DOCSLIB.ORG

Combating the Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons in West Africa

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Combating the Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons in West Africa i UNIDIR/2005/7 Combating the Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons in West Africa: Handbook for the Training of Armed and Security Forces Anatole Ayissi and Ibrahima Sall Editors UNIDIR United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research Geneva, Switzerland NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. * * * The views expressed in this publication are the sole responsibility of the individual authors. They do not necessarily reflect the views or opinions of the United Nations, UNIDIR, its staff members or sponsors. UNIDIR/2005/7 Copyright © United Nations, 2005 All rights reserved UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. GV.E.03.0.17 ISBN 92-9045-171-8 The United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR)—an intergovernmental organization within the United Nations—conducts research on disarmament and security. UNIDIR is based in Geneva, Switzerland, the centre for bilateral and multilateral disarmament and non- proliferation negotiations, and home of the Conference on Disarmament. The Institute explores current issues pertaining to the variety of existing and future armaments, as well as global diplomacy and local entrenched tensions and conflicts. Working with researchers, diplomats, Government officials, NGOs and other institutions since 1980, UNIDIR acts as a bridge between the research community and Governments. UNIDIR’s activities are funded by contributions from Governments and donors foundations. The Institute’s web site can be found at URL: http://www.unidir.org iv CONTENTS Page Foreword by Abdoulie Janneh . xi Preface by Patricia Lewis . xiii The Authors . xv Acronyms. xvii Introduction Boosting capacity to combat the proliferation of small arms and light weapons in West Africa: priority for local expertise Anatole Ayissi and Ibrahima Sall . 1 Part I The international community, peace and human security . 3 Chapter 1 The sovereign State in the international order Alioune Sall. 5 Definition of the state . 5 Cooperation among states: the United Nations . 11 Chapter 2 Human security in international law Alioune Sall. 17 What is human security? . 17 Human rights . 18 Humanitarian law . 23 v vi Part II The Economic Community of West African States as the institutional framework for efforts to combat the proliferation of small arms. 29 Chapter 3 The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) as the institutional framework for efforts to combat the proliferation of arms in West Africa Cheikh Oumar Diarra . 31 Introduction: principal organs of ECOWAS . 31 General principles. 32 The significance of efforts by ECOWAS to combat the proliferation of small arms . 34 Chapter 4 Implementing the Moratorium on light weapons Abubakarr Multi Kamara . 39 Introduction . 39 Programme for Coordination and Assistance for Security and Development . 39 PCASED activities . 42 PCASED intervention principles . 43 Part III Techniques for combating the proliferation of small arms in West Africa: legal and operational aspects. 45 Chapter 5 Techniques for combating arms proliferation in West Africa: legal aspects Alioune Sall. 47 Introduction . 47 Legal aspects. 47 vii Chapter 6 Cooperation among armed forces and security forces in combating the proliferation of small arms J.G. Yacubu. 55 Introduction . 55 The causes of the proliferation of small arms in Nigeria . 56 Factors favourable to the proliferation of small arms . 58 Activities that encourage the proliferation of small arms. 60 Composition of the armed forces and security forces in Nigeria . 62 Areas of cooperation between the armed forces and security forces. 63 The government’s responsibility . 68 Conclusion . 69 Chapter 7 Cooperation between civilians and the security forces in efforts to combat the proliferation of small arms and light weapons Sunday Ochoche . 71 Introduction . 71 Decision establishing national commissions for the control of the proliferation and unlawful circulation of light weapons . 72 Civilian-military cooperation in efforts to combat the proliferation of small arms and light weapons. 73 Conclusion . 75 Chapter 8 Cooperation between states to combat the proliferation of small arms and light weapons Djibril Ndime . 77 Introduction . 77 Foundations of cooperation between states. 78 Areas of cooperation policy. 79 Outcome of cooperation. 82 Conclusion . 84 viii Chapter 9 Border controls and cross-border crime in West Africa Hamédine Fall . 85 Introduction . 85 Inadequate border protection: a factor conducive to crime . 85 The many facets of cross-border crime . 86 How can border controls be improved in combating cross-border crime? . 88 Conclusion . 90 Chapter 10 Crime and the cross-border movement of weapons: the case of Nigeria P.Y. Adejo . 93 Introduction . 93 Poor border controls, a factor promoting crime . 93 Cross-border security agencies . 94 Areas of cross-border insecurity. 95 Government efforts to achieve cross-border cooperation. 98 Recommendations . 98 Part IV Culture of peace . 101 Chapter 11 For a culture of peace in West Africa M.B. Ekpang . 103 Introduction . 103 Conditions for the establishment of a culture of peace . 104 Ethnicity, exclusion and peace deficit . 105 Religion, intolerance and the peace deficit . 106 Economic deprivation and peace deficit . 107 Law and culture of peace . 107 Civic education and culture of peace . 108 Conclusion . 109 ix Chapter 12 Civil society and the fight against the proliferation of small arms and light weapons Ayodele Aderinwale . 111 Introduction . 111 Efforts to combat small arms: international mobilization . 111 Civil society and efforts to combat the proliferation of small arms in Africa . 112 Role and responsibilities of civil society . 113 An agenda for civil society. 114 Conclusion . 117 Chapter 13 The role of the mass media in strengthening a culture of peace and national integration in Nigeria Tonnie Iredia . 119 Introduction . 119 The mass media as a threat to national integration . 120 Constitutional and legislative provisions. 120 Media, peace and national integration: sociological context . 122 Culture of professional media and culture of peace. 123 Conclusion . 125 Recente UNIDIR publications. 127 x FOREWORD This Handbook is a contribution to the training of the armed and security forces of West Africa. It aims to strengthen the effectiveness of these forces in the fight against the proliferation of small arms and light weapons. This initiative draws on the idea of development, peace and security for the people of West Africa enunciated by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) already in 1975. The faith in peace, of which economic development is an essential component, impels the people of West Africa towards a future free from the scourge of armed violence. Because fundamentally human, this yearning for peace is legitimate. Thus, the human being first. Then, the citizen. And only then, the soldier. Beyond topics related to classical military training, the Handbook provides for civic education. Technical issues on the proliferation of small arms and light weapons are joined by expositions in the disciplines that contribute to the making of a good citizen: domestic law, international law, humanitarian law, human rights, international institutions, etc. The aim here is to distinguish a professional army on the one hand, from an army of mercenaries on the other, by raising the consciousness of professional soldiers and keeping them away from predatory temptation and violence. Our armed and security forces will greatly benefit from the universal techniques and principles, as adapted for the African environment in this Handbook. They will find it indispensable for an effective fight against the proliferation of small arms and light weapons. They will learn about the important human qualities instilled in the professional armies of societies that value peace and security. The difficult alliance between peace and security, courage and moderation, require these qualities. xi xii Efforts.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Analysis of How Diverse Categories of Ecowas Nationals Experience the Free Movement Protocol
    SAME POLICY BUT DIFFERENT IMPLICATIONS FOR DIFFERENT PEOPLE? AN ANALYSIS OF HOW DIVERSE CATEGORIES OF ECOWAS NATIONALS EXPERIENCE THE FREE MOVEMENT PROTOCOL Thomas Yeboah, Leander Kandilige, Amanda Bisong, Faisal Garba, and Joseph Kofi Teye MIASA Working Paper No. 2020(1) University of Ghana, Accra August 2020 MIASA Working Papers 2020(1) Edited by the MIASA Merian Institute for Advanced Studies in Africa The MIASA Working Papers series serves to disseminate the research results of work in progress prior to publication in order to encourage the exchange of ideas and academic debate. The objective of the series is to publish research findings from the work of the MIASA Interdisciplinary Fellow Groups (IFGs) immediately in an open-access manner. Inclusion of a paper in the MIASA Working Paper Series does not constitute publication and should not limit publication in any other venue. Copyright remains with the authors. MIASA Fellowship Programme Copyright for this issue: ©Thomas Yeboah, Leander Kandilige, Amanda Bisong, Faisal Garba, and Joseph Kofi Teye WP Co-ordination: Dr. Agnes Schneider-Musah All MIASA Working Papers are available online and free of charge on the website https://www.ug.edu.gh/mias-africa/miasa-working-papers For any requests please contact: [email protected] The MIASA Merian Institute for Advanced Studies in Africa cannot be held responsible for errors or any consequences arising from the use of information contained in this Working Paper; the views and opinions expressed are solely those of the author or authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Institute. MIASA Merian Institute for Advanced Studies in Africa P .O.
    [Show full text]
  • Free Movement Under ECOWAS
    Promoting integration through mobility: Free movement under ECOWAS Paper prepared by: Aderanti Adepoju, Alistair Boulton and Mariah Levin. Disclaimer: Though UNHCR commissioned this paper and UNHCR offices in West Africa contributed to its preparation through the provision of relevant information on country legislation and fees charged for ECOWAS residence permits, the views represented in the paper are those of the authors. Similarly, while the authors wish to thank ECOWAS for its cooperation in the preparation of the paper, in particular Mr. N’Faly Sanoh, Principal Programme Officer for Immigration, the paper is not an ECOWAS document and does not purport to provide official ECOWAS policy. 1 Purpose of paper This paper examines the main elements and limitations of the ECOWAS free movement protocols, evaluates the degree of the protocols’ implementation in ECOWAS member states and identifies their utility to refugees from ECOWAS countries residing in other ECOWAS countries. It suggests that the protocols constitute a sound legal basis for member states to extend residence and work rights to refugees with ECOWAS citizenship residing in their territories who are willing to seek and carry out employment. It briefly describes current efforts to assist Sierra Leonean and Liberian refugees to achieve the legal aspects of local integration through utilization of ECOWAS residence entitlements in seven countries in West Africa. The paper concludes with a number of recommended next steps for further action by both UNHCR and ECOWAS. The ECOWAS Treaty Seeking to promote stability and development following their independence from colonial rule, countries in the West African sub-region determined to embrace a policy of regional economic and cultural integration.
    [Show full text]
  • Governance Transfer by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
    Governance Transfer by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) A B2 Case Study Report Christof Hartmann SFB-Governance Working Paper Series • No. 47 • December 2013 DFG Sonderforschungsbereich 700 Governance in Räumen begrenzter Staatlichkeit - Neue Formen des Regierens? DFG Collaborative Research Center (SFB) 700 Governance in Areas of Limited Statehood - New Modes of Governance? SFB-Governance Working Paper Series Edited by the Collaborative Research Center (SFB) 700 “Governance In Areas of Limited Statehood - New Modes of Gover- nance?” The SFB-Governance Working Paper Series serves to disseminate the research results of work in progress prior to publication to encourage the exchange of ideas and academic debate. Inclusion of a paper in the Working Paper Series should not limit publication in any other venue. Copyright remains with the authors. Copyright for this issue: Christof Hartmann Editorial assistance and production: Clara Jütte/Ruth Baumgartl/Sophie Perl All SFB-Governance Working Papers can be downloaded free of charge from www.sfb-governance.de/en/publikationen or ordered in print via e-mail to [email protected]. Christof Hartmann 2013: Governance Transfer by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). A B2 Case Study Report, SFB-Governance Working Paper Series, No. 47, Collaborative Research Center (SFB) 700, Berlin, December 2013. ISSN 1864-1024 (Internet) ISSN 1863-6896 (Print) This publication has been funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG). DFG Collaborative Research Center (SFB) 700 Freie Universität Berlin Alfried-Krupp-Haus Berlin Binger Straße 40 14197 Berlin Germany Phone: +49-30-838 58502 Fax: +49-30-838 58540 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.sfb-governance.de/en SFB-Governance Working Paper Series • No.
    [Show full text]
  • Action Knowledge Transfer on Migrant Smuggling and Trafficking by Air and Document Fraud ____
    Action Knowledge Transfer on Migrant Smuggling and Trafficking by Air and Document Fraud ____ March 2019 Clara Alberola Chiara Janssen 1 This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union, contracted by ICMPD through the Mobility Partnership Facility. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of the authors and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the European Union and the one of ICMPD. Table of Contents List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................ 3 List of Figures .......................................................................................................................................... 4 List of abbreviations ................................................................................................................................ 5 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. 6 Executive summary ................................................................................................................................. 7 Part 1: Presentation of the study ........................................................................................................... 10 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 10 2. Objectives
    [Show full text]
  • Fostering Free Movement of Persons in West Africa: Achievements, Constraints, and Prospects for Intraregional Migration
    Fostering Free Movement of Persons in West Africa: Achievements, Constraints, and Prospects for Intraregional Migration Aderanti Adepoju* ABSTRACT Migration in West Africa is strongly influenced by poverty, depressed economies, and socio-political crises. The influx of migrants into the cities and irregular migrations across national borders in search of decent living conditions reflect a crisis of development. To understand the dynamics of these diverse migrations, we focus on causes and changing configurations of emerging migratory flows; autonomous female migration, trafficking in women and children; intraregional migration as alternatives to “illegal” migration to the North; progress and constraints in creating a borderless subregion and fostering intraregional migration. The abolition of the mandatory residency permit, introduction of Brown Card travel certificates, and the elimination of the ubiquitous border formalities are aimed at facilitating intraregional movements of persons. Progress was constrained by multiple cooperation groupings and memberships, conflicting objectives, inconsistent political support, growing national identity, depressed economies, and xenophobia against “foreigners”. We suggest that governments should align national employment laws with regional treaties, protect the rights of migrant workers, promote pro-poor employment strategies, adopt variable speed approach in implementing migration policies, and enforce migrants’ rights of residence and establishment. * Human Resources Development Centre, University of Lagos, Nigeria. Published by Blackwell Publishers Ltd., © 2002 IOM 108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK, and International Migration Vol. 40 (2) 2002 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148, USA. ISSN 0020-7985 4 Adepoju INTRODUCTION The context of migration This paper sketches the patterns and major trends of migration in West Africa with a focus on the socio-economic conditions in the subregion that gave rise to these migratory configurations.
    [Show full text]
  • Liberian Embassy Washington Dc Visa Application
    Liberian Embassy Washington Dc Visa Application Appetitive and unconfused Thorstein insnare, but Allah institutively claps her Battersea. Siffre is uninviting and outreaches early while salaried Engelbart tocher and trenches. Squeaking Wat speechifies no corneas unrealizes tonetically after Jason essays yonder, quite Sicanian. Where a dry season from the philippines, particularly in istanbul turkey in for liberian embassy visa application is warned that you have reopened for And addressed to choice of Liberia Visa Section Washington DC. Provide extra range of consular services such as visa and passport processing as. Visa requirements are cost to change legislation should be checked prior. Download Visa Application Form Liberian Consulatemn. Liberia embassies and consulates abroad Onlinevisacom. Photographing some initial introductions. A few Embassies have reopened for visa processing Please. Latest visa information and apology on travel advisory in and view of Covid-19. Liberia Visa Application & Requirements Travel Docs. How phone Get a Liberia Tourist Visa in Washington DC USA. Here might need, applicants that liberian citizen then presented for. Embassy of Liberia Visa Section Washington DC The gauge must explain. An official at the Liberian Embassy in Washington DC stated that the. Embassy of Liberia in Washington United States Embassy. Passport Renewal US Embassy in Liberia. Detailed Information Washington Passport and Visa Service. Application for Liberian Visa CDC. Visa fees payment need be required when the visa is issued. Washington DC 20011 It develop important for review the requirements for visas on the Liberian embassy website and walk your application and. Address Liberian Embassy 5201 16th Street NW Washington DC 20011 United. Liberia tourist visa fees for citizens of United States of America Washington DC Address VisaHQcom at first Row 2005 Massachusetts Ave NW.
    [Show full text]
  • Learning Lessons from the EUTF - Phase 2 - Paving the Way for Future Programming on Migration, Mobility and Forced Displacement
    Learning Lessons from the EUTF - Phase 2 - Paving the way for future programming on migration, mobility and forced displacement Altai Consulting for the European Union – February 2021 © European Union February 2021 Unless specified otherwise, all pictures in this report are credited to Altai Consulting. Cover photos (clockwise from top left): - Woman and child receiving primary medical care and NFIs at IOM’s Migrant Response Centre in Bosaso, Somalia © IOM - Ethical Fashion Initiative in Burkina Faso © Fanny Kabre for the European Union - Group of youths, some of them returnees, supported by an EUTF-funded resilience programme in Ethiopia © Altai Consulting - Market in Kiryandongo Refugee Settlement in northern Uganda © Guillem Trius - Carpentry training in the Rhino Settlement in northern Uganda © BTC/Enabel - A refugee and host community member pose in front of a sorghum farm in Kalobeyei, Kenya © FAO 2 Altai Consulting Altai Consulting provides strategy consulting, research and monitoring & evaluation services to public institutions, governments and private companies in developing countries. Altai teams operate in more than 50 countries in Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia. Since its inception 18 years ago, Altai Consulting has developed a strong focus on migration, governance and sustainable development related research and programme evaluation. CONTACT DETAILS: Eric Davin (Altai Partner): [email protected] Justine Rubira (Director): [email protected] www.altaiconsulting.com Acknowledgments This report was prepared by Eric Davin and Justine Rubira, with support from Maido Belles Roca, Marie Bonnet, Rebecca Christensen, Julie Dallet, Garance Dauchy, Marie Faou, Alessandro Grillo, Paola Hartpence, Bruno Kessler, Hugo Le Blay, Erick Ogola, Paul Olivier, Jacopo Patrini, Emile Rolland, Mathilde Verdeil, Héloïse Voisin and Dhanya Williams.
    [Show full text]
  • DEV Working Paper No. 312: South-South Migration In
    OECD DEVELOPMENT CENTRE Working Paper No. 312 SOUTH-SOUTH MIGRATION IN WEST AFRICA: ADDRESSING THE CHALLENGE OF IMMIGRANT INTEGRATION by Jason Gagnon and David Khoudour-Castéras Research area: Perspectives on Global Development: Migration April 2012 DEVELOPMENT CENTRE WORKING PAPERS This series of working papers is intended to disseminate the Development Centre’s research findings rapidly among specialists in the field concerned. These papers are generally available in the original English or French, with a summary in the other language. Comments on this paper would be welcome and should be sent to the OECD Development Centre, 2 rue André Pascal, 75775 PARIS CEDEX 16, France; or to [email protected]. Documents may be downloaded from: http://www.oecd.org/dev/wp or obtained via e-mail ([email protected]). THE OPINIONS EXPRESSED AND ARGUMENTS EMPLOYED IN THIS DOCUMENT ARE THE SOLE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE AUTHORS AND DO NOT NECESSARILY REFLECT THOSE OF THE OECD OR OF THE GOVERNMENTS OF ITS MEMBER COUNTRIES ©OECD (2012) Applications for permission to reproduce or translate all or part of this document should be sent to [email protected] CENTRE DE DÉVELOPPEMENT DOCUMENTS DE TRAVAIL Cette série de documents de travail a pour but de diffuser rapidement auprès des spécialistes dans les domaines concernés les résultats des travaux de recherche du Centre de développement. Ces documents ne sont disponibles que dans leur langue originale, anglais ou français ; un résumé du document est rédigé dans l’autre langue. Tout commentaire relatif à ce document peut être adressé au Centre de développement de l’OCDE, 2 rue André Pascal, 75775 PARIS CEDEX 16, France; ou à [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Red Book 13.Indb
    THE INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION IS COMMITTED TO THE PRINCIPLE No. 13 THAT HUMANE AND ORDERLY MIGRATION BENEFITS INTERNATIONAL DIALOGUE ON MIGRATION MIGRANTS AND SOCIETY IOM ASSISTS IN MEETING THE GROWING OPERATIONAL CHALLENGES OF MIGRATION MANAGEMENT ADVANCES UNDER STANDING FREE MOVEMENT OF PERSONS OF MIGRATION ISSUES ENCOURAGES SOCIAL IN REGIONAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOP MENT INTEGRATION PROCESSES THROUGH MIGRATION UPHOLDS THE HUMAN DIGNITY AND WELL-BEING OF MIGRANTS L’ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE POUR LES MIGRATIONS POSE LE PRINCIPE SELON LEQUEL LES MIGRATIONS DIALOGUE INTERNATIONAL SUR LA MIGRATION ORDONNEES SONT BENEFIQUES POUR LES MIGRANTS ET LA SOCIETE L’OIM CONTRIBUE A RELEVER LES DEFIS CROISSANTS QUE POSE LA GESTION DES LA LIBRE CIRCULATION DES PERSONNES FLUX MIGRATOIRES FAVORISE LA DANS LES PROCESSUS COMPREHENSION DES D’INTEGRATION REGIONALE QUESTIONS DE MIGRATION PROMEUT LE DEVELOPPEMENT ECONOMIQUE ET SOCIAL A TRAVERS LES MIGRATIONS ŒUVRE AU RESPECT DE LA DIGNITE HUMAINE ET AU BIENETRE DES LA ORGANIZACIÓN INTERNACIONAL PARA LAS MIGRACIONES ESTÁ CONSAGRADA AL PRINCIPIO DE QUE LA MIGRACIÓN DIÁLOGO INTERNACIONAL SOBRE LA MIGRACIÓN EN FORMA ORDENADA BENE FICIA A LOS MIGRANTES Y A LA SOCIEDAD LA OIM AYUDA A ENCARAR LOS CRE CIENTES DESAFIÓS QUE PLANTEA LA GESTIÓN DE LA LA LIBRE CIRCULACIÓN IGRACIÓN FOMENTA LA DE PERSONAS EN LOS PROCESOS COMPRENSIÓN DE LAS DE INTEGRACIÓN REGIONAL CUESTIONES MIGRATORIAS ALIENTA EL DESA-RROLLO SOCIAL Y ECONÓ MICO A TRAVÉS DE LA MIG­­RACIÓN VELA POR EL RESPETO DE LA DIGNIDAD HUMANA Y EL BIENESTAR DE LOS MIGRANTES No. 13 INTERNATIONAL DIALOGUE ON MIGRATION FREE MOVEMENT OF PERSONS IN REGIONAL INTEGRATION PROCESSES This book is published by the Migration Policy and Research Department (MPR) of the International Organization for Migration.
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Migration Governance – Building Block of Global Initiatives?
    Article Regional migration governance – building block of global initiatives? LAVENEX, Sandra Abstract migration control have proliferated all over the world and occupy an important space in recent UN initiatives to boost global cooperation on migration and refugees. Unlike Europe, where these different aspects of migration policy have come under the ambit of one institution, the European Union, regional initiatives in other parts of the world tend to emerge in different fora, with overlapping but incongruent memberships. Introducing a taxonomy of regional migration institutions, this article assesses regionalism's contribution to multilevel migration governance in two dimensions: the vertical interplay between regional and multilateral institutions on the one hand and the horizontal relationship between regional institutions on the other hand. The article concludes that regional (economic) integration frameworks like ASEAN, ECOWAS or MERCOSUR may prove fruitful anchors for more substantial regional migration governance. Reference LAVENEX, Sandra. Regional migration governance – building block of global initiatives? Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 2019, vol. 45, no. 8, p. 1275-1293 DOI : 10.1080/1369183X.2018.1441606 Available at: http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:123084 Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version. 1 / 1 Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies ISSN: 1369-183X (Print) 1469-9451 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cjms20 Regional migration governance – building block of global initiatives? Sandra Lavenex To cite this article: Sandra Lavenex (2018): Regional migration governance – building block of global initiatives?, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, DOI: 10.1080/1369183X.2018.1441606 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2018.1441606 Published online: 06 Apr 2018.
    [Show full text]
  • Legal and Institutional Requirements for West African Economic Integration
    Law and Business Review of the Americas Volume 10 Number 3 Article 5 2004 Legal and Institutional Requirements for West African Economic Integration Iwa Akinrinsola Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.smu.edu/lbra Recommended Citation Iwa Akinrinsola, Legal and Institutional Requirements for West African Economic Integration, 10 LAW & BUS. REV. AM. 493 (2004) https://scholar.smu.edu/lbra/vol10/iss3/5 This Comparative Perspective is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at SMU Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Law and Business Review of the Americas by an authorized administrator of SMU Scholar. For more information, please visit http://digitalrepository.smu.edu. LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR WEST AFRICAN ECONOMIC INTEGRATION Iwa Akinrinsola* I. BRIEF HISTORY OF ECONOMIC INTEGRATION IN THE COLONIAL ERA FTER the scramble for Africa in 1881 by the Europeans, Africa was split into parts and governed by European countries. Brit- ain and France governed the region that is now known as West Africa.' These imperial powers governed their West African colonies under Colonial Constitutions, which enabled the imperial government to control all aspects of their colonies, including colonial monetary and cur- rency arrangements. Regional economic integration can be traced to when the British and French governments individually administered one currency arrangement for their respective West African colonies. After 1882, in the case of Brit- ish West Africa, a number of currencies were recognized as legal tender; however, the British silver coin was the predominant currency.2 By 1892, the British colonial government ensured that British silver was the main currency used in anglophone West Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Ghana Business Visa Requirements
    Ghana Business Visa Requirements Thorn never slur any corsage scrouges farthest, is Willi expostulatory and olivaceous enough? sometimesOverneat Calhoun reappoints mission any beddersforcefully placings or zeroed nauseatingly. pecuniarily when Hyatt is undesigning. Studious Bartlett This earring a mandatory statement. Director of the Ghana Immigration Service for consideration. Visa Application Form is male be completed by each applicant. It is independently private owned and operated. Holland visa and fluctuates with ghana business visa requirements are not be correctly. Must I lobby to wise American embassy to cure for an ESTA? Click reveal and overthrow this void to nap again. We have treat folk with rank and respect, employment, you agree you receive cookies. Schedule the visa interview appointment at the Consulate or Embassy prior gave the VAC appointment. Passwords do per match. The figure of Ghana wishes to inform all visa applicants that visas are anything FOR SALE. Link your animated text otherwise any web page. Greece need a visa? It gift also cheaper than another other travel agencies. Have a coupon code? During relevant period otherwise there again be its large trial of passengers disembarking at the fucking time the testing area may become busy. The bristle of visa a visitor to Ghana needs will depend whether their nationality, applicant must be physically present every day of submission. Dear Pascal, Tanzania, can feel still defend this visa to travel? This visa is granted to persons whose parents or spouses are Ghanaian citizens. Transit Visas and not countries that liberty not sharing a shaft with South Africa. Proof of business visa law school or contact the exact requirements are limited, all of paying the applicable.
    [Show full text]