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Nationwide School Assessment Libya Ministry
Ministry of Education º«∏©àdGh á«HÎdG IQGRh Ministry of Education Nationwide School Assessment Libya Nationwide School Assessment Report - 2012 Assessment Report School Nationwide Libya LIBYA Libya Nationwide School Assessment Report 2012 Libya Nationwide School Assessment Report 2012 º«∏©àdGh á«HÎdG IQGRh Ministry of Education Nationwide School Assessment Libya © UNICEF Libya/2012-161Y4640/Giovanni Diffidenti LIBYA: Doaa Al-Hairish, a 12 year-old student in Sabha (bottom left corner), and her fellow students during a class in their school in Sabha. Doaa is one of the more shy girls in her class, and here all the others are raising their hands to answer the teacher’s question while she sits quiet and observes. The publication of this volume is made possible through a generous contribution from: the Russian Federation, Kingdom of Sweden, the European Union, Commonwealth of Australia, and the Republic of Poland. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the donors. © Libya Ministry of Education Parts of this publication can be reproduced or quoted without permission provided proper attribution and due credit is given to the Libya Ministry of Education. Design and Print: Beyond Art 4 Printing Printed in Jordan Table of Contents Preface 5 Map of schools investigated by the Nationwide School Assessment 6 Acronyms 7 Definitions 7 1. Executive Summary 8 1.1. Context 9 1.2. Nationwide School Assessment 9 1.3. Key findings 9 1.3.1. Overall findings 9 1.3.2. Basic school information 10 1.3.3. -
Managing Transition Sabina Henneberg Index More Information
Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-84200-6 — Managing Transition Sabina Henneberg Index More Information Index 12/12 movement, 128–129 Amor Commission, 34–38, 61–62, 77, 18 October collective, 64 86, 90–91, 96, 174–175, 182–183, 211 Abassi, Houcine, 73 Amor, Abdelfatah, 34 Abu Salim massacre, 2, 102 AMT (Tunisian Magistrates’ Abushagur, Mustafa, 148–149 Association), 96n135 Addis Ababa, 139 Ansar al-Sharia, 151, 154n16, 157, 162 Afghanistan, 116 Arab League, 112, 131–133, 137 Africa, 18, 164 Arab Spring. See Arab uprisings North, 7–8, 14, 207, 219 (See also Arab uprisings, 7–8, 10, 14 MENA (Middle East and North Arabian Gulf Oil Company, 129 Africa)) ARP (People’s Representative Sub-Saharan, 6, 56, 201 Assembly), 171, 173, 186–187 African Union (AU), 137–139 Article 105, 178n28. See also Tunisian AFTURD (Association de la Femme Bar Association Tunisienne pour la Récherche et le Article 15, 78, 94–95, 180 Développment), 43n93 Article 18, 34n61, 43, 49. See also Agence Tunisienne des gender parity Communications Externales Article 28, 23n15 (ATCE), 75–76, 81 Article 30, 141–142, 218. See also Ahd Joumhouri. See Republican Pact National Transition Council Ajdabiya, 133, 148 (NTC) al-Baida, 2, 103, 105, 107–108 Article 56, 20–21 al-Qaeda, 136n148, 202–203 Article 57, 21 Alaqi, Mohamed al-, 110 Article 8, 34n61 Algeria, 136n148, 201, 216n14, Association de la Femme Tunisienne 224 pour la Récherche et le 1988 protests, 7n21 Développment (AFTURD), 2019 protests, 225n35, 227n40 43n93 colonization of, 18n3 Association des Magistrats Tunisiens -
Bogdan SZAJKOWSKI*
Alternative Politics, Vol.3, No.3, 256-419, November 2011 256 TIMELINE OF THE ARAB REVOLT: DECEMBER 2010 – JUNE 2011 Bogdan SZAJKOWSKI* December 17, 2010 Tunisia - Mohamed Bouazizi, a 26-year-old unemployed, sets fire to himself in the central Tunisian town of Sidi Bouzid, protesting at the confiscation by police of his fruit and vegetable cart. He suffers third-degree burns across his entire body and is subsequently treated in the Traumatology Centre for Severe Burns in the town of Ben Arous. His self-immolation sparks demonstrations in which protesters burned tyres and chanted slogans demanding jobs. Protests soon spread to other parts of the country including the towns of al-Ragab and Maknasi in central Tunisia, and later the capital, Tunis. Videos of the Sidi Bouzid demonstrations are online soon after the protest began and the Twitter website carries extensive commentary of the protests. December 19, 2010 Tunisia - Protests spread to Kairouan (holy city located in north-central Tunisia), Sfax (city 270 km southeast of Tunis), and Ben Guerdane (town in south-eastern Tunisia, close to the border with Libya). December 20, 2010 Tunisia - Mohamed Al Nouri Al Juwayni, the Tunisian development minister, travels to Sidi Bouzid to announce a new $10m employment programme. But protests continue unabated. December 21, 2010 Tunisia - President Ben Ali carries out limited cabinet reshuffle and warns that protesters would be punished if rioting continued in the country. December 22, 2010 Tunisia - Lahseen Naji, a 22-year-old commits suicide in the midst of another demonstration over unemployment in Sidi Bouzid by climbing an electricity pylon and electrocuting himself on the cables, after shouting out ―No to misery, no to unemployment!‖ 257 Bogdan Szajkowski Ramzi Al-Abboudi, under the burden of business debt, ironically made possible by the country‘s micro-credit solidarity programme, commits suicide. -
Two-Tiered Security Systems and Libya's Civil Wars Marc R. Devorea
Anarchy’s Anatomy: Two-Tiered Security Systems and Libya’s Civil Wars Marc R. DeVorea* and Armin Stählib aSchool of International Relations, University of St Andrews, United Kingdom; bCentre for Security, Economics and Technology (C SET), University of St.Gallen, Switzerland *Correspondence details of corresponding author: School of International Relations, Arts Building The Scores, St Andrews, United Kingdom, E-Mail: [email protected]. Marc R. DeVore is a Lecturer at the School of International Relations, University of St Andrews, UK. In the past, he has served as a Jean Monnet Fellow at the European University Institute, a Senior Research Fellow at the University of St.Gallen, and an Adviser to the President Ange- Felix Patassé of the Central African Republic. His past research has benefited from support from the Fulbright Program, Harvard's Center for European Studies, and the French government's Chateaubriand Fellowship Program. Armin Stähli is an Affiliate at the Centre for Security, Economics and Technology (C SET), University of St.Gallen. His research interests lie at the intersection of security studies and international legal theory, focusing on the role of violent non-state actors in international relations. 1 Anarchy’s Anatomy: Two-Tiered Security Systems and Libya’s Civil Wars No issue deserves more scrutiny than the mechanisms whereby popular unrest unleashes civil wars. We argue that one institution—two-tiered security systems— are particularly pernicious in terms of the accompanying civil war risk. These systems’ defining characteristic is the juxtaposition of small communally stacked units that protect regimes from internal adversaries with larger regular armed forces that deter external opponents. -
Alternatif Politika Is Devoted to the Arab Revolts of 2011 –The Series of Dynamic Social and Political Developments Not Seen in the Arab World for Over Fifty Years
alternatif politika Cilt 3, Sayı 3, Kasım 2011 Misafir Editör: Prof. Bogdan SZAJKOWSKİ Timeline of the Arab Revolt: December 2010-June 2011 Bogdan SZAJKOWSKİ Social Media Tools and the Arab Revolts Bogdan SZAJKOWSKİ The Social Opposition Movement in Syria: The Assad Regime in the Context of Reform and Revolution Veysel AYHAN European Union’s Ineffective Middle East Policy Revealed after Revolution in Tunisia Bahar Turhan HURMİ Libyan Uprising And International Intervention: NATO’s Mission and Libya’s Gridlock Veysel AYHAN Arab Spring and Israeli Security: The New Threats Dünya BAŞOL Background of the Tunisian Revolution Nebahat TANRIVERDİ alternatif politika Cilt 3, Sayı 3, Kasım 2011 Introduction- Bogdan SZAJKOWSKİ, i-ii. Timeline of the Arab Revolt: December 2010 – June 2011- Bogdan SZAJKOWSKİ, 256-419. Social Media Tools and the Arab Revolts-Bogdan SZAJKOWSKİ, 420-432. The Social Opposition Movement in Syria: The Assad Regime in the Context of Reform and Revolution-Veysel AYHAN, 433- 454. European Union’s Ineffective Middle East Policy Revealed after Revolution in Tunisia-Bahar Turhan HURMİ, 455-489. Libyan Uprising And International Intervention: NATO’s Mission and Libya’s Gridlock-Veysel AYHAN, 490-508. Arab Spring and Israeli Security: The New Threats-Dünya BAŞOL, 509-546. Background of the Tunisian Revolution-Nebahat TANRIVERDİ, 547-570. INTRODUCTION Guest Editor: Prof. Bogdan Szajkowski This special issue of Alternatif Politika is devoted to the Arab revolts of 2011 –the series of dynamic social and political developments not seen in the Arab world for over fifty years. Throughout 2011 the Middle East, the Gulf region, Arab Peninsula and North Africa have witnessed social and political turmoil that has fundamentally impacted not only on these regions but also on the rest of the world. -