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Wiira No Me Mar.Pdf (2.061Mb) UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA “JÚLIO DE MESQUITA FILHO” FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS SOCIAIS NAYARA DE OLIVEIRA WIIRA UMA ANÁLISE DA ESTRUTURAÇÃO DO CAPITALISMO RUSSO ATRAVÉS DA PRIVATIZAÇÃO NO GOVERNO YELTSIN (1991-1999). MARÍLIA 2020 NAYARA DE OLIVEIRA WIIRA UMA ANÁLISE DA ESTRUTURAÇÃO DO CAPITALISMO RUSSO ATRAVÉS DA PRIVATIZAÇÃO NO GOVERNO YELTSIN (1991-1999). Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Sociais da Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências, da Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP – Campus de Marília, para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências Sociais. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Francisco Luiz Corsi MARÍLIA 2020 Wiira, Nayara de Oliveira W662a Uma análise da estruturação do capitalismo russo através da privatização no governo Yeltsin (1991-1999) / Nayara de Oliveira Wiira. -- Marília, 2020 280 f. Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências, Marília Orientador: Francisco Luiz Corsi 1. História econômica. 2. História econômica russa. 3. Privatização. 4. Capitalismo. I. Título. Sistema de geração automática de fichas catalográficas da Unesp. Biblioteca da Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências, Marília. Dados fornecidos pelo autor(a). Essa ficha não pode ser modificada. NAYARA DE OLIVEIRA WIIRA UMA ANÁLISE DA ESTRUTURAÇÃO DO CAPITALISMO RUSSO ATRAVÉS DA PRIVATIZAÇÃO NO GOVERNO YELTSIN (1991-1999). Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Sociais da Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências, da Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP – Campus de Marília, para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências Sociais. Linha de pesquisa 4: Relações Internacionais e Desenvolvimento BANCA EXAMINADORA ________________________________________ Orientador: Prof. Dr. Francisco Luiz Corsi Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências ________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Agnaldo dos Santos Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências ________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Ângelo de Oliveira Segrillo Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas Marília, 01 de setembro de 2020. Agradecimentos Em primeiro lugar, meus agradecimentos vão à minha família e aos meus amigos, que me ofereceram todo o encorajamento necessário para concluir mais essa etapa. Sou eternamente grata por todo apoio e por terem acreditado no meu trabalho. Eu não teria sido capaz de concluí-lo sem vocês ao meu lado. Igualmente, agradeço profundamente ao meu orientador Professor Francisco Luiz Corsi, que acompanhou o desenvolvimento desse trabalho desde a graduação, com muita paciência e dedicação, oferecendo todo o apoio necessário para o andamento da pesquisa. Foi uma imensa honra contar com a orientação de alguém que tem tanto conhecimento a oferecer, e com quem eu tenho a oportunidade de sempre continuar aprendendo. Estendo meus agradecimentos aos membros da banca. Ao professor Agnaldo, que também acompanha os avanços desse trabalho desde o período da graduação e que me ofereceu muita atenção e conselhos preciosos ao longo dos anos, presente na minha banca avaliadora da monografia, da qualificação e mais uma vez na conclusão dessa nova fase. Ao professor Segrillo, cujo trabalho sobre a União Soviética e sobre a Rússia é referência e inspiração, fico extremamente lisonjeada de ter a oportunidade de contar com suas contribuições. Aos demais docentes que contribuíram para a minha formação, também apresento meu sentimento de gratidão. O presente trabalho foi realizado com apoio da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Código de Financiamento 001, e meus agradecimentos se estendem à instituição que possibilitou a execução da pesquisa. Assim como eu, muitos estudantes não conseguiriam se dedicar à pesquisa caso não pudessem contar com o apoio dessa instituição essencial para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa nacional. Lutaremos por sua defesa, assim como lutaremos pela defesa da universidade pública de qualidade. Agradeço imensamente à Universidade Estadual Paulista, em especial à Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências, seus funcionários e seu corpo docente, por ter sido nos últimos sete anos o meu espaço de acolhimento e de formação, não só acadêmica, mas também humana. RESUMO A Federação Russa tem mantido, nos últimos anos, um papel de destaque no cenário internacional, desempenhando uma atuação expressiva nos planos econômico, político e geoestratégico, ultrapassando sua área de influência regional e sendo incisiva no seu projeto de protagonismo global. Frente tal proeminência, torna-se evidente a necessidade de colocar o país como objeto de acompanhamento e pesquisa. Durante a década de 1990, após o fim da União Soviética em 1991, o país passou por um período de transformações, dentre as quais as reformas na estrutura econômica ganham destaque pela profundidade das mudanças. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho volta-se para esse período, com o objetivo de analisar uma das faces das reformas econômicas, que foi a privatização em massa do setor industrial russo, ponderando sobre como esse processo foi central para a estruturação do sistema capitalista no país. Para alcançar tal objetivo, o trabalho toma como ponto de partida o referencial teórico marxista e a discussão dos conceitos de acumulação primitiva e acumulação por espoliação de David Harvey. Uma vez estabelecida a base teórica, o trabalho desenvolve um conteúdo de caráter qualitativo e exploratório, a partir de estudo bibliográfico e utilizando majoritariamente fontes secundárias, realizando um balanço do material selecionado, e avançando a discussão sobre o tema. Com o desenvolvimento do trabalho, foi possível concluir que o processo de privatização na Rússia foi conduzido pelo Estado russo de tal forma que favoreceu a concentração dos ativos antes públicos nas mãos de poucos indivíduos, estabelecendo assim uma classe proprietária dirigente que passou a controlar as mais valiosas estatais construídas no período soviético. Além disso, o processo contribuiu para o enfraquecimento do setor industrial russo e um retrocesso na densidade da estrutura econômica do país, que se viu cada vez mais concentrada na exploração das commodities. Palavras-chave: Economia russa. Privatização. Governo Yeltsin. História econômica russa. Capitalismo russo. ABSTRACT The Russian Federation has maintained, in recent years, a prominent role in the international scenario, playing an expressive role in the economic, political and geostrategic levels, surpassing its area of regional influence and being incisive in its project of global protagonism. Faced with such prominence, the need to place the country as an object of monitoring and research becomes evident. During the 1990s, after the end of the Soviet Union in 1991, the country underwent a period of transformation, among which reforms in the economic structure are highlighted by the depth of the changes. In this sense, the present work focuses on this period, with the objective of analyzing one side of the economic reforms, which was the mass privatization of the Russian industrial sector, considering how this process was central to the structuring of the capitalist system in the country. To achieve this goal, the work takes as a starting point the Marxist theoretical framework and the discussion of David Harvey's concepts of primitive accumulation and spoliation accumulation. Once the theoretical basis is established, the work develops a qualitative and exploratory content, based on a bibliographic study and using mostly secondary sources, making a balance of the selected material, and advancing the discussion on the topic. With the development of the work, it was possible to conclude that the privatization process in Russia was carried out by the Russian State in such a way that it favored the concentration of previously public assets in the hands of a few individuals, thus establishing a ruling proprietary class that came to control the most valuable state-owned companies built in the Soviet period. In addition, the process contributed to the weakening of the Russian industrial sector and a setback in the density of the country's economic structure, which was increasingly concentrated in the exploitation of commodities. Keywords: Russian economy. Privatization. Yeltsin government. Russian economic history. Russian capitalism. Lista de gráficos GRÁFICO 1 – Saldo da balança comercial russa. .................................................. 107 GRÁFICO 2 – Taxa de câmbio entre dólar americano e rublos .............................. 107 GRÁFICO 3 – Taxa de inflação na Rússia, preços ao consumidor no final do período. .................................................................................................................. 109 GRÁFICO 4 – Saída de Investimento Estrangeiro Direto na Rússia, em milhões. 117 GRÁFICO 5 – Produção de petróleo bruto na Rússia - BBL/D/1K ......................... 120 GRÁFICO 6 – Crescimento do PIB (em % anual) .................................................. 121 GRÁFICO 7 – Estrutura do PIB russo .................................................................... 121 GRÁFICO 8 – Produção e preço do petróleo na Rússia ........................................ 194 GRÁFICO 9 – Estrutura ocupacional da população russa por setor ....................... 229 GRÁFICO 10 – Produção industrial física da Federação Russa entre 1991 e 2011 (em número-índice
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