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Kaminsky, Howard/ Simon De Cramaud, De Substraccione Medieval Academy Books No. 92 Simon de Cramaud DE SUBSTRACCIONE OBEDIENCIE Simon de Cramaud DE SUBSTRACCIONE OBEDIENCIE Edited by Howard Kaminsky THE MEDIEVAL ACADEMY OF AMERICA Cambridge, Massachusetts 1984 Contents Preface vii Abbreviations ix Introduction 1 § 1. The Political Context 1 § 2. Simon de Cramaud 26 § 3. The Argument of the Treatise 44 § 4. The Present Edition 55 Outline of the Text 68 Text 69 Annotations 165 Appendices I. The Marginalia in A 215 II. The Marginalia in C 222 III. The Marginalia in F 228 IV. Simon de Cramaud: Pro via cessionis 230 V. The Works of Simon de Cramaud 233 Indices to the Text I. Alphabetical List of Canons 239 II. Numerical List of Canons 244 III. Alphabetical List of Roman Laws 248 IV. Proper Names 250 Preface The belief that Simon de Cramaud was a key figure in the story of how the Great Schism in the Western church came to be ended imposed itself upon me rather slowly, about fifteen years ago, when I was looking through the Libti de Schismate of the Vatican Ar- chives for a quite different reason. Frequent references to "the Pa- triarch" suggested his leading role in Paris, and a cursory reading of his major treatise led first to grateful appreciation of its clarity and vigor, then to gradual realization of its importance. Others had no doubt read it before but I had the advantage of coming to it by way of Brian Tierney's Foundations of the Condliar Theory, so that I could not only recognize the nature of the treatise as an essay in corporatist ecclesiology, but also appreciate how it gave the French union program a depth and inner consistency that had not always been perceived. I could also see the identity of the Paris program to that of the Council of Pisa, and thus bring the subject of Tierney's work into its proper relationship to Simon's. At the same time the effort to see the treatise in its historical setting and political function led first to the project of a critical edition with full annotations, then to the study of Simon's life, career, and political action. The final result, conceived as a single work, has had to be split into two parts, the edition of Simon's treatise presented here, and a monograph on Simon and French policy in the Great Schism, published by the Rutgers University Press. Each, of course, has been reworked to be independent of the other. Most of the research for this work was done in the Bibliotheque Nationale and Archives Nationales of Paris, and the Biblioteca Apos- tolica Vaticana and Archivio Segreto Vaticano; like all foreign work- ers in these institutions, I must be grateful to them for providing gratis all of their ordinary services. The same thanks are due to the Archives Departementales de la Vienne in Poitiers, and to its direc- tor, M. Francois Villard. Other individuals have also provided much help: Professor Gilbert Ouy; Professor Fredric Cheyette, who put both his notes and time at my disposal; Professor Bernard Guenee, who helped me to improve an earlier work on Simon; Dr. R. W. Swanson, who brought ms. L to my notice and further obliged me by engaging in a lengthy correspondence about matters relating to vii viii Preface the Schism; Canon Jose Goni Gaztambide of Pamplona, who sent me a microfilm of ms. G; Professor Stephan Kuttner, who provided a number of canonistic materials that I could not have gotten other- wise without much effort. Finally, and above all, I wish to thank Professor Hartmut Hoff- mann of Gottingen for assistance in many ways, too many in fact to list in detail; most important, perhaps, was the help he gave me in determining the stemma. HOWARD KAMINSKY Miami Beach, Florida Abbreviations ALKG, 5, 6, 7 Archiv fur Literatur- und Kirchengeschichte des Mittelalters, ed. F. Ehrle & H. Denifle, 5, 6, 7 (Berlin, 1889, 1892, 1900) Ampl. coll., 7 Veterum scriptorum et monumentorum histori- corum, dogmaticorum, moralium amplissima collectio, ed. E. Martene & U. Durand, 7 (Paris, 1724) AN Archives Nationales, Paris ASV Archivio Segreto Vaticano BduC H. Bourgeois du Chastenet, Nouvelle histoire du Concile de Constance, ou Von fait voir combien la France a contribute a Vextinction du Schisme (Paris, 1718), Preuves BN Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris Buisson L. Buisson, Potestas und Caritas. Die papstliche Gewalt im Spfitmittelalter (Forschungen zur kirchlichen Rechtsgeschichte und zum Kirchen- recht, 2; Cologne, 1958) Bulaeus, 4, 5, 6 C. E. du Boulay [Bulaeus], Historia Vniversitatis Parisiensis, 4, 5, 6 (Paris, 1668, 1670, 1673) CUP, 3 Chartularium Vniversitatis Parisiensis, ed. H. De- nifle & E. Chatelain, 3 (Paris, 1894) DRTA, 6 Deutsche Reichstagsakten, 6, ed. J. Weizsacker (Berlin, 1886) Ehrle, Alpartil F. Ehrle, ed., Martin de Alpartils Chronica acti- tatorum temporibus domini Benedicti XIII., 1 (Quellen und Forschungen aus dem Gebiete der Geschichte, 12; Paderborn, 1906) Haller, FKfl Johannes Haller, Papsttum und Kirchenreform, 1 (Berlin, 1903) Lehoux, 1, 2, 3, 4 Francoise Lehoux, Jean de France, Due de Berri, sa vie, son action politique (1340-1416), 4 vols. (Paris, 1966, 1966, 1968, 1968) Mansi, 12, 26 J. D. Mansi, ed., Sacrorum condliorum nova et amplissima collectio, 12, 26 (Florence, 1766, 1784) MPL, 38, 198 J. P. Migne, ed., Patrologiae cursus completus, Se- ries Latina, 38, 198 (Paris, 1845, 1855) ix Abbreviations Ordonnances, 6, 7, 8, 9 Ordonnances des roys de France de la troisieme race, ed. D. F. Secousse, 6, 7, 8, 9 (Paris, 1745, 1749, 1750, 1755) RSD, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Chronique du Religieux de Saint Denys contenant le rdgne de Charles VI., de 1380 d 1422, ed. L. Bellaguet, 6 vols. (Paris, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, 1844, 1852) Howard Kaminsky, Simon de Cramaud and the Great Schism (New Brunswick, N.J., 1983) Swanson R. N. Swanson, Universities, Academics and the Great Schism (Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought, 3rd ser., 12; Cambridge, 1979) Thes. nov., 2 Thesaurus novus anecdotorum, ed. E. Martene & U. Durand, 2 (Paris, 1717) Tierney, Foundations Brian Tierney, Foundations of the Conciliar The- ory: The Contribution of the Medieval Canon- ists from Gratian to the Great Schism (Cam- bridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought, new ser., 4; Cambridge, 1955) Valois, 1, 2, 3, 4 Noel Valois, La France et le Grand Schisme d'Oc- ddent, 4 vols. (Paris, 1896, 1896, 1901, 1902) Wilks, Problem of Michael Wilks, The Problem of Sovereignty in the Sovereignty Later Middle Ages: The Papal Monarchy with Augustinus Triumphus and the Publicists (Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought, new ser., 9; Cambridge, 1963) INTRODUCTION § 1. The Political Context The Great Schism in the Western church, which broke out in 1378 when the same college of cardinals elected first the Italian Bartolo- meo Prignano as Urban VI, then the French Cardinal Robert of Geneva as Clement VII, appears on its surface as the product of the Romans' passionate determination to get the papacy back from the French, the weakness of the largely French college in submitting to intimidation by the Romans, and the accident that the Italian whom they chose turned out to lack the qualities needed to overcome the crisis of his election. While all these factors were indeed in play as efficient causes, they operated within a historical context that im- posed itself on all parties, and here the basic factor was the nature of the Avignon papacy that the Schism eventually brought to an explosive end.1 From 1305 to 1378 Europe's church had been ruled by a line of seven French popes, residing most of the time in Avi- gnon, appointing 111 French cardinals as against only 23 non-French, maintaining a great and predominantly French court, and catering in most cases to the desires and interests of the French rulers, not only in matters of finance and appointment to benefices, but also in the area of "foreign policy." Indeed their greatest single undertak- ing, pursued for a long time and at tremendous cost, was the sub- jugation of Rome and the papal states in Italy, and it is hard not to see one aspect of this effort as a moment of the French expansionism prominent in the history of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. At the same time the Avignon papacy marked an elaboration of papal governance, bringing papal powers of jurisdiction, appoint- ment to benefices, and fiscal exploitation of the clergy to extraor- dinary heights. One of the consequences of this development was the exaltation of the cardinalate into a princely estate, its members 1 This and the other subjects of the present introduction are treated in detail, with full references to the scholarly literature, in SdeC, For what follows immediately see Bernard Guillemain, La cour pontificate d'Avignon 1309-1376. Etude d'une soci6t6 (1962; repr. Paris, 1966), pp. 181-211, 454; G. Mollat, The Popes at Avignon, 1305-1378, trans. Janet Love (London, 1963), pp. 305-10; Y. Renouard, The Avignon Papacy 1305-1403, trans. Denis Bethell (London, 1970), pp. 37 ff. 2 Introduction joining the popes at the head of the governmental system, receiving enormous grants of benefices and a share of the papal revenues, enjoying many other privileges granted by the popes, and develop- ing a princely self-consciousness that manifested itself in their sump- tuous way of life and their lordly behavior. Urban V, who tried in vain to transplant his papacy to Rome, 1367-70, and Gregory XI, who repeated this adventure in 1377, may well have been motivated by the desire to free themselves from excessive dependence on the Valois rulers of France, but it is hard to imagine that they looked forward to a reversal of the Avignon system in other respects.
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