DOCSLIB.ORG

Learning Lessons from the EUTF - Phase 2 - Paving the Way for Future Programming on Migration, Mobility and Forced Displacement

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Learning Lessons from the EUTF - Phase 2 - Paving the Way for Future Programming on Migration, Mobility and Forced Displacement Learning Lessons from the EUTF - Phase 2 - Paving the way for future programming on migration, mobility and forced displacement Altai Consulting for the European Union – February 2021 © European Union February 2021 Unless specified otherwise, all pictures in this report are credited to Altai Consulting. Cover photos (clockwise from top left): - Woman and child receiving primary medical care and NFIs at IOM’s Migrant Response Centre in Bosaso, Somalia © IOM - Ethical Fashion Initiative in Burkina Faso © Fanny Kabre for the European Union - Group of youths, some of them returnees, supported by an EUTF-funded resilience programme in Ethiopia © Altai Consulting - Market in Kiryandongo Refugee Settlement in northern Uganda © Guillem Trius - Carpentry training in the Rhino Settlement in northern Uganda © BTC/Enabel - A refugee and host community member pose in front of a sorghum farm in Kalobeyei, Kenya © FAO 2 Altai Consulting Altai Consulting provides strategy consulting, research and monitoring & evaluation services to public institutions, governments and private companies in developing countries. Altai teams operate in more than 50 countries in Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia. Since its inception 18 years ago, Altai Consulting has developed a strong focus on migration, governance and sustainable development related research and programme evaluation. CONTACT DETAILS: Eric Davin (Altai Partner): [email protected] Justine Rubira (Director): [email protected] www.altaiconsulting.com Acknowledgments This report was prepared by Eric Davin and Justine Rubira, with support from Maido Belles Roca, Marie Bonnet, Rebecca Christensen, Julie Dallet, Garance Dauchy, Marie Faou, Alessandro Grillo, Paola Hartpence, Bruno Kessler, Hugo Le Blay, Erick Ogola, Paul Olivier, Jacopo Patrini, Emile Rolland, Mathilde Verdeil, Héloïse Voisin and Dhanya Williams. We gratefully thank the numerous key informants from a broad range of organisations who took the time to speak with us during the last five months. We would also like to thank the EU Delegations who took the time to talk with us, as well as the EUTF team in Brussels, migration experts from the G6 unit of INTPA, other European agencies involved in migration, mobility and forced displacement, and, finally, the government representatives of EU member states and EUTF partner countries who kindly answered our questions. 3 Disclaimers: The designations employed and the borders displayed in this report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of Altai Consulting concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This publication was produced with the financial support of the European Union. Its contents are the sole responsibility of Altai Consulting and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union. Altai Consulting February 2021 Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... 5 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 31 RECENT AND FUTURE MIGRATION AND DISPLACEMENT TRENDS ........................... 36 EUTF PORTFOLIO ANALYSIS – MIGRATION & FORCED DISPLACEMENT IN THE EUTF 42 MIGRATION GOVERNANCE ............................................................................................. 51 LABOUR MIGRATION & MIGRATION FOR DEVELOPMENT .......................................... 68 RESPONSE TO FORCED DISPLACEMENT ..................................................................... 86 PROTECTION .................................................................................................................. 111 RETURN & REINTEGRATION ......................................................................................... 135 RESPONSE TO TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS AND THE SMUGGLING OF MIGRANTS 161 BORDER MANAGEMENT................................................................................................ 180 TRIPLE NEXUS ................................................................................................................ 197 EUTF STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES ....................................................................... 213 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE PROGRAMMING ................................................ 223 4 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................. 233 ANNEXES ........................................................................................................................ 234 Learning Lessons from the EUTF – Phase 2 Executive summary Executive summary Introduction1 At the end of 2021, the last contracts of the European Union Emergency Trust Fund for stability and addressing root causes of irregular migration and displaced persons in Africa (EUTF for Africa, hereafter EUTF or Trust Fund) will be signed, bringing an end to an instrument that has so far funded over 500 projects in more than 25 countries in Africa, with a total of over €4.8B committed since 2016. The next multi-year funding instrument, known as the Neighbourhood, Development and International Cooperation Instrument (NDICI), is currently expected to dedicate 10% to migration-related activities. The transition phase between the two instruments offers a unique opportunity to take advantage of the significant experience gained through the EUTF as well as through other migration activities supported by the international community, often in complementarity with the EUTF. This report therefore aims to provide an analysis of the migration, mobility and displacement programming in EUTF target countries and highlight best practices (both by the EUTF and other interventions) and opportunities to inform future programming. Background, objectives and methodology The Learning lessons from the EUTF exercise was initiated at the end of June 2019 as a light, forward looking exercise, intended as an internal and informal reflection on what could be learned from the implementation of the EUTF on the topics of migration and forced displacement. The initial findings of this exercise were delivered in January 2020 in a first draft report. The second phase of the Learning lessons from the EUTF exercise, which lasted from June 2020 to February 2021 pursued the following objectives: pave the way for a post-2020 strategy on migration, 5 mobility and forced displacement; update the EUTF portfolio assessment and contextual data developed in phase I; further analyse the eight thematic areas identified and deliver an updated Learning lessons from the EUTF report at the beginning of 2021 to support future programming. The research was based on the analysis of: materials from implementing partners working on EUTF projects; in-depth secondary research on migration, mobility and forced displacement in general and on each of the eight identified thematic areas represented in the diagram below; and key informant interviews with over 350 stakeholders from a variety of organisations including EU agencies, most EU Delegations (EUDs) covered by the EUTF, implementing partners, member states, the United Nations (UN) and other international organisations as well as members of non-governmental organisations (NGOs), think tanks, academia and civil society. The report was also based on case studies that were conducted in parallel on relevant topics and projects. Figure 1: Eight thematic areas in the scope of the study 1 Sources for all information mentioned in the Executive Summary can be found in footnotes in the relevant sections of the main report. Altai Consulting February 2021 Executive summary Migration and displacement trends Irregular arrivals from Africa to Europe have sharply decreased since the migration ‘crisis’ of 2015, which was itself mostly attributable to increased mixed migration from the Middle East, not Africa. Conversely, and perhaps most importantly, the number of internally displaced persons (IDPs) in the three EUTF windows, combined with the number of refugees from these countries living in Africa, increased by a third between 2015 and 2019 – from 13.3 million to 17.7 million, including many children. In fact, the number of displaced persons in the SLC region increased by 1.5 million between 2018 and 2019 alone. The COVID-19 crisis will continue to have a significant influence on migration in the short to medium term. The main migration-related consequences of the pandemic will likely consist in a significant impact on remittances as well as a deterioration of already poor and crowded living conditions for migrants and refugees and worsening access to education and socioeconomic conditions. In the coming decades, migration, mobility and forced displacement-related challenges are likely to increase, driven mainly by factors such as demographic growth, economic development and climate change. The combination of these factors will, above all, exacerbate pressures on African cities: the number of urban residents in Africa is expected to increase from 550 million in 2018 to 825 million in 2030 and 1.5 billion in 2050, with migration currently contributing to around a third of the increase in the urban population. All of this suggests a need for a sustained and even increased EU response to migration, forced displacement and mobility-related challenges in Africa, including in cities which will likely be on the frontline
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Analysis of How Diverse Categories of Ecowas Nationals Experience the Free Movement Protocol
    SAME POLICY BUT DIFFERENT IMPLICATIONS FOR DIFFERENT PEOPLE? AN ANALYSIS OF HOW DIVERSE CATEGORIES OF ECOWAS NATIONALS EXPERIENCE THE FREE MOVEMENT PROTOCOL Thomas Yeboah, Leander Kandilige, Amanda Bisong, Faisal Garba, and Joseph Kofi Teye MIASA Working Paper No. 2020(1) University of Ghana, Accra August 2020 MIASA Working Papers 2020(1) Edited by the MIASA Merian Institute for Advanced Studies in Africa The MIASA Working Papers series serves to disseminate the research results of work in progress prior to publication in order to encourage the exchange of ideas and academic debate. The objective of the series is to publish research findings from the work of the MIASA Interdisciplinary Fellow Groups (IFGs) immediately in an open-access manner. Inclusion of a paper in the MIASA Working Paper Series does not constitute publication and should not limit publication in any other venue. Copyright remains with the authors. MIASA Fellowship Programme Copyright for this issue: ©Thomas Yeboah, Leander Kandilige, Amanda Bisong, Faisal Garba, and Joseph Kofi Teye WP Co-ordination: Dr. Agnes Schneider-Musah All MIASA Working Papers are available online and free of charge on the website https://www.ug.edu.gh/mias-africa/miasa-working-papers For any requests please contact: [email protected] The MIASA Merian Institute for Advanced Studies in Africa cannot be held responsible for errors or any consequences arising from the use of information contained in this Working Paper; the views and opinions expressed are solely those of the author or authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Institute. MIASA Merian Institute for Advanced Studies in Africa P .O.
    [Show full text]
  • Combating the Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons in West Africa
    i UNIDIR/2005/7 Combating the Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons in West Africa: Handbook for the Training of Armed and Security Forces Anatole Ayissi and Ibrahima Sall Editors UNIDIR United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research Geneva, Switzerland NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. * * * The views expressed in this publication are the sole responsibility of the individual authors. They do not necessarily reflect the views or opinions of the United Nations, UNIDIR, its staff members or sponsors. UNIDIR/2005/7 Copyright © United Nations, 2005 All rights reserved UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. GV.E.03.0.17 ISBN 92-9045-171-8 The United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR)—an intergovernmental organization within the United Nations—conducts research on disarmament and security. UNIDIR is based in Geneva, Switzerland, the centre for bilateral and multilateral disarmament and non- proliferation negotiations, and home of the Conference on Disarmament. The Institute explores current issues pertaining to the variety of existing and future armaments, as well as global diplomacy and local entrenched tensions and conflicts. Working with researchers, diplomats, Government officials, NGOs and other institutions since 1980, UNIDIR acts as a bridge between the research community and Governments. UNIDIR’s activities are funded by contributions from Governments and donors foundations. The Institute’s web site can be found at URL: http://www.unidir.org iv CONTENTS Page Foreword by Abdoulie Janneh .
    [Show full text]
  • Urban Refugee Economies: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    Urban Refugee Economies: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia i Abstract Over 60% of the world's refugees live in urban environments, but host governments often restrict their right to work, forcing urban refugees into precarious and often informal economy livelihoods. Through a case study of Addis Ababa, where refugees have no legal right to work, this research identifies the economic difficulties faced by urban refugees. Yet, it finds that refugee economies are highly integrated into the city’s economy, making significant contributions. The research points to opportunities for humanitarian sector actors to enhance refugee economies today and in the future when Ethiopia implements its pledge to enhance access to employment for refugees. Authors Cardiff University: Professor Alison Brown; Dr. Peter Mackie; Kate Dickenson Research Partners Addis Ababa University: Professor Tegegne GebreEgziabher; Expert Researchers Danish Refugee Council Photography Kate Dickenson © Cardiff University 2017 Acknowledgements: Our thanks to Addis Ababa University, in particular to Professor Tegegne GebreEgziabher and his research assistants, the Administration for Refugee and Returnee Affairs and the Danish Refugee Council who facilitated this research. Thanks also to Dr Jennifer Riggan, Arcadia University, and Dr Kemisso Alebachew, Addis Ababa University, for their support. Cover Photo: Informal businesses in the Bole Mikael area of Addis Ababa Credit: Kate Dickenson i Contents ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Policy Development and Evaluation Service (Pdes)
    UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES POLICY DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION SERVICE (PDES) But when will our turn come? A review of the implementation of UNHCR’s urban refugee policy in Malaysia Jeff Crisp, PDES Naoko Obi, UNHCR PDES/2012/02 Liz Umlas, independent consultant May 2012 Policy Development and Evaluation Service UNHCR’s Policy Development and Evaluation Service (PDES) is committed to the systematic examination and assessment of UNHCR policies, programmes, projects and practices. PDES also promotes rigorous research on issues related to the work of UNHCR and encourages an active exchange of ideas and information between humanitarian practitioners, policymakers and the research community. All of these activities are undertaken with the purpose of strengthening UNHCR’s operational effectiveness, thereby enhancing the organization’s capacity to fulfill its mandate on behalf of refugees and other persons of concern to the Office. The work of the unit is guided by the principles of transparency, independence, consultation, relevance and integrity. Policy Development and Evaluation Service United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Case Postale 2500 1211 Geneva 2 Switzerland Tel: (41 22) 739 8433 Fax: (41 22) 739 7344 e-mail: [email protected] internet: www.unhcr.org Printed in UNHCR All PDES evaluation reports are placed in the public domain. Electronic versions are posted on the UNHCR website and hard copies can be obtained by contacting PDES. They may be quoted, cited and copied, provided that the source is acknowledged. The views expressed in PDES publications are those of the author and are not necessarily those of UNHCR. The designations and maps used do not imply the expression of any opinion or recognition on the part of UNHCR concerning the legal status of a territory or of its authorities.
    [Show full text]
  • The Right to Asylum Between Islamic Shari'ah And
    The Right to Asylum between Islamic Shari’ah and International Refugee Law A Comparative Study Prof. Ahmed Abou-El-Wafa Produced and Printed by Printing Press of Naif Arab University for Security Sciences Riyadh - 2009 (1430 H.) The Right to Asylum between Islamic Shari’ah and International Refugee Law A Comparative Study Prof. Ahmed Abou-El-Wafa Riyadh - 2009 (1430 H.) “Those who believed and emigrated, and strove in the cause of GOD, as well as those who hosted them and gave them refuge, and supported them, these are the true believers. They have deserved forgiveness and a generous recompense.” (Quranic Surat al-Anfal, "The Spoils of War" [Chapter 8 verse 74]) “Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution.” (Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Article 14) "Every man shall have the right, within the framework of the Shari'ah... if persecuted, is entitled to seek asylum in another country. The country of refugee shall be obliged to provide protection to the asylum seeker until his safety has been attained, unless asylum is motivated by committing an act regarded by the Shari'ah as a crime". (Article 12 of the Declaration on Human Rights in Islam) United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Regional Office in the Regional Office in the Arab Republic of Egypt GCC Countries E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Arabic Website: English Website: www.unhcr.org.eg www.unhcr.org First Edition 2009 This book is written, on behalf of UNHCR by Prof. Dr. Ahmed Abou-El-Wafa, Chief of the Department of Public International Law, Faculty of Law, Cairo University.
    [Show full text]
  • Free Movement Under ECOWAS
    Promoting integration through mobility: Free movement under ECOWAS Paper prepared by: Aderanti Adepoju, Alistair Boulton and Mariah Levin. Disclaimer: Though UNHCR commissioned this paper and UNHCR offices in West Africa contributed to its preparation through the provision of relevant information on country legislation and fees charged for ECOWAS residence permits, the views represented in the paper are those of the authors. Similarly, while the authors wish to thank ECOWAS for its cooperation in the preparation of the paper, in particular Mr. N’Faly Sanoh, Principal Programme Officer for Immigration, the paper is not an ECOWAS document and does not purport to provide official ECOWAS policy. 1 Purpose of paper This paper examines the main elements and limitations of the ECOWAS free movement protocols, evaluates the degree of the protocols’ implementation in ECOWAS member states and identifies their utility to refugees from ECOWAS countries residing in other ECOWAS countries. It suggests that the protocols constitute a sound legal basis for member states to extend residence and work rights to refugees with ECOWAS citizenship residing in their territories who are willing to seek and carry out employment. It briefly describes current efforts to assist Sierra Leonean and Liberian refugees to achieve the legal aspects of local integration through utilization of ECOWAS residence entitlements in seven countries in West Africa. The paper concludes with a number of recommended next steps for further action by both UNHCR and ECOWAS. The ECOWAS Treaty Seeking to promote stability and development following their independence from colonial rule, countries in the West African sub-region determined to embrace a policy of regional economic and cultural integration.
    [Show full text]
  • Surviving in Cairo As a Closed-‐File Refugee
    Paper No.10/ October 2017 Surviving in Cairo as a Closed-FilE REfugeE: Socio-Economic and Protection Challenges Nourhan Abdel Aziz THE CENTER FOR MIGRATION AND REFUGEE STUDIES In collaboration with THE INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT (IIED) 1 THE CENTER FOR MIGRATION AND REFUGEE STUDIES (CMRS) The Center for Migration and Refugee Studies (CMRS) is an interdisciplinary center of the American University in Cairo (AUC). Situated at the heart of the Middle East and North Africa, it aims at furthering the scientific knowledge of the large, long-standing recent refugee and migration movements witnessed in this region. But it also is concerned with questions of refugees and migration in the international system as a whole, both at the theoretical and practical levels. CMRS functions include instruction, research, training, and outreach. It offers a Master of Arts degree and a graduate diploma in Migration and Refugee studies, working with other AUC departments to offer diversified courses to its students. Its research bears on issues of interest to the region and beyond. In carrying its research out, CMRS collaborates with reputable regional and international academic institutions. The training activities that CMRS organizes are attended by researchers, policymakers, bureaucrats and civil society activists from a great number of countries. The center also provides tailor-made training programs on demand. CMRS outreach involves working with individuals and organizations in its environment, disseminating knowledge and sensitization to refugee and migration issues. It also provides services to the refugee community in Cairo and transfers its expertise in this respect to other international institutions. THE INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT (IIED) IIED is a policy and action research organisation.
    [Show full text]
  • Governance Transfer by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
    Governance Transfer by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) A B2 Case Study Report Christof Hartmann SFB-Governance Working Paper Series • No. 47 • December 2013 DFG Sonderforschungsbereich 700 Governance in Räumen begrenzter Staatlichkeit - Neue Formen des Regierens? DFG Collaborative Research Center (SFB) 700 Governance in Areas of Limited Statehood - New Modes of Governance? SFB-Governance Working Paper Series Edited by the Collaborative Research Center (SFB) 700 “Governance In Areas of Limited Statehood - New Modes of Gover- nance?” The SFB-Governance Working Paper Series serves to disseminate the research results of work in progress prior to publication to encourage the exchange of ideas and academic debate. Inclusion of a paper in the Working Paper Series should not limit publication in any other venue. Copyright remains with the authors. Copyright for this issue: Christof Hartmann Editorial assistance and production: Clara Jütte/Ruth Baumgartl/Sophie Perl All SFB-Governance Working Papers can be downloaded free of charge from www.sfb-governance.de/en/publikationen or ordered in print via e-mail to [email protected]. Christof Hartmann 2013: Governance Transfer by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). A B2 Case Study Report, SFB-Governance Working Paper Series, No. 47, Collaborative Research Center (SFB) 700, Berlin, December 2013. ISSN 1864-1024 (Internet) ISSN 1863-6896 (Print) This publication has been funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG). DFG Collaborative Research Center (SFB) 700 Freie Universität Berlin Alfried-Krupp-Haus Berlin Binger Straße 40 14197 Berlin Germany Phone: +49-30-838 58502 Fax: +49-30-838 58540 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.sfb-governance.de/en SFB-Governance Working Paper Series • No.
    [Show full text]
  • The Looming Crisis: Displacement and Security in Iraq
    Foreign Policy at BROOKINGS POLICY PAPER Number 5, August 2008 The Looming Crisis: Displacement and Security in Iraq Elizabeth G. Ferris The Brookings Institution 1775 Massachusetts Ave., NW Washington, D.C. 20036 brookings.edu Foreign Policy at BROOKINGS POLICY PAPER Number 5, August 2008 The Looming Crisis: Displacement and Security in Iraq Elizabeth G. Ferris -APOF)RAQ Map: ICG, “Iraq’s Civil War, the Sadrists, and the Surge.” Middle East Report No. 72, 7 February 2008. &OREIGN0OLICYAT"ROOKINGSIII ,ISTOF!CRONYMS AQI Al Qaeda in Iraq CAP Consolidated Appeals Process CPA Coalition Provisional Authority CRRPD Commission for the Resolution of Real Property Disputes EIA Energy Information Administration (U.S.) GOI Government of Iraq ICG International Crisis Group ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross IDPs Internally Displaced Persons IOM International Organization for Migration IRIN Integrated Regional Information Service ITG Iraqi Transitional Government KRG Kurdistan Regional Government MNF-I Multi-National Force Iraq MoDM/MoM Ministry of Displacement and Migration (recently renamed Ministry of Migration) NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NCCI NGO Coordination Committee in Iraq OCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs PDS Public Distribution System PKK Kurdistan Workers’ Party PLO Palestinian Liberation Organization PRTs Provincial Reconstruction Teams RSG Representative of the Secretary-General TAL Transitional Administrative Law UIA United Iraqi Alliance UNAMI United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq UNDP United Nations Development Program UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund USAID U.S. Agency for International Development USG United States Government &OREIGN0OLICYAT"ROOKINGSV !WORDONTERMINOLOGY The term “displaced” is used here to refer to both refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs) which have clear meanings in international law.
    [Show full text]
  • IRAQI REFUGEES, ASYLUM SEEKERS, and DISPLACED PERSONS: Current Conditions and Concerns in the Event of War a Human Rights Watch Briefing Paper
    A Human Rights Watch Briefing Paper, February, 2003 IRAQI REFUGEES, ASYLUM SEEKERS, AND DISPLACED PERSONS: Current Conditions and Concerns in the Event of War A Human Rights Watch Briefing Paper Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 2 I. HUMANITARIAN CONCERNS............................................................................................................. 3 A. CURRENT CONCERNS.............................................................................................................................3 B. BACKGROUND .......................................................................................................................................4 C. HUMAN RIGHTS OBLIGATIONS ...............................................................................................................5 II. INTERNALLY DISPLACED IRAQIS................................................................................................... 6 A. CURRENT CONCERNS.............................................................................................................................6 B. BACKGROUND .......................................................................................................................................7 C. HUMAN RIGHTS OBLIGATIONS ...............................................................................................................8 III. THE PROSPECTS FOR “SAFE AREAS” FOR INTERNALLY DISPLACED
    [Show full text]
  • Editorial Essay: Iraqi Refugees, Beyond the Urban Refugee Paradigm
    Volume 28 Refuge Number 1 Editorial Essay: Iraqi Refugees, Beyond the Urban Refugee Paradigm Géraldine Chatelard and Tim Morris Abstract ressources naturelles et de la souveraineté des frontières. Displacement and exile have been recurrent and durable La répression politique, les changements violents de régi- phenomena aff ecting Iraqi society for the last 90 years. mes, les redéfi nitions de l’identité nationale, les politiques Th e process of forming an Iraqi state from the ruins of the démographiques, et les confl its armés régionaux et inter- Ottoman empire, which Aristide Zolberg has analyzed as nationaux ont entraîné des évictions, des déportations, la a prime factor generating refugee fl ows,1 has been ongoing dénaturalisation, l’émigration politique et la fuite devant since 1920. Unfi nished endeavours to build a state and la violence. Une grande proportion des déplacements de nation have been characterized by almost incessant antag- populations irakiennes est intérieure au pays. Toutefois, onistic claims over the nature of the state and national un nombre important de réfugiés et d’exilés forme une identity, the exercise of and access to political power, con- diaspora régionale et internationale qui s’étend à l’Iran, la trol of natural resources and border sovereignty. Political Jordanie, Israël, la Syrie, et jusqu’à des pays d’immigration repression, violent regime change, redefi nition of national aussi éloigné que la Nouvelle-Zélande. identity, demographic engineering, and domestic or inter- national armed confl icts have resulted in eviction, depor- Belated Recognition of Iraqi Displacement tation, denaturalization, political emigration, and fl ight Despite their massive scale, displacement and other forms of involuntary migration from Iraq have so far largely escaped from violence.
    [Show full text]
  • Crisis Committee
    CRISIS COMMITTEE Lyon Model United Nations 2018 Study Guide Libyan Civil War !1 LyonMUN 2018 – Libyan Civil War Director: Thomas Ron Deputy Director: Malte Westphal Chairs: Laurence Turner and Carine Karaki Backroom: Ben Bolton, Camille Saikali, Margaux Da Silva, and Antoine Gaudim !2 Director’s Welcome Dear Delegates, On behalf of the whole team I would like to welcome you to LyonMUN 2018 and this simulation of the Libyan Civil War. It is strange to feel that such an important topic that we all remember happening is already over 7 years old. Therefore, we felt it would be a good time to simulate it and think about the ways it could have gone. As delegates you will each be given characters to play in this crisis. These were real people who made a difference within the actual Civil War and have their own objectives and goals. You are tasked with advancing the goals of your character and making sure that they end up doing well out of this crisis. Every action will have consequences, everything you do will have ramifications, and mistakes can be deadly. Your chairs will be there to help but they will also be representing characters and have their own interests, meaning they may not be fully trustworthy. Behind the scenes you will have a backroom which will interpret your directives and move the plot forward. We will be there to read what you say and put it into action. However, a word to the wise, the way your wish may be interpreted may not be ideal.
    [Show full text]