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V Tišini Spomina »Eksodus« in Istra Katja Hrobat Virloget V TIŠINI SPOMINA »EKSODUS« IN ISTRA V TIŠINI SPOMINA »EKSODUS« IN ISTRA Delo se skozi izkušnje in spomine različnih posameznikov /.../ predvsem sprašuje o prostovoljnosti migracij iz obal- nih mest in širše Primorske po letu 1945. /.../ Nakaže, kako je vsakokratna »prostovoljna« odločitev bila dejan- sko družbeno-zgodovinsko, politično-ekonomsko in še kako drugače pogojena. /…/ Enako pomembna je tudi ugotovitev, da »nihče ni čist«, da je lahko tako vsak po- sameznik kot vsaka (denimo nacionalna) skupnost vedno obenem krvnik in žrtev, a da ravno prepoznanje tega, kot tudi priznavanje svoje in bolečine drugega lahko šele omo- gočita spravo in sobivanje. Izr. prof. dr. Mateja Habinc Avtorica rekonstruira več vidikov migracij, ki jih postavlja izven nacionalnega okvirja – kar predstavlja tudi največjo novost tega znanstvenega dela, /.../ s poudarkom na hibri- dnosti, fluidnosti in nedefiniranosti lokalnega prebivalst- va /.../ ter se osredotoča ne samo na vidike »spominjanja«, temveč tudi na tiste, nič manj pomembne, zavite v molk. /…/ Poleg tega se v tej smeri ne zaustavi samo na primeru odhoda Italijanov iz slovenskega dela Istre (in naknadne integracije tistih, ki so se odločili ostati), ampak v celotno sliko vključuje tudi druge migracije – zlasti nove prišleke iz ostanka tedanje Jugoslavije /…/. Izr. prof. dr. Mila Orlić V tišini spomina Bili smo v vojni, še zmeraj smo bili v pravi vojni, in sicer samó zaradi večnega vprašanja, ali smo Italijani ali Hrvati ali Slovenci, pa čeprav v resnici nismo bili nič drugega kot mešanci (Tomizza 1980, 303). Tako je to u historiji, moj barba, di se miješaju ljudi i granice, zar ne, a čovjek onda strada, i kako su se vama rugali pod Italijom da ste šćavo, tako su i njemu, a kako vama poslije govorili Talijan, tako su njemu u Jugoslaviji prije rata govorili da je Talijan, žabar, mačkožder, vidite vi to . (Rakovac 1983, 146). Knjiga je nastala na podlagi več raziskovalnih projektov v financiranju Javne agencije za raziskovalno dejavnost Republike Slovenije: »Nadzor nad migracijami na Slovenskem od Avstro-Ogrske do samostojne Slovenije«, j6-8250, 1.maj 2017–30. april 2021, vodja dr. Aleksej Kalc. »Migracije in družbene spremembe v primerjalni perspektivi: primer zahodne Slovenije po drugi svetovni vojni«, j5-2571, 1. september 2020–31. avgust 2023, vodja dr. Aleksej Kalc. Podoktorski projekt »Breme preteklosti: sobivanje prebivalstva na Obali v luči formiranja povojne Jugoslavije«, z6-4317, 1. avgust 2012–31. julij 2014, vodja dr. Katja Hrobat Virloget. V tišini spomina »Eksodus« in Istra Katja Hrobat Virloget V tišini spomina: »eksodus« in Istra Katja Hrobat Virloget Recenzentki · Mateja Habinc in Mila Orlić Lektor ·DavorinDukič Prevod povzetka v italijanščino · Lucia Gaja Scuteri Prevod povzetka v angleščino · Nives Mahne Čehovin Lektoriranje angleškega povzetka ·MurrayBales Oblikovanje in tehnična ureditev ·AlenJežovnik Oblikovanje ovitka ·RadoJagodic Fotografija na ovitku ·MarioMagajna Fotografije Centro di Ricerche Storiche Rovinj/Rovigno, fond Esodo, Pola, Rovigno, Unione italiana (Pirano, Isola, Dignano) Odsek za zgodovino in etnografijo Narodne in študijske knjižnice Trst, fond Mario Magajna (uredila Gabriela Caharija) Pokrajinski arhiv Koper/Archivio Regionale di Capodistria, fond si pak kp 344 – fototeka, te 5 in te 8 Zdenko Bombek, osebni arhiv Izdala in založila Založba Univerze na Primorskem Glavni urednik · Jonatan Vinkler Vodja založbe ·AlenJežovnik www.hippocampus.si Založništvo tržaškega tiska Za založbo · Martina Kafol in Alina Carli www.ztt-est.it Koper in Trst | 2021 © 2021 Katja Hrobat Virloget Izdano v sodelovanju z Odsekom za zgodovino in etnografijo Narodne in študijske knjižnice Trst Elektronska izdaja https://www.hippocampus.si/ISBN/978-961-293-062-2.pdf https://www.hippocampus.si/ISBN/978-961-293-063-9/index.html https://doi.org/10.26493/978-961-293-062-2 Kataložni zapis o publikaciji (cip) pripravili v Narodni in univerzitetni knjižnici v Ljubljani cobiss.si-id 65375235 isbn 978-961-293-062-2 (pdf) isbn 978-961-293-063-9 (html) Kazalo 1Uvod·7 Problem in okviri spomina v etnološki raziskavi · 7 O življenjskih zgodbah in etnografski poziciji · 12 O sogovornikih in metodi · 16 2 Težavne preteklosti, molk in spominski konflikti · 21 Težavne preteklosti, sporno ozemlje · 21 Istra – sporno ime? · 27 V tišini spomina · 31 »Eksodus« v slovenskih raziskavah · 47 Tekmiški diskurzi in viktimizacije v rokah politike · 49 Iz nacionalne na regionalno raven spomina · 56 Spravna dejanja · 59 3 »Eksodus«: o tistih, ki odhajajo, tistih, ki ostajajo, in tistih, ki prihajajo · 75 »Eksodus« in priseljevanje v številkah · 75 Fluidnost, hibridnost etničnih identifikacij v Istri · 79 O razlogih za izseljevanje in odnosih oblasti do istrskih Italijanov · 93 Med dilemo oditi ali ostati · 143 Kdo je ostal? · 147 O odnosih med tistimi, ki ostanejo, in tistimi, ki odidejo · 155 4 Po »eksodusu«? O prenovi istrske družbe, družbenih odnosih in dediščini · 161 Spomini na procese izseljevanja in priseljevanja · 161 Kdo in od kod je prihajal? O novi demografski strukturi v Istri · 169 O bivanjskih in življenjskih razmerah v istrskih mestih ob prihodu · 181 Simbolne meje v istrski družbi · 188 O pripadnosti in odnosu do okolja ter dediščine · 213 Dediščina in tradicija v Istri kot odraz družbenih sprememb · 224 Kako živeti skupaj z negativno zapuščino preteklosti? · 243 5 Zaključek: Naj tišina spregovori! · 247 Zahvale · 251 Summary · 253 Sommario · 271 Literatura · 291 Stvarno kazalo · 311 5 1 Uvod Problem in okviri spomina v etnološki raziskavi Moja nona mi je večkrat pripovedovala zgodbo o tem, kako je med drugo svetovno vojno njeno vas, Kastelec na kraškem robu, Nemec rešil pred po- žigom. Medtem ko so šivali rdeče zvezde, je nenadoma vstopil nemški vo- jak. Zavladal je trenutek grozljive tišine. Stopil je k mizi in z roko pometel vsezvezdeizpodšivalnegastroja,dasopadlezamizo.Vtistemtrenutkuso vstopili ostali nemški vojaki, si na hitro ogledali prostor, se obrnili ter od- šli. Nemškega vojaka, v slovenski percepciji okupatorja in napadalca, niso nikoli več videli, vedeli pa so, da jih je rešil pred ubojem in verjetno poži- gom vasi. Tako me je nekdanja partizanska kurirka s to zgodbo od malih nog učila »videti ljudi« izza vseh vrst stereotipov in mi dala moč tudi za pričujočo težko raziskavo. Knjigagovoriospominihljudi,kisoostaliinkisoprišliza»eksodusom« v Istro. Termin »eksodus« uporabljam namerno, kljub njegovi spornosti in kljub očitkom večine slovenskih zgodovinarjev, ki striktno uporabljajo besedo optiranje oz. povojne migracije, izseljevanje. Spornost termina od- raža različne nacionalne diskurze pri interpretaciji preteklosti. Vsaka na- cionalna stran namreč zagovarja svojo paralelno zgodovino ter vzroke za migracije in s tem tudi različno število migrantov¹ ter poimenovanja (Ver- ginella 1997; 2000; Ballinger 2003, 42–45). Medtem ko Italijani in migranti sami sebe imenujejo ezuli, kar pomeni begunca, izgnanca (Ballinger 2003), je prevladujoč izraz v slovenskih in hrvaških diskurzih optant. Ta izhaja iz zakonske pravice do optiranja, izbire italijanskega državljanstva (s pariško mirovno pogodbo leta 1947 in z Londonskim memorandumom leta 1954) s posledično obveznostjo selitve v Italijo (Volk 2003, 47–50, Gombač 2005, 65;Pupo2015).Medtemkoitalijanskizgodovinarjigovorijooitalijanskem »eksodusu« (Pupo 2015), slovenski in hrvaški raziskovalci poudarjajo, da je tok migracij pomešal tako prisilne kot prostovoljne migrante, tako italijan- ske kot slovenske in hrvaške. Pojavljajo se tudi interpretacije, da medvojne in povojne migracije iz Istre v Italijo prek novoustanovljene nacionalne me- je bolj ustrezajo kriteriju regionalnega izseljevanja kot pa mednarodni mi- graciji (Gombač 2005). Kot protiutež »eksodusa« je hrvaško zgodovinopisje ¹ V nadaljevanju o problemu nacionalnih identitet v istrskem multikulturnem okolju. 7 Uvod celo uvedlo koncept »prvega eksodusa«, ko naj bi 50.000–100.000 Hrvatov in Slovencev zapustilo Istro in se italijaniziralo zaradi fašističnega nasilja (Dota 2010, 91, 103–106; Strčić 2001). Zaradi stalnih očitkov o neuravno- teženi raziskavi, ker ob raziskavah »eksodusa« ne vključujem tudi fašizma, sem se morala privaditi, da preden govorim o »eksodusu«, kot protiutež navedem migracije Slovencev in Hrvatov zaradi fašističnega . Termin »ek- sodus« uporabljam brez kakršnih koli političnih ali mitskih konotacij, ne da bi s tem nakazovala mononacionalni proces (Ballinger 2003, 7), kar se pogosto dogaja v primeru italijanskih raziskovalcev, pa čeprav gre za ze- lo kompleksen migracijski fenomen. Gre preprosto za termin, ki je v širši javnosti najbolj poznan, uporabljajo ga tudi nekateri slovenski raziskovalci (Kalc 2019; Volk 2003) in se tudi najbolj uporablja v mednarodni literaturi. Po drugi strani siz uporabo tegatermina tudi nezatiskamočipred tem, da proces ni bil monumentalen, saj je, priznajmo, skoraj izbrisal celotno etnič- no skupnost z določenega ozemlja. Z njegovo uporabo tudi postavljam pod vprašaj tolikanj opevano »prosto izbiro«, optiranje, pa čeprav je ta s formal- nopravnega vidika obstajala. Z raziskavo o spominih na t. i. »eksodus« sem začela ob službeni preseli- tvi iz Ljubljane v Piran/Pirano.² Poleti nabito poln turistov, vrvenja, ljudi, trgovin, gostiln, medtem pa pozimi mesto duhov, ko skorajda ne srečaš človekanaulici,letupatamkakšnegadomačina,karnekajodnjihzgu- bljenih v alkoholu in drogi, praznina ulic, zaprtih polknic celih stanovanj in hiš . Sicer smo tega stanja, zimske praznine, Primorci že kar navaje- ni, pa vendar ob primerjavi
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