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i UGWU, PAUL OKWUDILICHUKWU PG/M.Sc./12/62259 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT AND MOCRATIC TRANSITION IN LIBYA DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE Faculty of Social Sci ence Digitally Signed by: Content manager’s Name Nwamarah Uche DN : CN = Weabmaster’s name O= University of Nigeria, Nsukka OU = Innovation Centre ii UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT AND DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION IN LIBYA BY UGWU, PAUL OKWUDILICHUKWU PG/M.Sc./12/62259 A Project Paper Presented, in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of M.Sc. in Political Science (International Relations) DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE FACULTY OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA SUPERVISOR: PROFESSOR JONAH ONUOHA SEPTEMBER, 2013 iii TITLE PAGE THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT AND DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION IN LIBYA BY UGWU, PAUL O. PG/M.Sc./12/62259 A Project Paper Presented, in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of M.Sc. in Political Science (International Relations) Department of Political Science Faculty of the Social Sciences School of Postgraduate Studies University of Nigeria, Nsukka Supervisor: Professor Jonah Onuoha September, 2013 iv APPROVAL PAGE This project research has been approved for the Department of Political Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. By ……………………………. ……………………………. PROF. JONAH ONUOHA PROF. JONAH ONUOHA PROJECT SUPERVISOR HEAD OF DEPARTMENT Date………………………. Date………… ……………………………………………….. EXTERNAL EXAMINER Date…………………………….. ………………………………………………. PROFESSOR C.O.T. UGWU DEAN OF THE FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Date…………………………….. v DEDICATION This work is dedicated to Almighty God Jesus Christ and also to those who lost their lives in the Libyan uprisings and most especially to the bereaved families. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to use this ample opportunity to pledge my profound gratitude and appreciation to God Almighty Jesus Christ for his unalloyed support to my life and education, because without his grace, provisions and protection, my academic pursuits could have been in shambles. More so, I appreciate the love and care of my family, especially my parents Mr. & Mrs. Ugwu, Linus and Theresa for their encouragement and teachings which helped to mould me into a responsible man. I also appreciate the love and encouragement of my siblings especially Mr. Ugwu James C. And to my uncles support especially, Uncle Ugwu John C. I sincerely wish to appreciate and pledge my profound gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Jonah Onuoha for his fatherly teachings and guidance via master’s degree programme. I also appreciate all my lecturers in Political Science department UNN. Nevertheless, I also appreciate all my colleagues in Political Science Masters class of 2012/13, especially Ogude Ifeoma, Mohammed Yunusa and Kelvin Sorkaa for having been there for me. May God Almighty bless you all in your future endeavours, Amen. Finally, in a very special way, I want to appreciate Monsignor Prof. Obiora Ike, for his love and guidance throughout my master’s degree programme. vii PREFACE The political crisis in Libya uprisings in 2011/12 has generated a lot of interest of scholars and researchers all around the globe. The US/NATO attack in Libya has generated a lot of issues and concerns for the International community, on the desires of US and democratic transition in Libya. However as much as it has generated concerns and reactions, no conclusive evidence seems to be shared in the world, that one is independent of the other, as they affect one another. This have propelled the researcher to explore the relationships between the US and democratic transition in Libya. Moreover, this research work is pertinent in its modesty, to document and place analytical emphasis on what culminated in the uprisings that gave birth to Libyan contemporary democracy. In presenting the facts and statistics, conscious effort was applied to look into the real details and rationale behind the current democratic transition in Libya. This research work: United States government and democratic transition in Libya was basically divided into five Chapters. Chapter one is about introduction. Chapter two examines the articulation of US interests in Libya. Chapter three centered on the determinants of the US foreign policy initiatives. Chapter four, analyses the US interest in Libya, the viii timeline of the Libyan uprisings and national transitional council. While the final chapter centered on summary, conclusion and recommendations. vii ABSTRACT The United States obviously is the most powerful country in world affairs since the fall of the U.S.S.R, with the capability to influence the world politics. In her new relationship with Libya, America lays emphasis on democracy and trade. Adopting qualitative method, the theory of Marxian political economy, ex-post- facto research design , and qualitative descriptive analysis, this work investigates the thrust of the US government foreign policy in Libya and discovered that the US government wants Libya to democratize in order to have a conducive atmosphere for trade and investment, particularly in oil. We therefore contend that the major thrust of the U.S. foreign policy in Libya remains the pursuit of her national interest using the NATO. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page - - - - - - - - - - i Approval page - - - - - - - - - - ii Dedication - - - - - - - - - iii Acknowledgement - - - - - - - - - iv Preface - - - - - - - - - - v Abstract - - - - - - - - - - vi CHAPTER ONE : 1.1 INTRODUCTION - - - - - - - - 1 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM - - - - - 4 1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY - - - - - - 6 1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY - - - - 7 1.5 LITERATURE REVIEW - - - - - - 7 1.6 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK - - - - - - 12 1.7 HYPOTHESIS - - - - - - - - 15 1.8 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION - - - - - 15 CHAPTER TWO: THE ARTICULATION OF US INTEREST IN LIBYA 2.1 WHAT DOES U.S WANT IN LIBYA? - - - - - 23 2.2 THE LIBERAL IDEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK - - - 26 2.3 GLOBALIZATION AND COMPATIBILITY OF THE U.S - - 29 2.4 THE BILL CLINTON’S DOCTRINE - - - - - - 34 iii 2.5 ANALYSIS OF US FOREIGN POLICY - - - - 38 CHAPTER THREE: THE DETERMINANTS OF US FOREIGN POLICY 3.1 THE PROCESS AND MAKERS OF UNITED STATES POLICY - 45 3.2 INTERNATIONALISM - - - - - - - 49 3.3 AFRICA IN WORLD POLITICS / AFFAIRS - - - - 52 3.4 THE DETERMINANT OF THE AFRICAN STATES FOREIGN POLICIES - - - - - - - - - 54 3.5 WHAT DID AMERICA WANT IN AFRICA - - - - 57 CHAPTER FOUR: THE ANALYSIS OF US INTERESTS AND DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION IN LIBYA 4.1 U.S GOVERNMENT OIL INTEREST AND DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION IN LIBYA - - - - - - 60 4.2 TIMELINE OF LIBYAN UPRISINGS ON THE ONE YEAR ANNIVERSARY ON FEBURARY 15/16, 2011 - - - 65 4.3 LIBYA MARKS ANNIVERSARY OF REVOLT WHICH OUSTED QADDAFI - - - - - - - 68 4.4 THE UNITED STATES RECOGNISES LIBYA’S TRANSITIONAL NATIONAL COUNCIL - - - - 71 4.5 TRANSITIONAL NATIONAL COUNCIL - - - - 75 iv CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 SUMMARY - - - - - - - - - 105 5.2 CONCLUSION - - - - - - - - 106 5.3 RECOMMENDATION - - - - - - - 106 Bibliography - - - - - - - - - 108 1 CHAPTER ONE 1.1 INTRODUCTION Socio-economic and political crises are the bane of democracy in Africa. The crisis in Libya that led to the fall of Muammar al Gadhafi in 2011/2012 is one of such crises. The North African territory which comprises Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, among others has a long history as a centre of Phoenician, Carthaginian, Greek, Roman, Berber, and Arab civilizations. Modern Libya is a union of three historically distinct regions, namely Northwestern Tripolitania, Northeastern Cyrenaica or Barga, and the more remote Southwestern desert region of Fezzan. In the 19 th century, the Ottoman Empire struggled to assert control over Libya’s coastal cities and interior. Italy invaded Libya in 1911 on the pretext of liberating the region from Ottoman hegemony. The Italians subsequently become mired in decades of colonial abuses against the Libyan people and faced a persistent anti-colonial insurgency. Libya was an important battle ground in the North Africa campaign of the Second World War and emerged from the fighting as a ward of the allied powers (Blandard 2013). On December 24, 1951, Libya became one of Africa’s first independent states with U.N. supervision and assistance. A Libyan National Constituent Assembly drafted a Constitution establishing a federal system of government with central authority vested in King Idris Al Sanisi while legislative authority was rested in a Prime Minister, a council of ministers, and a bicameral 2 legislature. The first parliamentary election was held in February 1952, one month after independence. The king banned political parties shortly after independence, and Libya’s first decade was characterized by continuous fighting over taxation, development, and constitutional powers (Blandard 2013). In 1963, King Idris replaced the federal system of government with a unitary monarchy that further centralized royal authority in an attempt to streamline the development of the country’s newly discovered oil resources. Prior to the discovery of oil in a commercial quantity in 1959, the Libyan government was largely dependent on economic aid and technical assistance from international institutions as well as the proceeds from the military base agreements with the United State and United Kingdom. The U.S. operated air base at Wheelus Field outside Tripoli. This served as an important strategic air command base and centre for military intelligence operations throughout the 1950s and 1960s. The discovery and exploitation of oil in the 1960s brought
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