Libyan Civil War Libyan Civil War Articles
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Libyan Civil War and International military Intervention Since February 17th up to March 30th, 2011 Wikipedia Articles as at March 31, 2011 Part One Articles: Libyan Civil War. UN Security Council Resolution. Military Intervention. Casualties. Timeline. Domestic Reactions. International Reactions Map of the Wikipedia Articles 2011 Libyan civil war Protests International reactions • Domestic responses • Casualties • Timeline Battles First Battle of Benghazi • Tripoli clashes • Battle of Az Zawiyah • Battle of Misurata • Battle of Gharyan • First Battle of Brega • Battle of Ra's Lanuf • Battle of Bin Jawad • Second Battle of Brega • Battle of Ajdabiya • Second Battle of Benghazi • Battle of Az Zintan • Late March rebel offensive • International military intervention (Operation Ellamy – Operation Odyssey Dawn – Opération Harmattan – Operation MOBILE ) • Operation Unified Protector • Places Bab al-Azizia • Green Square • Maydan al-Shajara People Muammar Gaddafi • Saif al-Islam Muammar Al-Gaddafi • Mustafa Mohamed Abud Al Jeleil • Abdul Fatah Younis • Hafiz Ghoga • Hussein Sadiq al Musrati • Mohammed El Senussi • Idris al-Senussi • Fathi Terbil • Mohammed Nabbous • Mahmoud Jibril • Khalifa Belqasim Haftar • Ali Tarhouni • Ali Abd-al-Aziz al-Isawi • Iman al-Obeidi Forces Anti-Gaddafi forces (Libyan People's Army – Free Libyan Air Force – NCLO ) • Military of Libya (Libyan Army – Libyan Air Force – Libyan Navy ) • Revolutionary Guard Corps Related National Transitional Council • Abu Salim Prison • Fist Crushing a U.S. Fighter Plane • People's Hall, Tripoli • Topple the Tyrants • United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970 • United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 ( International reactions to the intervention – Protests against the intervention – US domestic reactions to the intervention ) 2011 Libyan civil war From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The neutrality of this article is disputed . Please see the discussion on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (March 2011) • Cities controlled by pro-Gaddafi forces • Cities controlled by anti-Gaddafi forces (supported by coalition forces) • Ongoing fighting/unclear situation (situation as of 29 March 2011) Date 15 February 2011 – present Location Libya Status Ongoing Belligerents National Transitional Council [1] • Free Libyan Air Force • Libyan People's Army • National Conference for the Libyan Opposition [2] Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Libyan Armed Forces • Anti-Gaddafi tribes Libyan Army Libyan Air Force Libyan Navy Foreign mercenaries [5][6][7][8][9] UN member states enforcing UNSC Resolution 1973 : • NATO Qatar [3] UAE [4] full list[show] • Commanders and leaders Mustafa Abdul Jalil [10] Omar El-Hariri [11] Abdul Fatah [12] [13] Younis Suleiman Mahmoud Khalifa Belqasim Haftar Muammar Gaddafi Saif al-Islam al-Gaddafi Khamis al-Gaddafi Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr Charles Bouchard [14] Strength Approximately 17,000 [15] (1,000 trained men) [16] [17] 10,000–12,000 (Al Jazeera estimate) International Forces: Numerous air and maritime forces ( see here ) Casualties and losses 1,567–2,049 opposition fighters killed (see here ) 585–663 soldiers killed (see here ) International Forces: 1 USAF F-15E Strike Eagle crashed (both pilots survived) [non-combat loss] [18] Estimated total killed on both sides including civilians: 2,000–10,000 [19] [20] [21] [21] [22] [23] is an ongoing armed conflict in the North African country of Libya ( اـــــب اھـــــ اـــــ : The 2011 Libyan civil war (Arabic against Muammar Gaddafi 's 42-year rule , with protesters calling for new leadership and democratic elections. [citation needed ] The situation began as a series of protests and confrontations on 15 February 2011. Within a week, this uprising had spread and Gaddafi was struggling to retain control across the country. [24] Gaddafi responded with military force and other such measures as censorship and blocking of communications. With his soldiers across the country defecting, Gaddafi allegedly recruited foreign mercenaries to supplement his forces. From a diplomatic angle, Gaddafi offered talks with opposition leaders through a representative but the rebels have rejected any form of dialogue; they pledge to keep fighting at all costs until either Gaddafi resign or be defeated militarily. [25] The situation then escalated into armed conflict , with rebels establishing a coalition named the Transitional National Council based in Benghazi . The International Criminal Court warned Gaddafi that he and members of his government may have committed crimes against humanity .[26] The United Nations Security Council passed an initial resolution freezing the assets of Gaddafi and ten members of his inner circle, and restricting their travel. The resolution also referred the actions of the government to the International Criminal Court for investigation. [27] In early March, Gaddafi's forces rallied, pushed eastwards and re-took several coastal cities before attacking Benghazi. A further resolution authorized member states to enforce a no-fly zone over Libya .[28] The Gaddafi government then announced a ceasefire, but failed to uphold it. A collection of states began enforcing the no-fly zone on 19 March by disabling Gaddafi's air defenses. [29] Background History Main article: History of Libya under Gaddafi Gaddafi has been the de-facto ruler of Libya since the overthrow of King Idris I in 1969. [30] WikiLeaks ' disclosure of confidential US diplomatic cables has revealed US diplomats there speaking of Gaddafi's "mastery of tactical maneuvering". [31] While placing relatives and loyal members of his tribe in central military and government positions, he has skilfully marginalized supporters and rivals, thus maintaining a delicate balance of powers, stability and economic developments. This extends even to his own children, as he changes affections to avoid the rise of a clear successor and rival. [31] Petroleum revenues contribute up to 58% of Libya's GDP. [32] Governments with " resource curse " revenue have a lower need for taxes from other industries and consequently feel less pressure to develop their middle class. To calm down opposition, they can use the income from natural resources to offer services to the population, or to specific government supporters. [33] Libya's oil wealth being spread over a relatively small population has allowed for a relatively high living standard compared to neighboring countries.[34] Despite one of the highest unemployment rates in the region at 21% (latest census), there was a consistent labor shortage with over a million migrant workers present on the market. [35] These migrant workers formed the bulk of the refugees leaving Libya after the beginning of hostilities. Libya's purchasing power parity (PPP) GDP per capita in 2010 was US $14,878; its human development index in 2010 was 0.755; and its literacy rate in 2009 was 87%. These numbers were lower in Egypt and Tunisia. [36] Indeed, Libyan citizens are considered to be well educated and to have a high standard of living. [37] This specific situation creates a wider contrast between good education, high demand for democracy, and the government's practices (perceived corruption, political system, supply of democracy). [36] The uprising has been viewed as a part of the 2010–2011 Middle East and North Africa protests which has already resulted in the ousting of long-term presidents of adjacent Tunisia and Egypt with the initial protests all using similar slogans. [38] Social media had played an important role in organizing the opposition. [39] [edit ] Corruption Gaddafi amassed a vast fortune during his 42-year rule. [40] Much of the country's income from oil, which soared in the 1970s, was spent on arms purchases and on sponsoring militancy and terror around the world. [41][42] According to The Economist , the eastern parts of the country, once a breadbasket of the ancient world, have fared badly under Gaddafi's economic theories.[43][44] Libya's corruption perception index in 2010 was 2.2, which was worse than that of Egypt and Tunisia, two neighboring countries who have faced an uprising before Libya. [45] [edit ] Human rights Further information: Human rights in Libya According to the 2009 Freedom of the Press Index , Libya is the most-censored country in the Middle East and North Africa. [46] Some 453 Basic People's Congresses meeting quarterly form the legal basis of the government. Each elects a secretariat and various People's Committees as its executive branch. The Basic Congresses and their Committees are overseen by Revolutionary committees which report to Gaddafi via a Permanent Revolutionary Committee . Revolutionary committees are embedded throughout most government-controlled organizations including enterprises and the education sector. According to the U.S. State Department, 10 to 20 percent of Libyans work in surveillance for these committees, a proportion of informants on par with Saddam Hussein 's Iraq or Kim Jong Il 's North Korea .[47] Engaging in political conversations with foreigners is a crime punishable by three years of prison in most cases. [citation needed ] During late 1980s and early 1990s western languages were removed from the school curriculum. [48][49] The government has reportedly paid for assassination of its critics around the world. [47][50] As of 2004, Libya still provided bounties for critics, including US$1 million for Ashur Shamis , a Libyan-British journalist. [51] The regime has often executed opposition activists publicly and the executions