A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick Permanent WRAP URL: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/93543 Copyright and reuse: This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: [email protected] warwick.ac.uk/lib-publications DIVIDED BY LA MANCHE: NAVAL ENTERPRISE AND MARITIME REVOLUTION IN EARLY MODERN ENGLAND AND FRANCE, 1545-1642 BY BENJAMIN W. D. REDDING Submitted as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History The University of Warwick, Department of History November 2016. ! ! ! CONTENTS Acknowledgements v Abstract vii Abbreviations viii Conventions and Conversion Rates x Glossary of Ship Terms xi Introduction 1 1. The Admiralty and the State 29 1.1. The Appointment of an Admiral 32 1.2. The Jurisdiction of the Admiral 43 2. Administrative Developments 62 2.1. The Councils of the Admiralty 65 2.2. Naval Developments in the Localities 82 3. State Finance and the Navy 107 3.1. Naval Expenditure 110 3.2. Ordinary State Revenue 123 3.3 Atypical Income 134 4. Warship Design and State Control 158 4.1. Galleys and Oared Vessels 163 4.2. Warship Size 175 4.3. Vessel Architecture and the State 194 5. Naval Expansion, Private Vessels and State Control 205 5.1. Merchant Composition 209 ! ! i! ! 5.2. Numerical Growth in State Navies 219 5.3. Naval Decline 230 6. The Ship of State 244 6.1. Name and Reputation 246 6.2. Decorating an Early Modern Warship 255 6.3. Audience and Popular Representation 268 Coda and Conclusion 282 Post-1642 283 Creating a State Navy 291 Bibliography 303 ! ! ii! ! LIST OF TABLES AND CHARTS Chart 3.1 Declared English Naval Expenditure, 1547-1641 100 Chart 3.2 Declared English Naval Expenditure, 1547-1602 101 Chart 3.3 Declared English Naval Expenditure, 1603-1642 102 Chart 3.4 Breakdown of Declared English Naval Expenditure, 1603- 103 1642 Chart 3.5 Total French Naval Expenditure, 1530-1640 104 Chart 3.6 French Naval Expenditure, 1530-1562 105 Chart 3.7 French Naval Expenditure, 1604-1640 106 Chart 5.1 Navy Size in England and France, 1545-1642 204 Table 4.1 Tonnage Measurements 162 ! ! iii! ! LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Image 1: La Couronne by Nikki Sheriff. xii Image 6.1: The Peter [Pomegranate], 1546, The Anthony Roll, p. 43. 238 Image 6.2: The Salamander, 1546, The Anthony Roll, p. 71. 238 Image 6.3: Unknown artist(s), c. 1545, The Embarkation of Henry VIII at 239 Dover, Hampton Court Palace, London. Image 6.4: Peter Lely, c. 1645-50, Peter Pett and the “Sovereign of the 240 Seas”, The National Maritime Museum, Greenwich. Image 6.5: Mary I Gold Royal, 1553, The British Museum, London. 240 Image 6.6: French Flagship, 1548, BN, français 25374, f. 28. 241 Image 6.7: Large French Warship, 1548, BN, français 25374, f. 29. 241 Image 6.8: Francis I’s Salamander on Demi-Culverin, Musée de l’Armée, 242 Paris. Image 6.9: Arms, Garter and Tabella on Demi-Cannon, 81A3000, The Mary 242 Rose Museum, Portsmouth. Image 6.10: Canon de Marine de 12, 1636, Musée de l’Armée, Paris. 243 ! ! iv! ! ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Both the research and writing of this thesis would have been unachievable without the thoughtful advice and direction of my supervisors, Professor Penny Roberts and Dr. Gabriel Glickman. I have been an unconventional student for the past three years, and I thank them for their patience and time. Furthermore, I thank Warwick’s Department of History for its support and advice, along with those willing (both inside and outside the department) to read drafts of this work: Edward Geall, Doctors Alan James and Jonathan Davies, Professor Bernard Capp and the GRF group. I apologise to anyone that I have missed. As part of the research for this thesis, I undertook a four-month research trip across France during the summer of 2015 that was kindly funded by the ESRC and the Society for the Study of French History. Having been apprehensive about the trip, I was fortunate to begin my archival research at the Archives Municipales de la ville du Havre, where all members of staff were very welcoming and helpful in assisting someone with relatively rusty French at the time. Thanks to them for their helpfulness in the opening weeks of the trip, which placed me in greater ease as I travelled elsewhere in France. Thank you to my friends and family for their constant support in the process. To my parents who have always supported my endeavours (both emotionally and financially), I hope that it has been worth it. To my wife, Sammy, I apologise: first, for my “insightful” knowledge of early modern history that has changed an interest of yours into a “hatred” and, second, for my prolonged research trips away from home (I am confident that you enjoyed the peace and quiet). Finally, to Eloise, who has always managed to make me smile whenever times have been difficult, it is to her that I dedicate this work. ! ! v! ! This thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other university. ! ! vi! ! ABSTRACT At different times between 1545 and 1642, the navies of England and France both grew in strength and declined. This thesis traces the advances and regression of both kingdoms’ sea forces and relates these changes to concurrent developments within the state. As a comparative study, it shows that, in sharing the Channel and with an increasing use of the early modern maritime theatre, English and French naval expansion was intertwined. First, approaching the administrative transformations of both navies and, then, progressing to discuss fiscal, technological, maritime and finally aesthetic developments, this thesis highlights the relationship between naval and state strength in early modern Europe. As a comparative study of early modern state and naval development, this project has been particularly inspired by the research of Jan Glete. Consequently, through quantitative statistical analysis and other techniques, it accounts for naval and state growth. It uses a large source base of archival evidence from national and regional archives in England and France, printed documentation, and resources from museums and art galleries. As well as engaging with the military revolution debate, where it is argued that early modern naval developments justly deserve greater prominence, the thesis also produces a framework that accounts for the rise and decline of naval strength. It suggests that three principal factors can account for these developments in early modern Europe. First, naval strength was reliant upon the will, enthusiasm and political stability of the monarch. Second, transnational influence and engagement helped to shape the size and appearance of state fleets. The English Channel was an international theatre of political and cultural exchange that facilitated English and French advances. Finally, the geography of both kingdoms is explored, because the size, composition, visual design and location of state navies were conditioned by it. ! ! vii! ! ABBREVIATIONS AN – Archives Nationales, Paris, France. APC – J. R. Dasent et al (eds.), Acts of the Privy Council of England (45 volumes, London: Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, 1890-1964). The Anthony Roll - C. S. Knighton and D. M. Loades (eds.), The Anthony Roll of Henry VIII’s Navy (Cambridge: Ashgate, 2000). BL – The British Library, London, UK. BN – Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, France. CSP, Spain – P. de Gayangos et al (eds.), Calendar of State Papers, Spain (13 volumes, London: Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, 1890). CSP, Venice – R. Brown et al (eds.), Calendar of State Papers Relating to English Affairs in the Archives of Venice (39 volumes, London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1864-1947). CSPD, James I – R. Lemon, M. Green et al (eds.), Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reign of Edward VI, Mary I, Elizabeth I and James I (12 volumes, London: Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, 1856-72). Edward and Mary - C. S. Knighton and D. M. Loades (eds.) The Navy of Edward VI and Mary I (Farnham: Ashgate, 2011). Histoire de la Marine – C. de la Roncière, Histoire de la marine française (6 volumes, Paris: Plon-Nourrit et Co, 1899-1932). Le Havre – Archives Muncipales du Havre, Le Havre, France. Lettres de Richelieu – M. Avenel (ed.), Lettres, instructions diplomatiques et papiers d’état du Cardinal de Richelieu (8 volumes, Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1853-67). LPH – J. Gairdner, R. H. Brodie et al (eds.), The Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII (21 Volumes, London: Longman, et al., 1862-1910). ! ! viii! ! Nantes - Archives Municipales de Nantes, Nantes, France. Navy and Government - A. James, The Navy and Government in Early Modern France 1572-1661 (Chippenham: The Boydell Press, 2004). PL – Pepys Library, Magdelene College, Cambridge, UK. SP – State Papers. TNA – The National Archives, Kew, UK. ! ! ix! ! CONVENTIONS AND CONVERSION RATES The year is considered to have started on 1 January. When possible the original spelling provided in manuscripts has been retained. To aid the reader, all French quotes have been translated into English, with the original form provided in the footnote.