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EUI Working Papers DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION EUI Working Papers HEC 2010/02 DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION Moving Elites: Women and Cultural Transfers in the European Court System Proceedings of an International Workshop (Florence, 12-13 December 2008) Giulia Calvi and Isabelle Chabot (eds) EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE , FLORENCE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION Moving Elites: Women and Cultural Transfers in the European Court System Proceedings of an International Workshop (Florence, 12-13 December 2008) Edited by Giulia Calvi and Isabelle Chabot EUI W orking Paper HEC 2010/02 This text may be downloaded for personal research purposes only. Any additional reproduction for other purposes, whether in hard copy or electronically, requires the consent of the author(s), editor(s). If cited or quoted, reference should be made to the full name of the author(s), editor(s), the title, the working paper or other series, the year, and the publisher. ISSN 1725-6720 © 2010 Giulia Calvi and Isabelle Chabot (eds) Printed in Italy European University Institute Badia Fiesolana I – 50014 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI) Italy www.eui.eu cadmus.eui.eu Abstract The overall evaluation of the formation of political decision-making processes in the early modern period is being transformed by enriching our understanding of political language. This broader picture of court politics and diplomatic networks – which also relied on familial and kin ties – provides a way of studying the political role of women in early modern Europe. This role has to be studied taking into account the overlapping of familial and political concerns, where the intersection of women as mediators and coordinators of extended networks is a central feature of European societies. The focus on informal power and influence has been of great concern to the study of gender and women’s history in early modern European societies, making visible the manifold indirect ways of exercising political roles through religious patronage, familial connections, ritual practices and rhetoric. However, because of their lineage and upbringing, women from princely dynasties were political creatures who had been prepared to fulfil important functions of government as consorts, regents and governors as well as that of ruling in their own right. They exercised formal powers connected to their legal status which gave them precise jurisdictions connected to their life cycle: as adolescent brides, wives, mothers and widows, the exercise and prerogatives of power changed. Positioning women at the centre of court life and in the complex dynamic of state formation encourages us to rethink the ways in which women accessed and exercised political power. A gendered history of the courtly world has not yet been written. While courts have been overlooked in their capacity to integrate “migrating” foreign princesses, female courts have been neglected as spaces where the young members of aristocratic families were integrated through service, ritual and arranged marriages, into wider European networks of alliance. The cultural, linguistic, performing, artistic space of female courts thus functioned as a powerful – and empowering – element of political integration in Europe. Women rulers were viewed both in terms of moving elites and as the movable element in the framework of international politics. Only as rulers in their own right they did not migrate into foreign dynasties, but remained in their home countries eventually choosing to integrate foreign incoming husbands. Language, agency, self-reflexivity and the complex process of self-fashioning required by crossing borders, entering into a foreign dynasty and integrating into a new and distant court culture, while in time promoting integration, are the central questions the workshop aimed to address. Keywords Women rulers – European courts – Political power – Dynastic families Table of Contents Giulia CALVI , Introduction ………………………………………………………………………p. 1 Part I Moving Elites Christiane COESTER , Crossing Boundaries and Traversing Space. The Voyage of the Bride in Early Modern Europe…………………………………………………………………………… p. 9 Laura OLIVAN SANTALIESTRA , Retour souhaité ou expulsion réfléchie ? La maison espagnole d’Anne d’Autriche quitte Paris (1616-1622)……………………………… ……… ………… p. 21 Clarissa CAMPBELL ORR , Making a new Start: Queen Charlotte, Popular Politics, and the Fear of ‘Petticoat Power’ in Britain, c. 1760-1770………………………………………… p. 33 Caroline ZUM KOLK , Catherine de Médicis et l'espace : résidences, voyages et séjours.. …p. 51 Part II The Uses of Space Fanny COSANDEY , Honneur aux dames. Préséances au féminin et prééminence sociale dans la monarchie d’Ancien Régime (XVI e-XVII e siècles)……………………………………………… p. 65 Sara GALLETTI , Architecture and Ceremonial in Early Modern France: the Court of Maria de’ Medici………………………………………………………………………………… ……… p. 77 Marion LEMAIGNAN , Un espace au cœur du pouvoir. Mathurine et sa folie à la cour d’Henri IV : Marginalité, rituel et politique…………………………………………………… …… … p. 113 Part III Defining Identity, Constructing Power Sarah BERCUSSON , The Duchess’Court in Sixteenth-Century Italy: A Comparison of Female Experience………………..……………………………………………………………… .…… p. 127 Guido GUERZONI , Strangers at Home. The Courts of Este Princesses between XVth and XVIIth Centuries…………………………………………………………………………………………… p. 141 Adelina MODESTI , Diplomatic and Cultural Partnerships in Early Modern Europe: Vittoria della Rovere and Cosimo III de’ Medici…………………………………………… .……… p. 157 I II Introduction Giulia CALVI , European University Institute In the last decade a relevant amount of research focusing on the relation between the discourses and practices of power in a gender dimension has enriched the cultural approach to political history. Historiography has opened up questions and issues pertaining to the gendering of State formation processes in Europe, enhancing the relevance of a public sphere of ritual and representation, and the changing roles and prerogatives of power for men and women. Innovative studies in the field of legal and institutional history have tackled notions of royalty through the lens of gender focussing on women as regents, consorts, and rulers in their own right in the process of consolidating and transmitting royal prerogatives. In so doing, research has shed light on the neglected formal political roles exerted by the women of princely and royal dynasties as ruling consorts and governors during specific phases of their life cycle. One of the results of this field of research is the shared assumption that formal roles of power have to be analysed in connection with the life course and as part of the broader life cycle of the dynasty itself. This entails considering European ruling dynasties and families as complex subjects of historical and anthropological research where the familial roles of men and women overlap and structure political action in the interconnected spaces of the court and the State. Therefore both family history and anthropological analysis of kinship ties, vertical and horizontal, have to be taken into account in rethinking the gendering of political culture and the specific features of women’s rulership and political agency in Europe. This entails that not only the vertical genealogy of the dynasty has to be taken into account when analysing the functioning and practice of court life, but the cognatic ties embedded in marriage alliances and kin that can enrich and empower a ruling family, as well as endanger the internal coherence of its strategies. The functioning of the European court system was based on well orchestrated exchanges of women among dynasties. Transnational marriage alliances were indeed at the core of international relations, and a distinguishing feature in the study of early modern female elites is the systematic displacement which the marriage exchange produced. Looking at women moving across European borders as young brides, (widowed) consorts or exiles, encourages us to analyse the manifold and dislocated forms of power connected to space and family roles changing along the life cycle. Women marrying into foreign dynasties brought with them a dynastic capital made of status, wealth, material culture, court rituals and etiquette, religion as well as their own entourage. While enriching and transforming the court cultures they became part of, foreign brides and consorts of higher status and royal or imperial origin enhanced difference, distinction and hierarchy. The mounting tensions around clothes leading to the refusal to wear local sartorial fashions while insisting on one’s own dynastic colours and styles was a common way of asserting notions of deeply ingrained superiority vis- à-vis a court and a husband of lower status. Moreover, the territorial property rights that many princely women brought with them as part of an inheritance they were entitled to could give way to legitimate claims to rule faraway lands and ensuing transnational conflicts. The process of integrating foreign brides was long, and at times difficult. It was often fraught with tensions and rivalries, as Laura Olivan Santaliestra shows in her essay on the 1 Giulia Calvi French and Spanish courts bitterly competing over the composition and dimension of the entourage of their young princesses. Focussing on female moving elites in the early modern period induces us to rethink the connections between space, gender and power in the broader perspective of cultural transfers across national and regional borders. As Guido Guerzoni’s
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