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CULTURAL RESISTANCE and NATIVE TESTIMONIO in the AMERICAS: a Study of the Life Stories by Juan Perez Jolote, Nuligak Kriogak and an Antane Kapesh

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CULTURAL RESISTANCE and NATIVE TESTIMONIO in the AMERICAS: a Study of the Life Stories by Juan Perez Jolote, Nuligak Kriogak and an Antane Kapesh UNIVERSITE DE SHERBROOKE FACULTE DES LETTRES ET SCIENCES HUMAINES DEPARTEMENT DES LETTRES ET COMMUNICATION CULTURAL RESISTANCE AND NATIVE TESTIMONIO IN THE AMERICAS: A Study of the Life Stories by Juan Perez Jolote, Nuligak Kriogak and An Antane Kapesh Memoire Litterature Canadienne Comparee Par Luis Dominguez Bachelier es Arts Litterature Canadienne Comparee © Luis Dorrunguez 2012 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-91707-7 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-91707-7 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distrbute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. Canada Composition du jury CULTURAL RESISTANCE AND NATIVE TESTIMONIO IN THE AMERICAS: A Study of the Life Stories by Juan Perez Jolote, Nuligak Kriogak and An Antane Kapesh Luis Domfnguez Ce memoire a ete evalue par un jury compose des personnes suivantes: Roxanne Rimstead, directrice de recherche Departement des Lettres et Communication, Faculte des Lettres et Sciences Humaines Gregory Reid, membre du jury Departement des Lettres et Communication, Faculte des Lettres et Sciences Humaines Dominico Beneventi, membre du jury Departement des Lettres et Communication, Faculte des Lettres et Sciences Humaines ABSTRACT This thesis explores native testimonies in Canada, Mexico, and Quebec written between 1950 and 1980. The goal of this research is to study the strategic use of life writing and the testimonial genre by Native subjects in particular in their struggle for self- governance, cultural recognition and survival in order to talk back to the dominant neo/colonial culture. Testimonio allows Native voices to emerge in scriptocentric culture while questioning the authority of neo/colonial cultures and addressing important issues regarding Native survival. The focus of this study is how the use of testimonial writing allows Native cultures to renegotiate history, fight cultural misrepresentation and resist cultural assimilation. By finding new ways to transmit oral knowledge and traditional heritage, while undergoing the process of mediation, such as translation and/or editing, Native writers are able to judiciously use testimonio as an empowering tool for cultural survival. The truth claims found in these narratives are discussed individually in order to render a clearer picture about Natives' oppression in the Americas. This enables the socio-historical specificities of each Native discourse to emerge from various geopolitical contexts and to stand tall against neo/colonial oppression. In order to better understand how testimonio can put forward Native voices and demands, this study draws on testimonial theory from researchers such as John Beverley, George Yudice and Georg Gugelberger as well as on postcolonial and life-writing theory. According to these theorists, testimonio writing speaks urgently about oppression, marginalization and survival, often for political not just aesthetic purposes. This thesis studies life stories by Juan Perez Jolote, Nuligak Kriogak, and An Antane Kapesh as example of testimonio, by analysing the collaboration between the author/teller and the editor/translator; the cultural mis/representation within these narratives, and the resistance (if any) these works engage in. The use of native languages (especially: Tzotzil, Inuvialuktun, and Innu-aimun) at the early stages of the collaboration testifies to the ongoing cultural survival of the Chamula, the Inuvialuit, and of the Innu in the 20th century. The political urgency of these testimonios can be observed at the different stages of the process of their liberation in each respective narrative. Keywords: Native Literature, Testimonio, Intercultural Studies, Cultural Resistance RESUME Dans ce memoire, je propose d'explorer I'ecriture autochtone publiee entre 1950 et 1980 au Canada, au Mexique et au Quebec. L'objectif de cette recherche est d'etudier l'utilisation strategique de l'ecrit par des sujets autochtones, plus particulierement I'ecriture de temoignage (testimonio) dans leur combat pour l'auto-gouvernance, pour la reconnaissance culturelle ainsi que pour survivre. En effet, cette litterature repond au message vehicule par la culture neocoloniale dominante. Ainsi, la litterature de temoignage, mieux connue en Amerique Latine sous le nom de testimonio, permet non seulement 1'emergence du discours autochtone dans la culture dominante, mais permet egalement a l'Amerindien de questionner l'autorite des cultures neocoloniales dominantes tout en exprimant les problematiques de la survie autochtone. En examinant comment la litterature de temoignage (ou testimonio) facilite la renegotiation historique, la combat envers la fausse-representation culturelle (cultural misrepresentation) ainsi que la resistance a 1'assimilation, cette etude vise a demontrer que ce genre litteraire est un outil favorable qui permet non seulement de redefinir les methodes de transmission orale, mais est aussi outil de valorisation culturelle qui permet de mettre en evidence l'urgence des revendications autochtones. Afin de mieux comprendre comment les testimonios a 1'etude permettent de mettre de l'avant les voix et demandes amerindiennes, cette recherche s'inspire non seulement des theories de I'ecriture de vie (life-writing theories) et des theories sur la litterature postcoloniale, mais aussi des theories sur la litterature de temoignage telles que discutees, entre autres, par John Beverley, George Yudice et Georg Gugelberger. Selon ces theoriciens, ce genre adresse urgemment les problematiques d'oppression, de marginalisation et de survie pour des raisons plus souvent politiques qu'esthetiques. Finalement, ce memoire etudie les auto/biographies par Juan Perez Jolote, Nuligak Kriogak et An Antane Kapesh comme etant des exemples de la litterature de temoignage (testimonio) en analysant la collaboration entre ces auteurs/orateurs et leurs editeurs/traducteurs; les problemes de fausse-representation contenue dans ces oeuvres et, finalement, en analysant la resistance (si il y a) que ces testimonios engagent. L'utilisation des langues amerindiennes (en particulier: Tzotzil, Inuvialuktun et Innu- aimun) dans le processus de collaboration temoigne de la survie culturelle des cultures Chamula, Inuvialuit et Innu au travers du 20e siecle. Ces testimonios depeignent l'urgence politique de leur survie a different moments de leur processus de liberation. Mots-cles : Testimonio, Litterature Autochtone, Etudes interculturelles, Resistance ACKNOWLEDGEMENT J'aimerais remercier tous les gens qui ont cru en moi et tous ceux et celles qui ont fait de moi la personne que je suis aujourd'hui. Je tiens aussi a remercier plus particulierement certaine personnes qui ont su etre la quand j'avais besoin d'eux. Merci done a : Roxanne Rimstead, Gregory Reid et Dominico Beneventi Ruth Valin Mon ami, Bob Gagne pour son accompagnement tout au long de ces annees. Au clan Rouleau-Boulanger - Drej, Moukmec, So et Fe - pour leur amitie sincere et pour m'avoir permis de vivre aupres d'eux un parcours des plus singuliers. Fakir Dugre, Mathieu, Jonathan et Audrey, Stevenn, Jon, Johnny boy et Vicky, Hugues, Nicolas, Nic, Mathieu et Kali, Vincent et Rachel, Molie, Bianka et Ode ainsi que tous ceux et celles que j'oubli pour leur amitie, leur soutien et leur comprehension. Specialement a ma tante Helene et mon oncle Leo pour leur ecoute et constants encouragements ainsi que tout le reste. Mes freres Jose et Hugo. Mes parents : Tono et Marthe pour tout ce qu'ils ont fait pour moi et pour m'avoir donne la force et les opportunites d'aller de l'avant. Merci Pop ! Merci Mom ! Merci. Table of Contents Introduction: Cultural Resistance and Native Testimonio 10 Chapter I. Testimonio: Portraits of the Other Americas 20 i. Defining the Genre 25 ii. I, We, Them: On the Collaborative Nature of Testimonio 32 Chapter II. Juan Perez Jolote:
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