Quadrumvirate: Power in the Caribbean – British

JHUMUNC 2017 1 Quadrumvirate: Power in the Caribbean – British Royal Navy

Topic A: Unification of the Royal Navies of the and the Kingdom of Scotland

Topic B: Maintaining Naval Control

Overview of the British Empire now rests in the hands of the delegates of this committee. Will the It is 1714 and Queen Ann has begun British prove to be the superpower they are working toward the unification of the known to be or will they fall prey to the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of maritime superiority of another state? You Scotland. Scotland has recently gone decide. through and economic crisis, and with the unification they will be able to have free Parliamentary Procedure trade with England on their terms; however, will these terms be suitable for the Scottish Delegates of the Quadrumvirate will people or will they revolt against the follow standard parliamentary procedure unification of kingdoms? This committee is throughout the conference, but will spend a cabinet of high ranking military officials, the majority of conference debate using governors of British territories in the moderated caucuses without the use of a Caribbean, and other prominent members of speaker list in order to encourage very British culture and intellect. These comprehensive debate and have the ability delegates will act as advisors to Queen Ann to immediately respond to whatever crises to help secure stability of the British navy in may arise. Additionally, delegates are the New World. We have a breadth of encouraged to use both their portfolio views represented in our committee, and I powers and crisis notes to attempt to push trust and hope that we will reach some the direction of committee in a way that will comprehensive solutions and compromises further their cabinet member’s aspirations. through engaging debate and much Delegates will also be encouraged to bring collaboration. The first goal of this about discourse with the three remaining committee will be to ensure a successful navies within the Quad to provide unification of the state and of its naval substantial debate and alliances throughout forces. That being said, hoping the the conference. unification is successful, the question of British dominance in the New World is Delegate Biographies called into question. It is up to the delegates James Douglas of this committee to ensure the economic James Douglas was a Scottish and political safety of their state against nobleman that served as the Second Duke of European threats of Spain, the Netherlands, Queensberry and the First Duke of Dover. and the Pirates in the New World. The fate

2 He also served as the warships. Admiral Gordon, as the captain of of Scotland, Keeper of the Privy Seal of the Royal Mary and serving with the Scotland, Lord High Commissioner to the Imperial Russian Navy, offered the unique Parliament of Scotland and Secretary of perspective of defense. Additionally, his State for Scotland. Douglas, a prominent work with another navy would prove to be politician in Scotland and the Lord High useful in regards to working toward the Treasurer of Scotland, recognized the need union of two different states and working for the union due to the economic downturn with a style he was not necessarily trained the Scots were facing, but similar to many with. other Scottish politicians, he criticized their lack of representation in the union. Sir Anthony Deane He served as the mayor of , Sir John Balchen Master Shipwright, commercial shipbuilder, He served as an officer of the British naval architect and a member of the Royals Navy for more than 60 years and Parliament. Between the years of 1666 and during three wars. He was seen as an expert 1667, he designed and built 24 ships for the and veteran commander in shipbuilding and Royal Navy. Deane later published the book seamanship. He spent his career as a Doctrine for Naval Architecture in 1670. shipman and became a known veteran of the Deane, while also a politician, will perhaps trade. He will prove to be highly be most useful in terms of understanding the knowledgeable and useful when working to shipbuilding business, as he served as ensure a harmonious union of the naval Master Shipwright, commercial shipbuilder, forces against the French threat. and naval architect.

Sidney Godolphin Henri de Massue He was the Earl of Godolphin and Massue was of French descent and the First Lord of the Treasury, during which served in the French army under Turenne he played a crucial role of negotiating and prior to his forfeiting of French estates due passing the Acts of the Union of 1707. to the exile of Huguenots. He was selected Godolphin played a crucial role of by William III of England to join the negotiating and passing the Acts of the English Navy as a major general and later Union of 1707 and was a major proponent of served as the Earl of Galaway. His time the union. As First Lord of the Treasury, his under Turenne provides him with invaluable knowledge in economics and inner workings knowledge of the workings of the French of the union will prove to be beneficial to military, the same military that the the cabinet. unification was formed to defend against.

Admiral Thomas Gordon Governor Thomas Handasyd Admiral Gordon served as a Governor Handasyd was an English commodore of the Royal Scots Navy and soldier that was later promoted to Governor also served as an Admiral of the Imperial of Jamaica, due to his high ranking status of Russian Navy. He was the captain of the Major General in the military.. Governor Royal Mary, a ship of the Royal Scots Handasyd placed his focus on the security of Navy, with the intention of protecting his island of Jamaica, which would require a Scotland against privateers and enemy strong naval force. Consequently, he

3 favoured the union and encouraged Captain Thomas Coram collaboration. Captain Coram served as a captain in the Royal Navy, but was best remembered Midshipman Johnny Cooks for his work as a philanthropist. He founded Johnny Cooks was a member of the the London Foundling Hospital to look after Royal Navy, but did not serve in a political abandoned children. His philanthropic or high-ranking position. While Cooks was service offers a different perspective for the not a high-ranking official of the Royal cabinet. He is well connected in Britain and Navy, he represents the general ideology of can provide power and influence in the the average shipman in the navy. As the community that his money brings. sole representation of the general navy, his opinion is one held in high regard due to his Commodore James Littleton connection to the average navy person and Littleton, as a and the influence his opinion can make on the Commander-in-Chief of Jamaica Station, retention of navy men. will be concerned with the ability to defend his ports. This requires a large and powerful Admiral Navy, so he supports the unification of Admiral Vernon was a member of England and Scotland. He later served as a the Royal Navy, and later became a member Member of Parliament for different of Parliament. His knowledge of the people constituencies. His work with different and of the military will be beneficial to the constituencies will be crucial when working cabinet. As a highly educated and with the members of society that are not in experienced member of the Royal Navy, this cabinet due to his various connections Admiral Vernon can provide crucial insight across the state. into fighting the Spanish Navy in the Sir Matthew Aylmer Mediterranean and in the British Isles. st 1 Baron Aylmer was an Irish Royal navy officer who was named Commander- Governor Mitford Crowe in-Chief of the Navy in November of 1709, Governor Crowe served as a but the title was later revoked then restored Member of Parliament for Southampton once again. He was also appointed to the before being nominated to be governor of position of Governor of Greenwich Hospital. . He was not given this title and His work in the Irish Royal Navy provides instead worked as a diplomatic agent in the unique knowledge of the workings of a Catalonia. He later was nominated again to different military. Additionally, his tenure become the governor of Barbados, and as Governor of Greenwich Hospital holds eventually served this position for 4 years. influence in different classes than that of the Crowe’s experiences during his contentious average naval officer. As with most forms of rise to \ power as Governor of Barbados will art, they can be sued to either garner support prove to be useful in the handling of ill- or can prove to be detrimental to a cause, tempered and individuals who do not view which makes Monamy invaluable. It is the union as a success. Governor Crowe’s essential to use the artistic community to the main concern is with the island of Barbados, advantage of the state and work with these so he favors a strong Navy that can defend influential members of society. his Caribbean colony. He therefore supports the unification of the states.

4 Peter Monamy schooling at St John’s College, Oxford and Monamy came from a family of Middle Temple. He was first elected a prominent merchants and residents, but Member of Parliament and later became became an English marine painter. There is Lord of the Treasury, Speaker of the House a period of time in which there is no record of Commons of England, Chancellor of the of Monamy, but it is suspected he spent time Exchequer twice, and he was the first in Cork, Ireland during this period. Speaker of the House of Commons of Great Britain following the Acts of Union 1707. General John Churchill This position makes him a crucial member General John Churchill: General of the cabinet and of determining the John Churchill: General Churchill provides success of the state. He was also well experience in both the naval world and the versed in economics due to his political political sphere. He fought in alliance with roles. the Dutch navy for a time, giving him st insider knowledge into the workings of the Robert Harley, 1 Earl of Oxford and Earl opponent’s forces. He is also a master Mortimer statesman who served under five rulers, and He was a British politician and he is especially close to Anne through her statesman that led to his role as Lord High friendship with his wife. However, some Treasurer, Chancellor of the Exchequer and may not trust him as he was once accused of Speaker of the House of Commons of treason. 1 England. Harley maintained his position as a prominent Englishmen throughout the st Henry Saint John, 1 Viscount multiple positions. Because of this, he has Bolingbroke connections and insight to multiple aspects Saint John was an English of the population and will be useful when it philosopher and politician. He was opposed comes to debating and negotiating among to theology, but was a supporter of the different social and working classes. 1st Earl Church of England. He later escaped to of Oxford and Earl Mortimer: Harley was a France on counts of treason, but that was trusted advisor to Queen Anne, though he reversed and he returned to England. Henry clashed with John Churchill and Sidney Saint John was the embodiment of what Godolphin over political beliefs. Under threatened the navy following the union- William III, Harley called for a smaller desertion and treason. He is regarded with Navy and a reduced budget. He also caution but also with respect due to his directed the war against the French in the previous experiences and how they can be early 1700s, giving him vital experience applied to ensuring retention of the members against one of England’s greatest enemies.2 of the navy. Sir John Norris Sir John Smith Norris was an officer of the Royal Smith was an English politician that Navy and Admiral of the Fleet. During his began his political career after he completed tenure, he was instructed to take his

1 Burton, Ivor F. "John Churchill, 1st Duke of 2 Morrill, John S. "Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Marlborough." Encyclopedia Britannica, Oxford." Encyclopedia Britannica, www.britannica.com/biography/John-Churchill-1st- www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Harley-1st- duke-of-Marlborough. Accessed 7 Oct. 2016. earl-of-Oxford. Accessed 7 Oct. 2016.

5 squadron and protect the British settlements the job of Governor Hunter, but still the on the Hudson Bay in America. His governors favoured the union in an effort to expertise of naval activities will prove to be achieve the strongest naval force as a means useful to the cabinet. Sir John Norris: to defend their territory against attacks. Norris has an abundance of experience in the Royal Navy and rose to his station from the lower ranks, giving him insight into the Background Information on the feelings of enlisted sailors. His opinion on the unification of the navies will be valued British Government in terms of expeditions in the New World, which generally requires a larger Navy. Although Britain’s government has However, his political experience in been and still is a monarchy, there are working closely with Queen Anne and checks on the King or Queen. Despite an the Sidney Godolphin will not be disregarded.3 lack of a constitution for country, there are still limitations on the monarch’s power.4 Admiral George Byng These checks are exercised by the Admiral Byng served in the Royal Parliament, Great Britain’s the legislative Navy and was promoted to Admiral of the branch. Fleet and Commander-in-Chief prior to his The British parliament is divided retirement. Furthermore, he was granted into two houses: the House of Lords and the permission to negotiate with princes and House of Commons. The House of states of Italy on behalf of England, and was Commons consisted of Members of later named Treasurer of the Navy and Rear- Parliament (MPs) elected by the people Admiral of Great Britain. His negotiation, (though voters consisted primarily of a small persuasion and communication abilities batch of wealthy men). The House of Lords should be viewed as a highly regarded asset consisted of Lords (Peers) who are either to the cabinet. selected by the Monarch or have inherited 5 their titles from their families. Robert Hunter Before the Acts of 1707, England and Scotland were regarded as separate Robert Hunter was born in countries and hence had separate Edinburgh, Scotland and was apprenticed to parliaments. The Parliament of Scotland was an apothecary before he ran away and chose unicameral while that of England’s was to join the British army. He quickly rose to bicameral (House of Commons and House the rank of general. He then began a of Lords). However, with the enactment of diplomatic career which included the Acts of 1707, the Scottish parliament Governor of Virginia, 3rd Colonial Governor was dissolved and merged with the then- of New , 19th Colonial Governor of existing English Parliament to form the New York, and Governor of Jamaica. Parliament of Great Britain.6 Forty-five Similar to the other governors, the union did Scottish Members of Parliament (MPs) were not directly impact the everyday workings of

4 "What Is the UK Constitution?" The Constitution 3Hanham, Andrew A. "NORRIS, Sir John (c.1671- Unit. University College of London, n.d. Web. 1749), of Benenden, Kent, and St. Paul’s, Covent Garden, London." History of Parliament Online, 5 "How Members Are Appointed." House of Lords. www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1690- Parliament.uk, n.d. Web. 1715/member/norris-sir-john-1671-1749. Accessed 6 “The Last Scottish Parliament.” Scottish 7 Oct. 2016. Referendum. BBC. n.d. Web.

6 added to the House of Commons and 16 Bloc Positions Scottish Lords were added to the House of 7 Lords. This newly-founded Parliament still The men of this cabinet are all of met at Westminster, the site of the former different backgrounds and experiences. . Each will contribute uniquely to the cause of During Queen Anne’s reign, the rise unification, although they do fall into four of a two-party system pitted the Whigs and 8 main categories of skills and beliefs. These the Tories against each other. Under her classifications serve to show the different rule, the Tories were characterized as the aspects of unification and who will provide resistance party towards greater religious useful counsel in regard to varying issues tolerance and foreign involvement, whereas that may arise. However, all of these men the Whigs were associated with the 9 are looking for the most beneficial aristocracy and wealthy middle-class. arrangement that will allow for a heavier Although Queen Anne hoped to oversee focus on international conflict in the near mixed ministries, the year following the future. Acts of Union, the Whigs came to dominate 10 the political scene. Ministers to the Queen helped her rule the country and could be Overseas colonies bloc (Robert Hunter, appointed or dismissed by her Majesty.11 It Commodore James Littleton, Governor is important to note that at this time, there is Mitford Crowe, Governor Thomas no Prime Minister (PM) for Great Britain.12 Handasyd) These members of the committee will be most concerned with the protection of their overseas territories, meaning they are likely to support a strong and unified navy, though they will not be as worried about the political and economic effects 7 Mitchison, A History of Scotland, p. 314 8 occurring in England and Scotland. They "Anne (1665-1714)." BBC UK. BBC, n.d. may also push for a larger navy that can Web. 07 Oct. 2016. afford to send more men to the New World, especially in the Caribbean area, where they 9 "Whig and Tory." Encyclopedia Britannica are surrounded by other colonial powers. Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 2016. Naval unification bloc (John Balchen, 10 "Whig and Tory." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 07 Thomas Gordon, Sir Anthony Deane, Oct. 2016. Henri de Massue, Johnny Cooks, Edward 11 C N Trueman "Queen Anne" Vernon, John Churchill, Henry Saint John) historylearningsite.co.uk. The History This collection of men is likely to be Learning Site, 17 Mar 2015. 07 Oct. 2016. most interested in naval strategy, soldier 12 "Past Prime Ministers." - morale, and cohesion between the two GOV.UK. Government of the United Kingdom, navies. They will be key in the transition n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 2016. from separate to combined navies, working to enforce uniformity and discipline amongst the sailors without creating dissatisfaction in the ranks. They may not agree on every aspect of the unification, but

7 they work towards the same goal, and Topic A: Unification of the certain members can provide key insight to the average sailor’s feelings. Royal Navies of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Political unification bloc (Sidney Scotland Godolphin, Sir John Norris, Thomas Coram, John Smith, Matthew Aylmer, Introduction Peter Monamy) This bloc will probably be most The Act of Union in 1707 proved to concerned with the political and economic be a powerful and strategic unification of unification of Scotland and England. They two monarchies. While the idea of know that dissent within their borders will unification had been brought into question hinder operations overseas against the before, it was at this point in history that the Spanish, Dutch, and rogue pirates. They two states recognized their mutually will work to ensure Scotland is satisfied beneficial relationship this would bring. For with the terms of the Acts of the Union of England, Scotland would be able to serve as 1707. They are also likely to be interested a safeguard against potential French threats, in the budget surrounding the new navy, while Scotland was able to gain economic considering that a larger navy inevitably security through the unification. The union means more money will be spent. The allowed for free trade between England and members of this bloc can also influence the Scotland. Moreover, both states were able artistic and aristocratic realm. to retain their own laws and courts, in addition to their churches. Furthering the Dissenters (James Douglas, Robert idea of increased security for the states Harley) would be the unification of at that point the These two men are likely to have greatest naval force with another navy, only issues with the unification of Scotland and furthering their superiority. In the treaty that England. James Douglas will be concerned took effect on May 1, 1707, the Scots were granted a total of 45 commoners and 16 about Scotland’s representation in 13 Parliament, and his positions make him lords in Parliament. This was viewed by highly influential in his home country. many as a vast underrepresentation of Robert Harley will probably oppose certain Scotland in the new Parliament and a point aspects of the unification of the navies, as he of contention for many and a potential previously called for a smaller military force reason for disillusionment of the recently and a smaller budget, though he does have unified navy. This point of contention was experience with warfare that may be not just a point in history, but instead valuable. His time serving closely with remained a part of general policy and a point Queen Anne also makes him very influential of contention for the years surrounding the at the highest level of government. unification.

13 "Act of Union". Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2016. Web. 1 Jul. 2016 .

8 History and Background agreement to the Act of Security, which provided them the opportunity to not accept Information the designated person as successor to the crown of England.16 This was greatly opposed by the Queen, but was later met Prior to the Acts of Union 1707, with their own security measure, the Aliens there was another unification between the Act of 1705 which would deem any Scots Scottish and English monarchies in 1603. not living in England or serving in their When the then Queen of England passed army or navy aliens following Christmas with no child our spouse to become the heir Day 1705 unless the issue of succession was to the throne. Instead, the crown was given resolved.17 Ultimately, the Acts of Union to the next in line, which was James VI, 1707 were agreed upon by both states and King of Scotland. The King of Scotland went into effect May 1, 1707. This then became the King of England as well in officially organized the two naval forces into what was known as the union of the 14 one, despite already being merged as a result crowns. This union ended the Royal Scots of King James VI and the Union of the Navy of Scotland and encouraged the Crowns.18 merger of the Royal Navy, over one hundred years prior to the Acts of Union 1707, in 1603. While their naval forces had aligned Unification of the English and together, most aspects of the two states Scottish Navies remained the same, including separate 15 parliaments, laws, religion and currency. It was under Article 5 of the Acts of The idea of a fully unified kingdom Union 1707 in which the unified navy was of Scotland and England was not a new one. officially formed, to remain under the name This idea had been proposed multiple times, of the United as often to the same Members of Parliament per Article 1 of the Acts.19 Article 5 states: that voted to pass the Acts of Union 1707; “That all Ships or Vessels, belonging however, at this point there was a difference. to her Majesty’s Subjects of At this specific time, it would be beneficial Scotland, at the Time of ratifying the to both Scotland and England to become one Treaty of Union of the two unified kingdom with the capabilities of Kingdoms, in the Parliament of retaining their own laws and courts and religion. England’s need to be able to fight Scotland, though foreign built, be off France was met with Scotland’s need for deemed, and pass as Ships of the economic security, especially free trade. Build of Great-Britain; the Owner, or Prior the Acts of Union 1707, the terms of where there are more Owners, one or the unification of the crowns were debated more of the Owners, within twelve thoroughly by both sides. In 1703, the

Scottish Parliament demanded the 16 "Act of Security - Oxford Reference." Act of Security - Oxford Reference. Oxford University 14 "Union of the Crowns." UK Parliament. N.p., Press, n.d. Web. 16 June 2016. n.d. Web. 2 July 2016. 17 "Westminster Passes the Alien Act 1705." UK Parliament. United Kingdom Parliament, n.d. Web. 15 "Union of the Crowns 1603." - Union of 16 June 2016. Crowns to Union of Parliaments. N.p., n.d. 18 Union of the Crowns (1603). Print. Web. 25 June 2016. 19 Act of Union 1707, § Article 1 (1707). Print.

9 Months after the first of May next, aspects of the agreement, gave the majority making Oath, that, at the Time of of the power to England and left the citizens ratifying the Treaty of Union in the and government of Scotland lacking; Parliament of Scotland, the same did, however, despite the skewed balance of in whole, or in part, belong to him or power and clear problems within the them, or to some other Subject or articles, they served as a starting point and Subjects of Scotland, to be basis of the unification of the two navies for particularly named, with the Place of the Kingdom of Great Britain under one their respective Abodes; and that the crown. same doth then, at the time of the said Deposition, wholly belong to Rogue Members of the Unified him, or them, and that no Foreigner, Navy directly or indirectly, hath any Share, Government Breaches of the Treaty and Part, or Interest therein. Which Oath shall be made before the chief Tries at Early Disillusionment Officer or Officers of the Customs, The Acts of Union 1707 were in the Port next to the Abode of the viewed by many members of the lower said Owner or Owners: And the said classes in Scotland as a direct attempt for the Officer or Officers, shall be elite in Scotland to pursue solely their empowered to administrate the said interests and was therefore widely 21 Oath: And the Oath being so opposed. This opposition was due to administrated, shall be attested by nearly unrestricted power that the Scottish the Officer or Officers, who Parliament had maintained previously and administrated the same. And, being the subsequent underrepresentation in the registered by the said Officer or new Parliament. Additionally, sentiment of Officers, shall be delivered to the the union in England was not one of content. Master of the Ship for Security of Many of the governing elite in England her Navigation; and a Duplicate viewed this as an experiment that would not 22 thereof shall be transmitted by the last and would cease to exist fairly quickly. said Officer or Officers, to the chief In addition to early apprehension, Officer or Officers of the Customs in following the formal union, there were the Port of Edinburgh, to be there consistent government breaches of the treaty entered in a Register, and from which nearly led to the demise of the union thence to be sent to the Port of from 1708-1713. These breaches by the London, to be there entered in the British government included encroaching general Register of all trading ships upon areas that were preserved by Scottish belonging to Great-Britain.”20 Despite the specific plans and 21 "UK Parliament." [ARCHIVED CONTENT] ideologies laid out in the articles, the articles Internet Memory. United Kingdom Parliament, and unification were not without fault. Early Disillusion, n.d. Web. 23 June 2016. 22 Articles such as these, along with most other "UK Parliament." [ARCHIVED CONTENT] Internet Memory. United Kingdom Parliament, Early Dissillusion, n.d. Web. 23 June 2016. 20 Act of Union 1707, § Article 5 (1707). Print.

10 law and higher taxes on the Scots, them with an option outside of particularly the new tax on malt, which higher representation in an effort to would have crippled the Scottish brewing also remain loyal to the English? industry. The problems were so vast that ● Given the threat of Scots wanting to there was a vote to dissolve the union. The overthrow the current government vote was defeated in the House of Lords by structure in an effort to gain fair and just representation, what can be done four votes.23 Given the near failure of the by the Cabinet to ensure the safety unification and almost disillusionment, it and retention of the current was apparent that the need for change and monarchy? Moreover, if the Queen cohesion was essential in order for the Royal were to be overthrown, what can be Navy to remain the most prominent and done to preserve the current powerful navy in the world. The largest governmental structure and stability problem facing the new government is that currently exists? forming cooperation and retention of its ● Given the nature of the governmental citizens and military members, while also restructure, what can be done to maintaining a strong economic status in ensure a stable naval force, order to fund the necessary endeavours. especially against the pressing threat This will not be an easy feat, but forming of the French naval forces? one, solid state is the key to forming a Moreover, what can be done to form one cohesive naval force as opposed hegemonic state. to the previous two separate entities? ● During political turmoil and change, Questions the Committee Must the arts often affect the social Address opinion of the subject matter. What can this body do to provide a ● As with any major political change positive outlook and minimize the there will be apprehension towards negative arts about the unification? the change. That being said, it is of ● Due to the nature of the union, it is utmost importance that the thought to be economically unification goes smoothly, especially beneficial to both monarchies. What in regards to the military. What can are potential harms that could come be done to minimize the backlash about to the economy? Is there a from the change to prevent future way to reduce the negative fallout conflict within the united state? while providing more resources for ● Given the mistrust and discontent of the naval forces? the Scots following the establishment ● The threat of and rogue of their lack of representation in the soldiers is present in every military, new government, what can be done but with the union the chance has to appease the Scots and provide increased due to the discontent among some seamen. How does the British navy prevent these rogue 23 "UK Parliament." [ARCHIVED CONTENT] seamen and if they are present, what Internet Memory. United Kingdom Parliament, can be done to eliminate the Government Breaches the Treaty, n.d. Web. 23 problems they are sure to cause? June 2016.

11 Concluding Remarks Topic B: Maintaining Naval Control As an island state, it is of the utmost importance for England to have the most Introduction superior naval fleet, especially with the ongoing threat the French poses. Moreover, As the unification of Scotland and Scotland is in need of an economic upturn, Great Britain comes to a close, the need for in order to create the conditions conducive a British navy is essential, especially in to a full unification of the states, following regards to the eminent threat of other the previous Union of the Crowns in 1603. European states. As delegates, it is your job Despite the idea that the union of the two in this committee to maintain a balance of states was mutually beneficial, the power within the system and create stability unification has been met with backlash from within the organization. Given the both monarchies. The Scots are especially economic crisis of Scotland, many people sceptical due to the lack of representation in are turning to outside sources for monetary the new government; however, by joining aid, so the threat of defectors from the forces, they have been able to create a Navy Kingdom turning to piracy is prevalent. The that is rivalled by few, if any, others. The threat that defectors pose to your economic, question then becomes, how will they social and political stability is far greater maintain this naval superiority, and what can than could ever be anticipated. Not only they do to maintain the position of the global would they harm society and your naval hegemonic naval power? forces as a whole, but the risk of the high

ranking officers defecting is too great to ignore. Not only do they have an incredible understanding of the overall navy, but they also have inside knowledge into the upcoming naval plans and operations that have been planned. It is imperative that you maintain positive relations with all members of your naval force, especially those who could threaten national security interests if they were to defect from the Royal Navy. You must work to protect your new Kingdom and its citizens from the threat of defectors and the threat of piracy from other rival states such as the Navies of Spain and the Netherlands. If you are successful, your position of dominance in the New World will remain, but if not, the threat of other piracy and European threats is inevitable.

12 Expansion of Naval Forces English navy transformed into a permanent force, called the Royal Navy, whose mission As the unification of England and is to protect the English coastline, enhance Scotland is solidified, it has become English trading abilities around the world, and allow England to build and maintain a apparent that Great Britain has a significant 26 advantage in regards to naval forces. During global empire. the 18th century, the Dutch Navy, a direct Henry VIII is generally considered rival of naval force, was in decline and was the founder of this modern navy, greatly proving to be no match for the naval force of expanding ports and warships available to 27 Great Britain. The forces of Spain were also the navy. England’s Navy only became a on the decline during this time. The threat formidable force after the defeat of the facing all of these states is that of desertion Spanish Armada in 1588.28 During the first and the devastation it can bring to a navy. half of the 17th century, the English were This threat became increasingly apparent as forced to change their lax stance on pirates the rise of pirates became known, a group when Barbary pirates started attacking their primarily sourced by those that were merchant ships.29 England was also forced unhappy with their current naval forces and to end corruption and the horrendous ship- governments. The pirates have the building in the post-Elizabeth I era as knowledge of the different militaries Cardinal Richelieu quickly built up a necessary in order to combat them and bring 30 them down, so the goal is to retain the formidable French navy. In general, the members of the navy to not only remain the Tudors put much more effort into building a strongest against the other European forces, strong navy than the Stuarts. One mistake by but more importantly, against the rise of the Stuarts even had a massive impact in piracy.

One Roof. The National Museum, n.d. Web. 08 History Oct. 2016. 26 "Three Centuries of Naval History under One Since the late 9th century, England Roof." Three Centuries of Naval History under has been slowly developing a navy capable One Roof. The National Museum, n.d. Web. 08 to protect the English coastline from Viking Oct. 2016. 24 raiders. King Alfred was the first to build a 27 "PROTECTING OUR NATION'S navy in order to defeat the Danes, but over INTERESTS." Royal Navy. Royal Navy, n.d. the course of the middle ages, England Web. 08 Oct. 2016. slowly developed a navy capable of going 28 "Three Centuries of Naval History under One beyond its borders, even entering France Roof." Three Centuries of Naval History under during the Hundred Years War of the 14th One Roof. The National Museum, n.d. Web. 08 25 and 15th century. More recently, the Oct. 2016. 29 "Three Centuries of Naval History under One Roof." Three Centuries of Naval History under 24 "Three Centuries of Naval History under One One Roof. The National Museum, n.d. Web. 08 Roof." Three Centuries of Naval History under Oct. 2016. One Roof. The National Museum, n.d. Web. 08 30 By 1631, He Had Increased France's Fleet of Oct. 2016. Ships. "British Royal Navy - 17th Century." 25 "Three Centuries of Naval History under One British Royal Navy - 17th Century. Sirclisto, n.d. Roof." Three Centuries of Naval History under Web. 09 Oct. 2016.

13 bringing on the English Civil War, with the Caribbean after the Treaty of Charles I attempting to tax the entire nation Tordesillas, but didn’t have the military for ship building instead of just the coastal resources to prevent colonists and merchants towns. While it was incredibly unpopular, from establishing posts throughout the Charles I claimed it was fair since the region.34 Piracy also exploded as the English Navy was now not just protecting colonists and merchants needed help getting coastal towns, but also roaming the world around Spanish rules.35 The height of piracy protecting British interests.31 in the Caribbean was from 1640 to 1680 and Once the English Civil War was produced very serious problems for the three under way, Cromwell and his followers most powerful nations with holdings in the were forced to build up the navy since the region.36 Throughout the second half of the other European powers, namely France and 17th century, Spanish, Dutch, French, and Spain, were not happy with the English English forces constantly fought each other monarchy being kicked out of power. The and the pirates with one location, St. English also had to worry about the Dutch, Eustatius changing hands 10 times between who were incredibly unhappy after the 1674 and 1684!37 By the end of the 17th English declared only English ships could century, geopolitics had become much more enter English harbors.32 This caused the settled in the Caribbean as the major powers Anglo-Dutch War, an affair that lasted for began turning their energies against the 20 years during the 1650s - 1670s, again pirates instead of each other. At the same convincing the English that they needed a time, as the 18th century begins, the Royal stronger navy. During this time, the navy Navy needs more help than ever from was officially renamed the Royal Navy after Scottish sailors in order to maintain its the monarchy was restored under Charles global navy and become ever more powerful II.33 Since then England has had to compete with the Dutch, French, and pirates 34 for supremacy on the seas of the North "Unique Facts About the Caribbean: Piracy in Atlantic, and recently, the Caribbean. The the Caribbean." Unique Facts About the Caribbean: Piracy in the Caribbean. Sheppard Spanish theoretically had control over all of Software, n.d. Web. 09 Oct. 2016. 35 "Unique Facts About the Caribbean: Piracy in 31 By 1631, He Had Increased France's Fleet of the Caribbean." Unique Facts About the Ships. "British Royal Navy - 17th Century." Caribbean: Piracy in the Caribbean. Sheppard British Royal Navy - 17th Century. Sirclisto, n.d. Software, n.d. Web. 09 Oct. 2016. Web. 09 Oct. 2016. 36 "Unique Facts About the Caribbean: Piracy in 32 By 1631, He Had Increased France's Fleet of the Caribbean." Unique Facts About the Ships. "British Royal Navy - 17th Century." Caribbean: Piracy in the Caribbean. Sheppard British Royal Navy - 17th Century. Sirclisto, n.d. Software, n.d. Web. 09 Oct. 2016. Web. 09 Oct. 2016. 37 "Unique Facts About the Caribbean: Piracy in 33 By 1631, He Had Increased France's Fleet of the Caribbean." Unique Facts About the Ships. "British Royal Navy - 17th Century." Caribbean: Piracy in the Caribbean. Sheppard British Royal Navy - 17th Century. Sirclisto, n.d. Software, n.d. Web. 09 Oct. 2016. Web. 09 Oct. 2016.

14 compared to the Dutch, French, pirates, and the Tory government—comprising of many other potential new foes. admirals—regained control of the government, and in a matter of three years bequeathed control of the navy to the Lord Recent International Action 39 Admiral. Following the English Civil Wars— The post has since been given to concluding in 1651—there existed a Queen Anne’s husband Prince George, rebalancing of powers in the Western stage. however recent speculation has questioned England’s Southeast rivals, particularly the the health status of the Prince. Future naval Dutch and French, began to fortify and leadership is certainly a popular topic these consolidate their own maritime powers. days. If a new leader were to be appointed, However, the execution of Charles I the global strategies for the Navy may also initiated great change to the navy, as the evolve. new monarch, Charles II identified The Spanish War of Succession has England’s naval weakness and responded by also recently ended. Conflict began when investing great resources into the naval program. The choice of naval expansion was Louis XIV refused to remove Philip V from particular practical, given the inherent the line of succession for the French throne. territorial vulnerability England had as an This left open the possibility that Philip V island, and its allowance of commercial could rule a combined France and Spain. expansion. This latter point of economic Louis XIV began to give France more power growth incurred by trade, became a defining through barring England and the notion of Charles II’s “blue water” policy, in Netherlands from trade with Spain. With which naval expansion and commercial England already feeling alienated, the final expansion were thought of as mutual 38 straw occurred when Louis XIV decided to processes. However, the presence of recognize the former king of England’s son, pirates has often challenged the sanctity of James Francis Edward Stuart, as king, this policy, and mitigated the effects of instead of William III. The war began with trade. Now, the unification of Scotland battles occurring all over Europe. Several presents the Royal Navy with a particularly countries allied together including England, appealing opportunity. After all, while the Austria, the Netherlands, and the Holy Roman Empire. These countries believed Royal Scottish Navy and English Royal Navy have operated ostensibly as a single that the Archduke Charles should be the force, no formal declaration has unified King of Spain. In 1711, the war began to slow down as alliances between countries these two entities until now. Recent years has cultivated an weakened, and Archduke Charles was named the next Emperor to the Holy Roman internal power struggle over control of the 40 Navy. In the late-17th century, the commons Empire after the death of Emperor. and admiralty in the Parliament hoped to establish authority over the Navy. In 1699, 39 Ibid 40 "War of the Spanish Succession." New World 38 John Brewer. The Sinews of Power: War, Encyclopedia. Accessed July 10, 2016. Money and the English State, 1688-1783. New http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Spanish York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1989. 11. _Empire#.22God_is_Spanish.22_.281596.E2.80.931 626.29.

15 Countries no longer wanted him to be King ● How do you convince Scots that they of Spain, as it would upset and swing the should owe their allegiance to Great balance of power toward Austria, the same Britain and not to pirates or foreign way King Philip V had for France. In 1714, governments that could weaken their the war officially ended with the Peace of newly joined country? Utrecht, and Philip V remained the King of ● What is the perfect balance between the navy, parliament, and the Queen Spain.41 He had to remove himself from the in combatting piracy and keeping the French line of succession and Spain had to British navy one of the strongest in give up the Spanish Netherland and parts of the world? Who should hold the Italy. King Philip V also allowed Great power to appoint admirals, determine Britain the right to slave trade for up to when attacks are necessary, and raise thirty years in Spanish America. The war money for naval adventures around has nearly solidified England’s role as the the world? ruler of the sea. As Britain has continued to ● In an age of global expansion, is gain control of the Mediterranean, France remaining isolationist to the rest of has begun to rethink traditional maritime the world even an option? To what war strategies. As countries, like France, extent does Great Britain, with its continue to adopt its’ Navies to Royal Navy, have an obligation to accommodate to current times, England’s monitor maritime activity? Navy must be prepared for the unexpected. Concluding Remarks Questions the Committee Must It is quite apparent that at this time Address the contest for strongest navy is in full force and this competition for naval hegemonic ● How do you convince sailors to power will only continue to grow. As the remain with the British navy when other naval forces continue to grow, so does there may be more lucrative options the Royal Navy, but not without its own from pirates and foreign problems. The threat of desertion and governments? Why should Scots in treason is high, exacerbated by the recent the midst of a recession join the navy union of the two navies, and this alone poses of a nation they’ve only just united a greater threat to the navy than nearly any under when there is easy money to outside force. Member retention and loyalty be made from piracy? is the largest and most credible threat to the ● If a sailor chooses to defect from the fate of the Royal Navy. It is of paramount Royal Navy, what can be done to importance that the British retain their ensure naval plans are not shared position as the world’s strongest and best with opposing navies or pirates. naval force. It is up to this committee to Additionally, what is the ability of form strong connections and solutions to the this cabinet to defend themselves problems facing the naval forces of today. against defectors and the harm they This cabinet must use any and all means would inevitably cause? necessary to remain as the paramount navy. It is up to you, cabinet members, to decide what navy will reign supreme. God save the

41 Queen, and God save the Royal Navy. Ibid.

16