Managing Transition Sabina Henneberg Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-84200-6 — Managing Transition Sabina Henneberg Index More Information

Index

12/12 movement, 128–129 Amor Commission, 34–38, 61–62, 77, 18 October collective, 64 86, 90–91, 96, 174–175, 182–183, 211 Abassi, Houcine, 73 Amor, Abdelfatah, 34 Abu Salim massacre, 2, 102 AMT (Tunisian Magistrates’ Abushagur, Mustafa, 148–149 Association), 96n135 Addis Ababa, 139 Ansar al-Sharia, 151, 154n16, 157, 162 Afghanistan, 116 Arab League, 112, 131–133, 137 Africa, 18, 164 Arab Spring. See Arab uprisings North, 7–8, 14, 207, 219 (See also Arab uprisings, 7–8, 10, 14 MENA (Middle East and North Arabian Gulf Oil Company, 129 Africa)) ARP (People’s Representative Sub-Saharan, 6, 56, 201 Assembly), 171, 173, 186–187 African Union (AU), 137–139 Article 105, 178n28. See also Tunisian AFTURD (Association de la Femme Bar Association Tunisienne pour la Récherche et le Article 15, 78, 94–95, 180 Développment), 43n93 Article 18, 34n61, 43, 49. See also Agence Tunisienne des gender parity Communications Externales Article 28, 23n15 (ATCE), 75–76, 81 Article 30, 141–142, 218. See also Ahd Joumhouri. See Republican Pact National Transition Council Ajdabiya, 133, 148 (NTC) al-Baida, 2, 103, 105, 107–108 Article 56, 20–21 al-Qaeda, 136n148, 202–203 Article 57, 21 Alaqi, Mohamed al-, 110 Article 8, 34n61 Algeria, 136n148, 201, 216n14, Association de la Femme Tunisienne 224 pour la Récherche et le 1988 protests, 7n21 Développment (AFTURD), 2019 protests, 225n35, 227n40 43n93 colonization of, 18n3 Association des Magistrats Tunisiens Gouvernement Provisoire de la (AMT), 96n135 République Algérienne (GPRA), Association Tunisienne des Femmes 118n73 Democrates (ATFD), 36, 43n93 Algiers, 1 ATCE (Tunisian External Ali, Zaid al-, 141, 142n173 Communications Agency), 75–76, Amazigh, 189–190 81 American consulate in Benghazi, ATFD (Tunisian Association of 151–153, 157 Democratic Women), 25n27, 36, American embassy in Tunis, 69 43n93 Amnesty International, 162–163 AU (African Union), 137–139

256

Index 257

Awjali, Ali al-, 111 17 February Coalition and, 102–103, Awlad-Suleiman, 200n110 117 Ansar al-Sharia assault on, 157 Ban Ki-moon, 130 Central Bank of, 129, 196 Bani Walid, 2, 119, 167 Haftar assault on, 153, 192 bar association. See Libyan Bar National Oil Corporation (NOC) in, Association; Tunisian Bar 129, 197 (See also National Oil Association Corporation (NOC)) Barakat, Naji, 111 NTC headquarters in, 3, 117, 120, Bardo National Museum attack, 172, 122–125, 128–129, 215 (See also 182 12/12 movement) Bardo Palace sit-in, 71 protests in, 2–3, 102 Barqa Council, 144–145, 154–155 Qadhafi assault on, 133 Bashir, Omar al-, 224 Benghazi Council, 103–104, 109 Basic Freedoms and Human Rights Benin, 10 Council (BFHRC), 190, 199 Bennour, Jamal, 109 Belaïd, Chokri, 70 Berlin, 194 Ben Achour Commission, 48, 50, Berlusconi, Silvio, 130–131 53–54, 56, 62, 66–68, 87, 89, 211, BFHRC (Basic Freedoms and Human 220 Rights Council), 190, 199 consensus and, 52 Bhriri, Nourdine, 96–97 decree laws and, 30, 40–42, 47, 80 Bilhaj, Abdelhakim, 117, 123, 128, elections and, 38, 51, 57–58, 83, 94, 136n148, 137n154, 149 180, 184 Bilhaj, Alamin, 116 expert core, 52, 63, 73–78, 210 Black Book, 93, 97 formation of, 25–27, 33 Bouderbala Commission, 35–36, media freedom and, 80–82 49–50, 61–62, 77, 182, 211 representation in, 42–46, 49, 186, Truth and Dignity Commission 210 (See also gender parity) (TDC) and, 90, 92, 174–175 Ben Achour, Yadh, 25–26, 32–33, Bouderbala, Tawfik, 35–36 44–46, 58, 68 Boughaigis, Salwa, 110, 168 Ben Ali, Zine al-Abidine Bourguiba, Habib, 18–19, 40, 42, 48, 1987 coup, 20, 67n23 53, 55, 63, 78, 180 exile and resignation, 1–3, 12, liberalization and reform, 30, 17, 20–21, 25, 29, 34, 43, 208–209 209 overthrow of, 20 government of, 28, 30–31, 40, 42, Tunisian national identity and, 18, 44, 48, 50–51, 53–55, 59, 63–64, 212 72, 83, 88–91, 94–95, 180–182, Bouteflika, Abdelaziz, 224 184–185 Brahim, Ahmed, 22, 24 judiciary under, 75–76, 96 Brahmi, Mohammed, 71–72 reforms introduced by, 20, 209 Brazil, 132 restrictions on freedom of expression, Brussels, 134 54–55, 63, 75–79, 93, 219–220 Ben Ammar, Rachid, 23–24, 89 Caïd Essebsi, Béji, 30–31, 51, 210 Ben Jafar, Mustafa, 22 conflict with Yousef Chahed, Ben Sassi, Othman, 113 173–174, 177 Ben Yousef, Salah, 19 death of, 177 Benghazi. See also American consulate interim cabinet of, 24–26, 48, 56–58, in Benghazi 62n6, 66, 74–77, 89, 211

258 Index

Caïd Essebsi, Béji (cont.) Constitutional Democratic Rally interim prime ministership of, 24, 31, (RCD), 21–24, 28–30, 32n56, 89, 40–41, 44, 50, 57–58, 61, 63, 93–95, 180–181, 184 74–77, 87, 216n13 Constitutional Drafting Assembly media freedom and, 77–80 (CDA), 15, 148, 161, 189, Nida Tounis and, 69–70, 173 (See 192–193, 196 also Nida Tounis) Consultative Support Group, 155–156 presidency of, 98, 171, 173–174, CPR (Congrès Pour la République), 22, 181, 214 65, 68 Caïd Essebsi, Hafedh, 173, 177n23 CSM (Conseil Supérieure de la Cameron, David, 130 Magistrature), 174, 178–179 Carthage Declaration, 173–174 Cyrenaica, 100, 113, 192 CBL (Central Bank of Libya), 196–198, 200 Dabbashi, Ibrahim, 104 CDA (Constitutional Drafting Day of Rage, 2, 103, 109, 115. See also Assembly), 15, 148, 161, 189, February 17 revolution 192–193, 196 DDR (Demobilization, Disarmament, Central Bank of Benghazi, 129, 196 and Reintegration), 136n149, 150, Central Bank of Libya (CBL), 196–198, 217, 220 200 de Gaulle, Charles, 1 Chad, 111 Deauville, 139 Chahed, Yousef, 173–174, 177, 184 Demobilization, Disarmament, and Chamber of Deputies, 21–23, 29, Reintegration (DDR), 136n149, 89 150, 217, 220 Chambi mountains, 72 Democratic Forum for Work and Charlie Hebdo attack, 172 Liberties (FDTL), 22, 56, 65, 68 Chebbi, Ahmed Najib, 22, 24 Democratic Patriots Movement, 70 China, 131–132 Democratic Progressive Party (PDP), Clinton, Hillary, 109, 130n127, 132, 22, 24, 56 159 Derna, 2, 157, 197n100 CNPR (National Council for the Destour Sagheer, 34, 47–48, 66, 75 Protection of the Revolution), Doha, 124, 135 25–27, 48, 87, 89 colonialism. See also neocolonialism Eastern Libyan Shield, 157–158 in Algiers by France, 1, 18n3 Economic Reconciliation Law, 182 in Libya by Italy, 209 Egypt, 104, 118, 147–148, 177, 192, Congrès Pour la République (CPR), 22, 201, 203–204 65, 68 1952 revolution, 101, 209 Conseil Supérieure de la Magistrature 2007 “bread riots,” 7n21 (CSM), 174, 178–179 2011 revolution, 223–224 consensus 2013 protest movement, 71, 73, lack of, 11n33, 24, 74, 142, 144, 202n119 161, 169, 177, 199 el-Magariaf, Muhammad, 148 spirit of, 17, 32–33, 46, 51–52, elections. See speciﬁc governing body 55–56, 58, 65, 68–69, 97–98, 122, Enahda, 22, 25, 70–73, 82, 179, 183. 170, 172, 178–180, 184, 188, 205, See also Troika 211–212 ban on, 19, 67 Consensus Committee, 179 elections and, 46, 65, 68, 98, Constitutional Council, 21, 96 185 Constitutional Court, 32, 177–179 lustration law proposed by, 95

Index 259

ties to radical Islamist groups, 69, gender parity, 186 181 in the Amor Commission, 34 Equity and Reconciliation Commission, in the Ben Achour Commission, 27, 36 41n88, 43–44, 49, 82–83, 184, Erdogan, Tayyip, 131 186 ésprit de consensus. See consensus in the Bouderbala commission, 36, Essid, Habib, 89, 171–173, 181, 214 90 ethnic groups General National Congress (GNC), 15, Amazigh, 189n68 170, 196, 200–201. See also Libya Farjan, 110 Dawn; Libya Political Agreement Tebu, 157, 189n68, 199 (LPA) Touareg, 111, 189n68, 199 distribution of seats in, 155 Tubu, 111 elections, 3–4, 116, 142–146, 155, Zawiya, 122, 133, 157, 164, 200 159, 161, 214 Ettajdid, 22, 24, 56 international assistance, Ettakatol (FDTL), 22, 56, 65, 68 159–160 EU (European Union), 130, 137, 203 security, 4, 151–153, 157, 167–168, Europe, 18, 48 199, 203 Eastern, 6, 14 selection of prime minister, 148–149, European Parliament, 114 162, 189, 192 European Union (EU), 130, 137, 203 split with HOR, 153–154, 162, 167, 190–191, 198 fact-ﬁnding commission on state abuse. General Tunisian Workers’ Union See Bouderbala Commission (UGTT), 1, 19, 22, 25, 27, 43–45, Fajr Libya. See Libya Dawn 48, 53–54, 70–74, 173, 178, 184, Farjan, 110 212 FDTL (Ettakatol), 22, 56, 65, 68 Geneva, 190 February 17 Coalition, 103, 112–113, Germany, 132 117, 123, 155 Ghannouchi, Mohammed February 17 revolution, 166. See also interim cabinet of, 22–23, 31 Day of Rage prime ministership of, 20–26, 28–29, Fezzan, 113, 189n68 34–35, 37–38, 53, 56, 59, 89, 210, Fishman, Benjamin, 160 216, 224 Fituri, Anwar, 111 Ghannouchi, Rachid, 22, 69n29, Forum Démocratique Pour le Travail et 174n10, 207n1 les Libertés (FDTL), 22, 56, 65, 68 Gharyani, Sheikh al-Sadiq al-, 117 FP (Front Populaire), 71 Ghazal, Salah, 103n15, 109 France, 1, 100, 109, 113, 127, Ghoga, Abdel Hafez, 103, 105, 108, 130–135, 139–140, 158–159, 190, 144 193, 202–204, 209. See also Ghwell, Khalifa, 192 colonialism GNA (Government of National protectorate in Tunisia, 18, 30, 208 Accord), 191–194, 200, 203–204 Free Libya Armed Forces, 120 GNC (General National Congress). Front Populaire (FP), 71 See General National Congress (GNC) Gabon, 139 Government of National Accord Gafsa, 25 (GNA), 191–194, 200, 203–204 Gajiji, Othman, 144 Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council), 131–132, 137 131–132, 137 Gumia, Hania al-, 111

260 Index

Haftar, Khalifa, 111, 195, 197, 205, 218 ICC (International Criminal Court), control of oil, 192–195, 200 138, 163 and international community, 201, ILE (Independent Local Election 203–204 Authority), 84 parliamentary attack by, 147, IMF (International Monetary Fund), 153–154, 162, 168, 214–215 (See 19, 183–184 also Operation Dignity) Independent Commission for and tensions within NTC, 125–126 Investigation of Corruption. See HAICA (High Independent Authority Amor Commission for Audio-Visual Communication), Independent High Electoral Authority 79–80, 82, 86, 88 (ISIE), 38, 41, 44, 46, 51, 62, Hariati, Mehdia al-, 123 63n11, 76, 84, 88, 97, 171, 187, Hariri, Omar al-, 110 211 Haute Autorité Indépendente de la Independent Local Election Authority Communication Audiovisuelle (ILE), 84 (HAICA), 79–80, 82, 86, 88 Independent Local Electoral Authority Haute Instance pour la Réalisation des (IRIE), 84–85 Objectifs de la Revolution, la India, 105, 132 Réforme Politique, et la Transition INRIC (National Commission for Démocratique. See Ben Achour Information and Communication Commission Reform), 37–38, 47–48, 76–77, High Authority for the Realization of 79–81, 86, 187, 211 the Goals of the Revolution, Instance d’Equité et Reconciliation. See Political Reform, and Democratic Equity and Reconciliation Transition. See Ben Achour Commission Commission Instance Supérieure Indépendente pour High Independent Authority for Audio- les Elections (ISIE), 38–39, 41, 44, Visual Communication (HAICA), 46, 51, 62, 63n11, 76, 84–86, 88, 79–80, 82, 86, 88 97, 171, 187, 211 High Judicial Council (CSM), 174, Instances Locales pour les Elections 178–179 (ILE), 84 High National Elections Commission Instances Régionales Indépendentes (HNEC), 143–144 pour les Elections (IRIE), 84–85 High State Council, 191–192 International Contact Group, 133 HIROR. See Ben Achour Commission International Criminal Court (ICC), HNEC (High National Elections 138, 163 Commission), 143–144 International Monetary Fund (IMF), Hodeifah, Kamel, 109 19, 183–184 HOR (House of Representatives). See IRIE (Instances Régionales House of Representatives (HOR) Indépendentes pour les Elections), horizontal parity. See zipper parity 84–85 Houni, Abdelmonem al-, 112 ISIE (Independent High Electoral House of Representatives (HOR), Authority), 38–39, 41, 44, 46, 51, 153–154 62, 63n11, 76, 84–85, 88, 97, 171, elections, 162, 188, 199 187, 211 split with GNC, 162, 168–169, ISIS, 202–203 188–198, 214 Islamic State. See ISIS Human Rights Watch, 3n5, 108n31, Issawi, Ali, 105, 121 159n40 Italy, 140, 193, 202–203 Huntington, Samuel, 6 colonization of Libya, 100, 209

Index 261

Itilaf al-sabatash Febriar, 117, 123. See letters of credit, 198 also February 17 Coalition Lévy, Bernard-Henri, 109, 131–132 LIA (Libyan Investment Authority), 110 Jadran, Ibrahim, 192–193, 196, 200 Libya, 99–169, 188–205. See also Jalil, Mustafa Abd-al, 107–108, National Transition Council 145–146, 149 (NTC) and formation of NTC, 103, civil society in, 158 105–107, 127–128 history of, 100–106 liberation speech, 114, 128 international involvement in, 109, political weakness of, 124, 126–128, 120–127, 129–139, 142–143 156–157 National Assembly, 100–101 Jamahouriya, 101, 102n11, 103, 217 national identity, 101 Jendouba, 72 oil in (See oil in Libya) Jendoubi, Kamel, 39 statelessness, 118–119 Jibril, Mahmoud, 108 tribes of, 100, 107, 154, 164, 193, and international community, 109, 199–200, 205, 213 (See also ethnic 130–132, 136, 159 groups) prime ministership, 108–109, 121, Libya Contact Group (LCG), 135–136, 124–126, 140, 148–149, 155–156 138–140 Jomaa, Mehdi, 72 Libya Dawn, 153, 190 government of, 72–74, 97 Libya Political Agreement (LPA), journalism. See press freedom 191–193, 203 Jrad, Abdelsalam, 22 Libyan Bar Association, 108, 110, 178 Justice and Construction Party, 116, Libyan International Medical 148 University, 155 Justice and Equality Movement, 136 Libyan Investment Authority (LIA), 110 Juweili, Osama, 111, 150–151, 195 Libyan Islamic Fighting Group (LIFG), 116–117 Kabir, Sadiq al-, 105n21, 197–198, 200 Libyan Islamic Movement for Change Kairouan, 25 (LIMC). See Libyan Islamic Karoui, Nabil, 177 Fighting Group (LIFG) Kasbah protests, 23, 25, 35n66, 89 Libyan National Planning Council, 108 Kib, Abdelrahman al-, 114 Libyan Shield Force (LSF), 151, 156 government of, 114, 144n179, 159, Libyan Supreme Court, 165n62, 190, 203 199 Kufra, 111, 136n150, 157, 164, 200 Libyan Unionist Party, 155 Kuni, Musa al-, 111 Libyan Vision, 108 Kuwait, 140 LIFG (Libyan Islamic Fighting Group), 116–117 La Marsa, 32 Ligue tunisien de droit de l’homme Laabidi, Kamel, 37–38 (LTDH), 22, 27, 32, 35–36, 44, Laarayedh, Ali, 72 48, 54, 64, 72, 74, 212 labor unions, 6, 19, 53 LIMC (Libyan Islamic Movement for Law #26, 165n65 Change). See Libyan Islamic Law #37, 166, 214 Fighting Group (LIFG) Law #38, 165–167, 214 little constitution. See Destour Sagheer Law #4, 165 Loi Fondamentale, 49n111 LCG (Libya Contact Group), 135–136, London, 13, 114–115, 134, 140, 202 138–140 LPA (Libya Political Agreement), León, Bernadino, 190 191–193, 203

262 Index

LSF (Libyan Shield Force), 151, 156 Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 101, 209 lustration law, 95, 212, 218 National Army, 120 National Commission for Information Macron, Emmanuel, 190, 193 and Communication Reform Maghreb, 18, 48 (INRIC), 37–38, 47–48, 76–77, Mahmoudi, Umar al-Baghdadi al-, 103 79–81, 86, 187, 211 Maiteg, Ahmed, 162 National Conference of Libyan Mali, 6n15, 111, 147, 200 Opposition (NCLO), 2, 114–115, Mansour, Issa Abdul-Majjid, 111 117 Marzouk, Mohsen, 173 National Constituent Assembly (NCA), Marzouki, Moncef, 22, 68, 93, 97, 171 24–60, 65–67. See also Troika; Mebazza, Fouad, 21–24, 26, 29–30, Tunisian Provisional 58–59, 75n48, 89, 210 Administration (TPA) media censorship. See press freedom of 1956, 68 Medvedev, Dimitri, 139 Bardo sit–in, 71 MENA (Middle East and North Africa), bylaws, 65, 87 7–8, 207, 219, 223 Consensus Committee, 179 Merkel, Angela, 130 constitution drafting, 3–4, 9, 12, 60, Middle East, 18, 132. See also MENA 65, 70–73 (Middle East and North Africa) election of, 24, 31, 41, 44, 53, 56, 65, Middle East and North Africa (MENA), 67 7–8, 207, 219, 223 mandate and competencies of (See mini-constitution. See Destour Sagheer September 15th document) Mismari, Abdelsalam al-, 110n37, National Council for the Protection of 155–156 the Revolution (CNPR), 25–27, Misrata, 113, 122, 133, 162, 164, 167, 48, 87, 89 192, 195, 199n105 National Dialogue militia, 200, 202 Libyan, 188, 225 Misrata Military Council (MMC), 122, Tunisian, 67, 70, 72–74, 95, 97, 179, 213 226 MMC (Misrata Military Council), 122, National Economic Development 213 Board, 108 Mohammed Ali Square, 1 National Fact-Finding Commission on Monastir, 19 Corruption and Embezzlement. See Montasir, Mohamed, 113 Amor Commission Morocco, 36, 191 National Forces Alliance (NFA), Morsi, Mohammed, 71, 202n119 148–149, 155 Mouvement de la Tendance Islamique National Gathering, 115–116 (MTI). See Enahda National Libyan Salvation Front MTI (Mouvement de la Tendance (NLSF), 115n60, 117, 148 Islamique). See Enahda National Oil Corporation (NOC), 129, Mubarak, Hosni, 223–224 192–193, 197, 200 Mugharbi, Zahi, 110n37, 155–156 National Transition Council (NTC), Muslim Brotherhood, 71, 73, 114–116, 3–4, 12–15, 99–169. See also 141–142, 149, 202n119 General National Congress (GNC) “secular” proﬁle, 115–116, 141 Nafusa Mountains, 122, 124 Constitutional Declaration, 3, 114, Naguedh, Lotﬁ,70 141–142, 154, 156, 161, 165, 218 Nasr, Abdelmajid al-, 113 Executive Council, 110, 121, 128, Nasr, Mansour Saif al-, 113 156

Index 263

federalism, 155, 192, 205 Operation Odyssey Dawn, 133 finances, 118, 129, 135, 158, 167 Operation Unified Protector, formation of, 99–100, 102–106 133n137, 134 human rights, 140, 143, 159, NTC (National Transition Council). 162–169 See National Transition Council international assistance, 99, 127, (NTC) 130–139, 147, 158–160, 169 judicial reform, 165–168 Obama, Barack, 68, 132, 139, 160 lack of experience, 126–130, 156, Obeidi, 125 161 Obeidi, Suleiman Mahmoud al-, lack of vision, 15, 99, 108, 134, 140, 120n84, 125 146–147, 149, 161, 170, 188, Odyssey Dawn, 133. See also NATO 199–200, 203 (North Atlantic Treaty legislative council, 112–114, Organization) 165–166 oil in Libya, 101n4, 102–105, 129, roadmap by, 3, 15, 99, 109, 134–135, 155, 157–158, 192–194, 137–145, 149, 156, 160–161, 165, 196–197, 200, 209. See also 190–193, 203, 213, 221 National Oil Corporation (NOC) stabilization committee, 110, 124, Operation Dignity, 154, 190, 197n100, 129 199 Supreme Judicial Council, 165, 167 Ottoman Empire, 47, 100, 208–209 weapons monitoring, 121 Ouled Suleiman, 164 Nationalistes Démocratiques, 68 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Palermo, 193 Organization), 120, 123, 125, Paris, 22, 108n34, 109, 122, 131–133, 132–134, 138, 201, 215 172, 193, 202 Nayid, Aref, 110, 124, 149 Parti Démocratique Progressiste (PDP), Nayid, Rafiq, 110 22, 24, 56 NCA (National Constituent Assembly). Parti Socialist Démocratique (PSD), See National Constituent Assembly 29–30 (NCA) PDP (Parti Démocratique Progressiste), NCLO (National Conference of Libyan 22, 29, 56 Opposition), 2, 114–115, 117 Peace and Security Council (PSC). See Neo-Destour, 18, 29, 49n111–111 African Union (AU) neocolonialism, 132. See also Pelt, Adrian, 100 colonialism People’s Represenatative Assembly NFA (National Forces Alliance), (ARP), 171, 173, 186–187 148–149, 155 people’s rule. See Jamahouriya Nida Tounis, 69–70, 98, 171, 173–174, Personal Status Code, 49, 208. See also 176–177, 181 gender parity; women’s rights Niger, 200 Petroleum Facilities Guard (PFG), 155, Nigeria, 139 192, 196 NLSF (National Libyan Salvation PFG (Petroleum Facilities Guard), 155, Front), 115n60, 117 192, 196 no-fly zone, 131, 133n137, 139 PIL (Political Isolation Law), 152–153, NOC (National Oil Corporation), 129, 167–168, 199 192–193, 197, 200 Political Isolation Law (PIL), 152–153, North Atlantic Treaty Organization 167–168, 199 (NATO), 120, 123, 125, 132–134, Political Reform Commission. See Ben 138, 201, 215 Achour Commission

264 Index

Presidential Guard, 36, 83n81, 172 Sahmein, Nuri Abu, 191 Press Code of 1975, 80 Salamé, Ghassan, 193–194 press freedom, 37, 77–81, 219–220. See Saleh, Agileh, 191, 193 also INRIC (National Commission Sallabi, Ali al-, 115, 117, 156 for Information and Sanalla, Mustafa, 200 Communication Reform) Sanusi order, 100–101, 110, 113–114, Black Book, 93, 97 209 PSC (Peace and Security Council). See Sanusi, Abdullah al-, 2, 154, 163 African Union (AU) Sanusi, Ahmed al-Zubair al-, 113 PSD (Parti Socialist Démocratique), Sanusi, King Idris al-, 101, 209 29–30 Sanusi, Mohammed Rida al-, 114 Sarkozy, Nicholas, 108n34, 109, Qadhafi Development Foundation, 130–131, 134n141, 159 110, 116 Sarsar, Chafik, 187 Qadhafi, Moammar, 163, 166 Saudi Arabia, 1, 111n46, 201 1969 coup, 110, 197, 209 SCAF (Supreme Council of the Armed death of, 114, 128, 160 Forces), 223–224 government of, 2–3, 101–102, September 15th document, 47n107, 58, 106–108, 133, 137–139, 147, 154, 65, 86–87, 221 157, 164, 167–169, 189, 195 Sergiwa, Sihem, 195 overthrow of, 12, 99, 112, 117–118, Serraj, Fayez al-, 191–192 120, 130, 134–136, 215 Sfax, 72 protests against, 2, 115, 208 Shalgham, Abd al-Rahman, 104 sanctions against, 130–131, 138 Shamam, Mahmoud, 105 weapons cache, 201 Shamia, Abdallah, 116 Qadhafi, Saadi, 2, 104n20 Shokri, Mohammed, 197 Qadhafi, Saif al-Islam, 104, 110, 112, Sidi Bouzid, 25 116, 163 Sidre, 196, 200 Qatar, 122, 127, 129, 131–132, Sirte, 3n6, 110n40, 163, 202 134–137, 140, 158–159, 201 Skhirat. See Morocco Qelb Tounis, 177 Social Democratic Movement, 30 Quartet, 72–73 Social Democratic Party (PSD), 29–30 Rada militia, 194 Sousse, 19 Rajhi, Ferhat, 89 attack in, 172, 181 Ras Lanuf, 196, 200 South Africa, 132, 138 RCD (Constitutional Democratic Sovereign National Conferences, 10 Rally), 21–24, 28–30, 32n56, 89, Soviet Union, 6 93–95, 180–181, 184 SSC (Supreme Security Council), Renaissance Party. See Enahda 150–151, 156 Republican Pact, 67–69 starting conditions, 4, 10, 208, 215 Revolutionary Command Council, 101, Stephens, Christopher, 151, 215 209 Sudan, 135–137, 224 Rome, 140, 202 Supreme Council of the Armed Forces roundtable negotiations, 6 (SCAF), 223–224 Russia, 131, 137–139, 192, 203 Supreme Magistrates Council, 75n45, 96–97 S17, 182 Supreme National Elections Council, Sabha, 113, 194 142. See also High National Saed, Kais, 177 Elections Commission (HNEC)

Index 265

Supreme Security Council (SSC), civil society in, 19, 25, 27, 34, 36–37, 150–151, 156 40–43, 48–49, 52–55, 60, 66, 70, Syria, 160 84, 93 Constitutional Council, 21, 75n48, tammarod, 71 96 Tarhouni, Ali, 105, 126 Constitutional Court, 32, 177–179 Tatouine, 70 history of, 18–20 TDC (Truth and Dignity Commission), Ministry of Defense, 36 90, 92–93, 96–97, 174–176 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 50 Tebu, 111, 157–158, 164, 199–200 Ministry of Health, 36 Terbil, Fathi, 2, 109–110 Ministry of Information, 75 (See also Thinni, Abdullah al-, 162, 189n66, 197 Tunisian External Third Wave, 5 Communications Agency (ATCE)) thuwwar, 156, 162 Ministry of Interior, 1, 36, 77, 83, Tobruk, 2, 153, 190, 192 90–91 Togo, 10 Ministry of International Touareg, 111, 113n49, 164, 189n68, Cooperation and Foreign 199–200 Investment, 28 TPA (Tunisian Provisional Ministry of Justice, 75, 179 Administration). See Tunisian Ministry of Justice and Human Provisional Administration (TPA) Rights, 93 Trabelsi, Leila, 1, 91n115 Ministry of Planning, 28 transitional justice, 11, 225 National Archives, 37 in Libya, 143, 162–169, 205 National Broadcasting Ofﬁce, 77, 81 in Tunisia, 36–37, 72, 88–98, 171, National Frequency Center, 77, 81 175–176, 180, 182–183, 188, national identity, 18, 64, 67–70, 74, 212–214, 218 78, 87, 209, 212 Tree Square, 129 National Internet Agency, 77, 81 Tripoli, 102, 114, 116, 128–129, 139, startup act, 174 146 Tunisian Association for Constitutional battle for, 117, 122–123, 136, 156, Law, 74 159 Tunisian Association for Democratic fall of, 124, 150 Women (ATFD), 25n27, 36, liberation of, 123, 125, 143, 149 43n93 militia in, 117, 153, 190, 194 Tunisian Bar Association, 25, 53n127, Tripoli Central Bank, 197, 200 72, 74 Tripoli Local Council, 124 Tunisian External Communications Tripoli Military Council, 123, 149 Agency (ATCE), 75–76, 81 Tripoli Revolutionaries Battalion, 123 Tunisian journalists’ union, 37 Tripoli Taskforce, 123–124, 149 Tunisian judges’ associations, 37, Tripolitania, 100, 189n68 53–54, 96–97 Troika, 4, 60, 65–66, 69–71, 74, Tunisian Magistrates’ Association 81–82, 86–87, 89, 91–93, 96–97, (AMT), 96n135 170–171, 181, 183, 205, 212, Tunisian Provisional Administration 218–219 (TPA), 17–59 Truth and Dignity Commission (TDC), bridging role of, 28, 32–33, 54, 60, 90, 92–93, 96–97, 174–176 210 Tunis, 13, 19 decree laws, 25, 30, 34–35, 39–41, protests in, 25, 71 47, 76, 80–85, 91 Tunisia, 17–99 institutions of, 33–39

266 Index

Tunisian Provisional Administration United States, 6, 50, 130–133, 139, (TPA) (cont.) 151, 159. See also American judicial reform, 66, 75, 82, 88–89, consulate in Benghazi; American 96–97 embassy in Tunis legitimacy of, 39–51 Universal Declaration of Human Rights media reform, 77–81 (See also INRIC (UDHR), 47 (National Commission for University of Pittsburgh, 108 Information and Communication University of Washington, 105 Reform)) UNSC (United Nations Security Tunisian Supreme Court, 24 Council), 130–131, 138–139, 143 Tunisian Union of Industry, Commerce, Resolution 1970, 131 and Handicrafts (UTICA), 72–73 Resolution 1973, 131–133, 138 Turkey, 7n19, 134n141, 138n161, 159, UNSMIL (United Nations Support 201 Mission in Libya), 143, 159n39 USA. See United States UAE. See United Arab Emirates UTICA (Tunisian Union of Industry, Ubari, 194 Commerce, and Handicrafts), UDHR (Universal Declaration of 72–73 Human Rights), 47 UGTT (General Tunisian Workers’ Venezuela, 137, 222n29 Union) l’Union Générale des vertical parity. See zipper parity Travailleurs Tunisiens, 1, 19, 22, 25, 27, 43–45, 48, 53–54, 70–74, Warriors Affairs Commission, 150 173, 178, 184, 212 Washington, DC, 13, 202 UK. See United Kingdom West, the, 20, 48, 50–51, 101–102, UN. See United Nations 109n35, 131–132, 139 Uniﬁed Protector, 133n137, 134. See Western Military Council (WMC), 122 also NATO (North Atlantic Treaty WMC (Western Military Council), 122 Organization) women’s rights, 49, 55, 70n32, 71n36, Union Générale des Travailleurs 110, 174, 177. See also gender Tunisiens (UGTT), 1, 19, 22, 25, parity 27, 43–45, 48, 53–54, 70–74, 173, 178, 184, 212 Yemen, 8, 160 Union Tunisienne de l’Industrie, du youth, 53, 110, 150, 183 Commerce, et de l’Artisanat involvement in protests, 31, 37, 92 (UTICA), 72–73 representation in government, 27, United Arab Emirates, 123, 123n97, 31n49, 41, 43–46, 87 135, 137, 192, 197, 201 Yunis, Abdelfatah, 112, 124–127, 134, United Kingdom, 132, 158 142, 157, 195 United Nations, 100, 104, 124, 130–131, 150, 159n40, 159, 165, Zawiya, 122, 133, 157, 164, 200 188, 190–191, 194 Zeidan, Ali, 149, 162, 169, 189n66 United Nations Security Council Zintan, 122, 153, 163–164, 195 (UNSC), 130–131, 138–139, militia, 163, 192 143 Zintan Military Council, 111 Resolution 1970, 131 zipper parity, 43, 83, 186. See also Resolution 1973, 131–133, 138 gender parity United Nations Support Mission in Zuwara, 113 Libya (UNSMIL), 143, 159n39 Zway. See Zawiya