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Economic Regionalism in the Mirror of Croatian Nationalism: the Case of Istria, 1990-96

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Economic Regionalism in the Mirror of Croatian Nationalism: the Case of Istria, 1990-96 ECONOMIC REGIONALISM IN THE MIRROR OF CROATIAN NATIONALISM: THE CASE OF ISTRIA, 1990-96 By JOHN EDWARD ASHBROOK A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2002 This dissertation is dedicated to four wonderful women and my son. First, there is my Mother, Susan Scantlebury, who gave me the love and support I needed to finish this long project called graduate school. Second, there is Michelle Phillips, a childhood fiiend, who died in 1990 just after I graduated from my first undergraduate institution. I miss you and think of you often, Shel. I hope you are exploring worlds more fantastic than the ones we explored together with our bizarre circle of friends. Third, there is my sister in spirit, Mary Sue Fields. Thanks for all the help on the dissertation and the love and support for 25+ years. Fourth, there is Magdalena Markovinovic, who recently entered my life. Your help and love in Croatia contributed a great deal to tliis work. Last, but not least, is Richard James Macdonald, my son. Richard, this dissertation and all my future work will be for you. I love you all and thank you for the time and support each of you gave me in so many different ways. Thanks for believing in a country boy's dream to make something of himself. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research for this dissertation was funded by a Short Term Grant from the Woodrow Wilson Center in Washington, DC for research in the National Archives and the Library of Congress; a National Security Education Program Fellowship, 1998-9; and a Fulbright Student FeUowship, 2000-1. I would like to thank my committee members for their support and help in completing this dissertation: Dr. Maria Todorova for being my mentor in this whole endeavor; Dr. Keely Stauter-Halsted for mentoring me through the MA and putting up with my constant questions; Dr. Thomas Gallant; Dr. Frederick Gregory; and Dr. Sharon DiFino. I would also like to thank Dr. Jasna Capo-2megac, Sanja Puljar, and Anamarija Starcevic-Stambuk, all from the Institute of Ethnology and Folklore in Zagreb, Croatia. Nicolo Sponza, Orietta Moscarda, and Marisa Ferrara aided me in much of the primary research at the Center for Historical Research in Rovinj, Croatia. Davor Sisovic aided me in finding poUticians and journalists in Istria, who would deign to be interviewed. Thanks to Lidija Nikocevic from the Ethnographic Museum of Istria in Pazin, Croatia for her advice on current historical research and ethnography and also her opinions on the IDS and Istrian regionalism. Sandi Blagonic and Robert Biletic, also from the Ethnographic Museum of Istria, supplied some valuable information and advice on looking at Istrian regionalism as well. Iva Polak and Sinisa Jakara gave me sage advice and opened up their home to me in Zagreb. Dr. Darko Dukovski allowed me an iii interview, aad he gave me some very good advice on how to conduct more Laterviews and make my way around the research facilities in Pula and Rovinj. I appreciate all they have done for me. A very big thank you goes to Dr. Giovanni D' Alessio for putting up with me, answering my questions, filUng in details, and providing me with much guidance in the field of historiography. He also introduced me to the academic community dealing with Istria, helped me find individuals to interview, and allowed me to enjoy life a little more outside of the academic world. I would also Uke to thank Heather Lippitt for the emotional support needed to conplete a good portion of graduate school and providing me with the kick I needed to finally finish this project. Lisa Hallock deserves special mention in that she helped me so much during the dissertation writing as well as during my studies. And a very big thanks to my Mother, Susan Scantlebury, who believed in me when no one else did and helped with financial issues when they arose, both in the United States and in Croatia. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii ABSTRACT vii CHAPTERS 1 INTRODUCTION: REGIONALISM AND THE OUTLINE OF THE ARGUMENT... 1 The Geography of Croatian Istria 3 Breakdown of the Dissertation 5 2 REGIONALISM: DEHNITIONS, ITS TREATMENT IN HISTORIOGRAPHY, AND ISTRIA 15 Subnational RegionaUsm 22 Recent Studies on Regionalism 26 History and Regionalism 32 The Reemergence of Regional PoUtics in Academic Studies 36 Nationalism and Regionalism: Similarities and Differences 41 RegionaUsm in Istria and Croatia 50 Conclusion 52 3 THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF ISTRIA, THE PHASES OF COLONIZATION, AND ETHNIC POLITICS 54 A Brief Historiography of Istria 55 Istrian History and its "Peculiarities" 67 Colonization and its Impact on Istria 's Ethnic Structure 70 4 THE POLITICAL SCENE IN CROATIA AND THE POLITICIZATION OF ISTRIAN IDENTITY 102 The Fall of Communism and the Rise of the HDZ 102 EstabUshing the IDS and Forming its Platform 112 PoUticizing Regional Identity 128 PoUtical Attacks on the IDS and Regionality 133 Elections and the IDS Victories 142 Conclusion 145 5 ISTRIANITY: SELF-PERCEPTIONS, DENIALS, AND EXPRESSIONS 150 The Arguments of the Intellectuals 152 Istrian Self-perception 167 Nesting Balkanisms among Istrians 184 Conclusions 193 6 THE ECONOMY AS A MOTIVATOR FOR SUBNATIONAL REGIONALISM ... 197 War and the Crises in the Croatian and Istrian Economies 199 Failing Economies in Croatia and Istria 205 Unemployment and the Question of Wages 211 The HDZ Political/Economic Program and Corruption 213 Istrian Reactions to the Economic Situation 222 Conclusions 231 7 CONCLUSIONS 235 RegionaUsm and its Relationship to Nationalism 236 Historiography and the Multicultural Nature of Istria 239 Politics and the Politicization of Regional Identity 242 Istrian Self-perception and the Economic Influence on RegionaUsm 252 The Future 260 APPENDICES A QUESTIONNAIRE 263 B MAP OF THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA 265 C MAP OF THE COUNTY OF ISTRIA 266 BIBLIOGRAPHY 267 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH 289 vi Abstract of Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy ECONOMIC REGIONALISM IN THE MIRROR OF CROATIAN NATIONALISM: THE CASE OF ISTRIA, 1990-96 By John Edward Ashbrook May 2002 Chairman: Maria Todorova Major Department: History In the 10 years since the break-up of the former Yugoslavia, numerous accounts examined the events leading to the ultimate dissolution and eruption of ethnic violence in this region. The majority of these accounts focused mainly on issues of nationaUsm However, other issues, such as subnational regionalism, need to be addressed for a fuller understanding of the region historically as well as contemporarily. This work deals specifically with poUtical and economic subnational regionalism in Istria from 1990 to 1996, which had a great effect on the Croatian poUtical scene. The author argues that in Istria during the 1990s, the economy was the prime motivator in the shaping of a contemporary regionalist identity and a strong regional movement. Due to the failing economy, renewed centralization by the nationaUst ruling party, the Croatian Democratic AlUance (HDZ), and the destructive ethnonational war within Croatia and later in neighboring Bosnia-Hercegovina, the population of Istria felt a general sense of insecurity, causing regionalists led by the Istrian Democratic Assembly (IDS), to play on vii the existing "nesting balkanisms" of the population and to politicize regional identity as had the nationalists earUer ia the decade. The regional party promoted a program of decentralization, regional identity, and political and economic autonomy in the hope of restoring economic stability to the peninsula. To achieve their political goals, the regionalist movement began a campaign to "distance" themselves from the ethnonationalism espoused by the HDZ, which was seen as regressive, violent, and "Balkan." Such "primitive" behavior distanced Croatia from the "West," and thus Istrians felt that a secure economic future was beuig threatened. The author shows that the regional movement maintained popular support throughout the decade from the majority of Istria's Croatian voters. This was due not so much to any concrete cultural differences with other Croats elsewhere, but instead to poUtical and economic concerns facilitated by the dissolution of Yugoslavia and the crises of both the war and the economy after disintegration. viii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION: REGIONALISM AND THE OUTLINE OF THE ARGUMENT In the ten years since the break-up of the former Yugoslavia, numerous joumaUstic and scholarly accounts have examined the conditions leading to the ultimate dissolution and eruption of ethnic violence in this region. The vast majority of these accounts focus on the reemergence of ethnonationaUsm and its continued influence. Though nationalism continues to be one of the most important topics of research and study, other issues need to be addressed for a fuller understanding of the region historically as well as contemporarily. One phenomenon that was much ignored was the issue of subnational regionahsm in the fonner Yugoslavia. Though most non-national regional movements did not affect the region as a whole, some had tremendous consequences culturally, poUtically, and economically in the Republic of Croatia, especially the strongest regional movement that emerged around the time of dissolution and independence on the Istrian peninsula lead by the Istrian Democratic Assembly (IDS). This dissertation focuses on the Istrian peninsula, primarily the Croatian Istrian population in the 2upanija (county) of Istria, and is divided iuto seven chapters. Chapter One is the introductory chapter and gives the geographic boundaries of the region in question and outlines the argument of the dissertation chapter by chapter. As a whole, in this dissertation I argue that in Istria during the 1990s, the terrible state of the economy 1 2 was the prime motivator in the shaping of a contemporary regional identity and the movement to promote a new regionahsm within the Croatian state.
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