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Dve Domovini • Two Homelands 49 • 2019 492019 DVE DOMOVINI • TWO HOMELANDS Razprave o izseljenstvu • Migration Studies 49 • 2019 KRIMIGRACIJA / CRIMMIGRATION Veronika Bajt, Mojca Frelih Crimmigration in Slovenia 49 • 2019 Mojca M. Plesničar, Jaka Kukavica Punishing the Alien: The Sentencing of Foreign Offenders in Slovenia Aleš Završnik The European Digital Fortress and Large Biometric EU IT Systems: Border Criminology, Technology, and Human Rights Neža Kogovšek Šalamon The Role of the Conditionality of EU Membership in Migrant Criminalization in the Western Balkans Vasja Badalič Rejected Syrians: Violations of the Principle of “Non-Refoulement” in Turkey, Jordan and Lebanon Vlasta Jalušič Criminalizing “Pro-Immigrant” Initiatives: Reducing the Space of Human Action Mojca Pajnik Autonomy of Migration and the Governmentality of Plastic Borders MIGRACIJE IN NADZOR / MIGRATION AND CONTROL Aleksej Kalc The Other Side of the “Istrian Exodus”: Immigration and Social Restoration in Slovenian Coastal Towns in the 1950s Katja Hrobat Virloget The “Istrian Exodus” and the Istrian Society that Followed It Igor Jovanovič Illegal Migration from the Croatian Part of Istria from 1945 to 1968 Neža Čebron Lipovec Post-War Urbanism along the Contested Border: Some Observations on Koper/Capodistria and Trieste/Trst Miha Zobec The Surveillance and Persecution of Slovene Antifascists in Argentina: How ISSN 0353-6777 the Authorities Conspired in Combating “Undesired” Immigration 9 7 7 0 3 5 3 6 7 7 0 1 3 ISSN 1581-1212 2019 49 DVE DOMOVINI • TWO HOMELANDS DD_ovitek_49_FINAL_hr13mm.indd 1 30.1.2019 11:27:34 ISSN 0353-6777 ISSN 1581-1212 Glavna urednica / Editor-in-Chief Mirjam Milharčič Hladnik E-naslov: [email protected] Odgovorna urednica / Editor-in-Charge Marina Lukšič Hacin Tehnična urednica / Technical Editor Irena Destovnik Mednarodni uredniški odbor / International Editorial Board Synnove Bendixsen, Ulf Brunnbauer, Aleš Bučar Ručman, Martin Butler, Daniela l. Caglioti, Jasna Čapo, Donna Gabaccia, Jure Gombač, Ketil Fred Hansen, Dirk Hoerder, Damir Josipovič, Aleksej Kalc, Jernej Mlekuž, Claudia Morsut, Ihklas Nouh Osman, Nils Olav Østrem, Lydia Potts, Maya Povrzanović Frykman, Francesco della Puppa, Jaka Repič, Rudi Rizman, Matteo Sanfilippo, Annemarie Steidl, Kristina Toplak, Adam Walaszek, Rolf Wörsdörfer, Janja Žitnik Serafin Lektoriranje / Proofreading Peter Altshul (angleški jezik / English) Irena Destovnik (slovenski jezik / Slovene) Oblikovanje / Design Anja Žabkar Prelom / Typesetting Inadvertising d. o. o. Izdala / Published by ZRC SAZU, Inštitut za slovensko izseljenstvo in migracije / ZRC SAZU, Slovenian Migration Institute Tisk / Printed by Birografika BORI d. o. o., Ljubljana Naklada / Printum 150 Naslov uredništva / Editorial Office Address INŠTITUT ZA SLOVENSKO IZSELJENSTVO IN MIGRACIJE ZRC SAZU p. p. 306, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenija Tel.: (+386 1) 4706 485; Fax (+386 1) 4257 802 E-naslov / E-mail: [email protected] Spletna stran / Website: http://twohomelands.zrc-sazu.si © ZRC SAZU, Inštitut za slovensko izseljenstvo in migracije, Založba ZRC Revija izhaja s pomočjo Javne agencije za raziskovalno dejavnost Republike Slovenije in Urada vlade Republike Slovenije za Slovence v zamejstvu in po svetu. DD_ovitek_49_FINAL_hr13mm.indd 2 30.1.2019 11:27:34 49 • 2019 Ljubljana 2019 Revija Dve domovini • Two Homelands je namenjena objavi znanstvenih in strokovnih člankov, poročil, razmišljanj in knjižnih ocen s področja humanističnih in družboslovnih disciplin, ki obravnavajo različne vidike migracij in z njimi povezane pojave. Revija, ki izhaja od leta 1990, je večdisciplinarna in večjezična. Revija izhaja dvakrat letno. Članki so recenzirani. The journal Dve domovini • Two Homelands welcomes the submission of scientific and pro- fessional articles, reports, debates and book reviews from the fields of humanities and social sciences, focusing on migration and related phenomena. The journal, published since 1990, is multidisciplinary and multilingual. The journal is published biannually. All submited articles are subject to double-blind peer review. Povzetki in indeksiranje / Abstracts and indexing: FRANCIS (Sociology/Ethnology/Linguistics of Francis), IBZ – International Bibliography of Periodical Literature, IBR – International Bibliography of Book – Reviews, Sociological Abstracts, IBSS – International Bibliography of the Social Sciences, MSH-Maisons des Sciences de l’Homme, SCOPUS, Social SciSearch, Journal Citation Reports/Social Sciences Edition. Letna naročnina 18 € za posameznike, 28 € za institucije. Annual subscription € 18 for individuals, € 28 for institutions. Master Card / Euro Card and VISA accepted. Naročila sprejema / Orders should be sent to: Založba ZRC, p. p. 306, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenija Fax: (+386 1) 425 77 94; E-mail: [email protected] VSEBINA / CONTENTS KRIMIGRACIJA / CRIMMIGRATION VERONIKA BAJT, MOJCA FRELIH Crimmigration in Slovenia 7 Krimigracije v Sloveniji MOJCA M. PLESNIČAR, JAKA KUKAVICA Punishing the Alien: The Sentencing of Foreign Offenders in Slovenia 27 Kaznovanje tujcev: Kaznovanje tujih storilcev kaznivih dejanj v Sloveniji ALEŠ ZAVRŠNIK The European Digital Fortress and Large Biometric EU IT Systems: 51 Border Criminology, Technology, and Human Rights Evropska digitalna trdnjava in veliki biometrični EU IT sistemi: Kriminologija meje, tehnologija in človekove pravice NEŽA KOGOVŠEK ŠALAMON The Role of the Conditionality of EU Membership in 69 Migrant Criminalization in the Western Balkans Pomen pogojevanja za članstvo v EU na področju kriminalizacije migracij v državah Zahodnega Balkana VASJA BADALIČ Rejected Syrians: Violations of the Principle of 87 “Non-Refoulement” in Turkey, Jordan and Lebanon Zavrnjeni Sirci: Kršitve načela nevračanja v Turčiji, Libanonu in Jordaniji VLASTA JALUŠIČ Criminalizing “Pro-Immigrant” Initiatives: Reducing the Space 105 of Human Action Kriminalizacija »proimigrantskih« iniciativ: Reduciranje prostora človeškega delovanja MOJCA PAJNIK Autonomy of Migration and the Governmentality of Plastic Borders 125 Avtonomija migracij in vladnost plastičnih meja 3 MIGRACIJE IN NADZOR / MIGRATION AND CONTROL ALEKSEJ KALC The Other Side of the “Istrian Exodus”: Immigration and 145 Social Restoration in Slovenian Coastal Towns in the 1950s Druga plat »istrskega eksodusa«: Priseljevanje in družbena obnova v slovenskih obalnih mestih v petdesetih letih 20. stoletja KATJA HROBAT VIRLOGET The “Istrian Exodus” and the Istrian Society that Followed It 163 »Istrski eksodus« in istrska družba po njem IGOR JOVANOVIĆ Illegal Migration from the Croatian Part of Istria from 1945 to 1968 181 Ilegalne migracije iz hrvaškega dela Istre med letoma 1945 in 1968 NEŽA ČEBRON LIPOVEC Post-War Urbanism along the Contested Border: Some Observations 199 on Koper/Capodistria and Trieste/Trst Povojni urbanizem ob sporni meji: Nekaj opažanj o Kopru/Capodistria in Trstu/Trieste MIHA ZOBEC The Surveillance and Persecution of Slovene Antifascists in Argentina: 221 How the Authorities Conspired in Combating “Undesired” Immigration Nadzor in preganjanje slovenskih antifašistov v Argentini: Zarotniško delovanje oblasti pri spopadanju z »nezaželenimi« priseljenci 4 TEMATSKI SKLOP KRIMIGRACIJA / CRIMMIGRATION SECTION THEMATIC DVE DOMOVINI • TWO HOMELANDS • 49 • 2019 DOI: 10.3986/dd.v0i49.7251 CRIMMIGRATION IN SLOVENIA | || Veronika BAJT , Mojca FRELIH COBISS 1.01 ABSTRACT Crimmigration in Slovenia The article discusses “crimmigration” (i.e. the criminalization of migration) in Slove- nia. It evaluates elements of crimmigration in the legal framework, institutions and policies. The analysis of the framing of the topic at the normative level of institutions is accompanied by an examination of the implementation of specific procedures in practice. An exploration of policies and expert opinions is combined with an analysis of the effects that crimmigration has on migrants. Corroborated with the migrants’ experience with crimmigration measures, the article concludes that migration poli- cy in Slovenia is becoming stricter and progressively headed in the direction of in- creased criminalization of migration. KEY WORDS: crimmigration, Slovenia, migration, asylum IZVLEČEK Krimigracije v Sloveniji Avtorici v članku obravnavata »krimigracijo« (tj. kriminalizacijo migracij) v Sloveniji. Raziskujeta elemente kriminalizacije migracij v pravnem okviru, institucijah in poli- tikah. Uokvirjanje tematike na normativni ravni institucij analizirata skupaj s pregle- dom izvajanja konkretnih postopkov v praksi, analizo političnih in strokovnih mnenj pa združujeta z analizo učinkov, ki jih imajo krimigracije na migrant(k)e. Ugotavljata, da izkušnje oseb, ki migrirajo, s krimigracijskimi ukrepi potrjujejo, da migracijska po- litika v Sloveniji, tudi kot posledica izvajanja smernic EU, postaja strožja in vedno bolj usmerjena v povečevanje kriminalizacije migracij. KLJUČNE BESEDE: krimigracije, Slovenija, migracije, azil | PhD in Sociology, Research Fellow, Peace Institute, Metelkova 6, SI-1000 Ljubljana; [email protected] || MSc in Sociology, Senior Research Assistant, Peace Institute, Metelkova 6, SI-1000 Ljubljana; [email protected] 7 Veronika BAJT, Mojca FRELIH DVE DOMOVINI • TWO HOMELANDS • 49 • 2019 INTRODUCTION Around the world and especially within the European Union, governments of various stripes have become increasingly quick to deploy criminal justice mea- sures to address the “immigration problem”. Existing practices of migration control “disrupt traditional frames of understanding within criminal law and criminology”
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