MUSICOLOGICAL ANNUAL LI/1 koru cerkve je deloval več kot 60 let,6 njegovo igranje na orgle pa naj bi privabljalo pos- lušalce tudi od daleč.7 Poleg tega je tudi komponiral; še danes so priljubljene nekatere njegove cerkvene pesmi, pastoralne maše in sonate. Jan Josef je imel številne učence, med njimi že kmalu tudi svojega mlajšega brata Wenzla Dusíka. Ko je slednji postal »dober organist in basovski pevec«, se je od njega poslovil ter odšel kot glasbenik službovat najprej v Olomouc, pozneje pa v Biteš na Moravskem.8 Kar samoumevno se zdi tako, da je poučeval tudi svoje otroke. Kako kvalitetna je bila njegova šola, nenazadnje dokazuje dejstvo, da so se mnogi od njih uveljavili kot glasbeniki po vsej Evropi. Med njimi je užival poseben sloves najstarejši sin, ki se je z imenom Jan Ladislav Dussek (v literaturi ga najdemo tudi kot Johanna Ludwiga, krščen pa je bil kot Wenceslaus Joannes)9 uveljavil na najpomembnejših koncertnih odrih takratne Evrope vse od Londona do Berlina, Peterburga, Dunaja, Hamburga in Pariza. Kot eden prvih slovitih potujočih klavirskih virtuozov je oča- ral tedanji glasbeni svet. Njegovo priljubljenost je v starosti delno okusil tudi oče Jan Josef, ki je že kot vdovec svojega sina obiskal v Parizu. Tam je 17. januarja leta 1809 prisostvoval velikemu koncertu v gledališču Odéon. Triumfalni sinov uspeh pred navdušenim pariškim občinstvom je skromnega čáslavskega organista in uči- telja razumljivo navdal z velikim veseljem. Po koncertu so se različni umetniki sešli v stanovanju Jana Ladislava in, kot pravijo viri, starega čáslavskega organista pripravili do tega, da je na klavirju zaigral eno od svojih skladb, ki naj bi jo navzoči sprejeli z iskrenim občudovanjem.10 Joan Josef je otroke poučeval kar v svoji domači hiši na čáslavskem mestnem trgu. Vzdušje živahnega muziciranja je občudoval tudi Charles Burney, eden najboljših po- znavalcev takratnega glasbenega življenja v Evropi. V njegovem spisu The Present State of Music in Germany, the Netherlands and United Provinces, ki je izšel v Londonu 1773, lahko tako beremo: »Organist in kantor Josef Dulsíck [sic] ter violinist župnijske cerkve Martin Kruch, ki sta bila hkrati tudi učitelja, sta odgovorila na vsa moja vprašanja. Šel sem v šolo, ki je bila polna otrok obeh spolov, starih od šest do deset ali enajst let, ki so brali, pisali in igrali na violine, oboe, fagote in druge instrumente. Organist je imel v majhni sobi svoje hiše štiri klavikorde, pri katerih so vadili majhni fantje. Njegov sin, ki je bil star devet let, je zelo dobro igral. Za tem me je odvedel v sicer majhno cerkev ter izvrstno spontano igral na orgle, ki so prav tako majhne, četudi dobrega zvoka; obsegajo od C do C in so brez jezičnikov, vendar imajo pedala ter celo pedalni chorus. Zelo mojstrsko je improviziral fugo na novo prikupno temo in zdi se mi eden najboljših organistov, kar sem jih slišal na 6 František Škrdle, Jan Jos. Dusík. Čáslavský kantor a varhaník. 1738–1818 (Čáslav, 1993), 5. 7 Bušek, »Rod Dusíkův«, 22. 8 Gottfried Johann Dlabacž, »Dussik, Franz Benedikt«, v Allgemeines historisches Künstler-Lexikon für Böhmen und zum Theil auch für Mähren und Schlesien (Praga, 1815, 2. reprint: Hildesheim, 1998): 345–346. 9 Ime Jan je dobil po svojem očetu, ime Václav pa po svojem botru, ki je v krstni knjigi zapisan kot Wenceslaus Skalicky. Howard Allen Craw, A Biography and thematic catalog of the works of J. L. Dussek (1760–1812) (University of Southern California, disertacija, 1964), 17. 10 R. Anderlová, »J. L. Dusík«. Podoubravi. II, 86, cit. po: F. Škrdle, Jan Jos. Dusík, 38. 130 M. BARBO • KLAVIRSKA DELA ... svoji poti. Pritoževal se je nad nespretno roko, pomanjkanjem vaje ter dejal, da uči premalo učencev začetnikov, da bi si privoščil lagodno učenje, ter da ima polno hišo ne le tujih, temveč tudi svojih otrok.«11 Kot opozarja češka muzikologinja Jitka Snížková, je bil »devetletni sin«, o katerem piše Burney, skoraj zagotovo František Josef, ki je bil sicer tedaj star sedem let. Dva- najstletni Jan Ladislav je namreč v tem času že študiral v Jihlavi.12 Poleg njega so bili glasbeniki tudi nekateri drugi člani omenjene »polne hiše ot- rok«. Tako je bila razmeroma znana glasbenica mlajša sestra Kateřina Veronika Anna Rosalia (1769–1833), ki je leta 1793 odšla k svojemu bratu Janu Ladislavu v Anglijo.13 V Londonu se je sprva uveljavila kot odlična pevka, pozneje tudi kot pianistka in harfist- ka. Napisala je nekaj skladb, ki jih je s priimkom Dussik oz. Dussek mogoče zaslediti v nekaterih angleških arhivih. Poročila se je z Italijanom Francescom Cianchettinijem, ki je v Londonu vodil znano izdajateljsko hišo Cianchettini & Sperati, pri kateri so med drugim izhajala dela W. A. Mozarta in L. v. Beethovna. V zakonu se jima je rodil sin Pio Cianchettini (1799–1851), ki so ga kot čudežnega dečka že kmalu imenoval kar »angle- ški Mozart«.14 Zanimivo je, da so njegov nesporni glasbeni talent pripisovali družinskim koreninam in ob smrti njegovega strica Jana Ladislava so tedaj dvanajstletnemu piani- stu in skladatelju pariški časopisi napovedovali, da bo »nekega dne s svojim znanjem popolnoma nadomestil J. L. Dusíka«.15 Nenazadnje pa se je s priimkom Dussek podpisovala tudi prva žena Jana Ladislava, pevka, pianistka, harfistka in skladateljica Sophia (Giustina), rojena Cori (Corri, 1775– 1847). Kot poroča F.-J. Fétis, naj bi se že kot štiriletna pianistka predstavila občinstvu.16 Z Janom Ladislavom sta se poročila leta 1792 in dobila hči Olivio, pozneje poročeno Buckley (1798/99–po 1841), skladateljico zlasti del za harfo, ki so jih oglaševali pod imenom »O. B. Dussek«. V okviru domačega pouka pri očetu se je František Josef že zgodaj naučil igrati na klavir, violino in violončelo in že »od malega kot glasbenik sodeloval na koru«, kot piše njegov oče.17 Kmalu je – enako kot njegov brat Jan Ladislav – šel študirat v 11 »The organist and cantor, M. Johann Dulsick [sic], and the first violin of the parish church, M. Martin Kruch, who are likewise the two school-masters, gave me all the satisfaction I required. I went into the school, which was full of little children of both sexes, from six to ten or eleven years old, who were reading, writing, playing on violins, hautbois, bassons, and other instruments. The organist had in a small room of his house four clavicords with little boys practicing on them all: his son of nine years old, was a very good performer. After this, he attended me to the church, which is but a small one, and played an admirable voluntary on the organ, which is likewise but small, though well-tone; its compass was from C to C, and there were no reed stops; but it had pedals, and an even food chorus. He played an extempore fugue, upon a new, and pleasing subject, in a very masterly manner; and I think him one of the best performers on the organ, which I heard throughout my journey. He complained of loss of hand, for want of practise, and said, that he had too many learners to instruct, in the first rudiments, to be allowed leisure for study, and that he had his house not only full of other people’s children, but his own.« Charles C. Burney, The Present State of Music in Germany, the Netherlands, and United Provinces. Or, the Journal of a tour through these countries, undertaken to collect materials for General History of Music (London, 1773). 12 Jitka Snížková, »František Josef Benedikt Dusík,« Muzikološki zbornik – Musicological Annual, 26 (1990): 29–35, tu: 32. 13 F. Škrdle, Jan Jos. Dusík, 27. 14 F. Škrdle, Jan Jos. Dusík, 28.
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