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The Empress Nurbanu and Ottoman Politics in the Sixteenth Century

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The Empress Nurbanu and Ottoman Politics in the Sixteenth Century The Empress Nurbanu and Ottoman Politics in the Sixteenth Century Nurbanu (1525–1583) is one of the most prominent yet least studied royal women of the Ottoman dynasty. Her political and administrative career began when she was chosen as the favorite concubine of the crown prince Selim. Nur- banu’s authority increased when her son Murad was singled out as crown prince. By 1574, when her son, Murad III became Sultan, Nurbanu officially took on the title of Valide Sultan, or Queen Mother, holding the highest office of the impe- rial harem until her death in 1583. This book concentrates on the Atik Valide mosque complex, which consti- tutes the architectural embodiment of Nurbanu’s prestige, power and piety. The arrangement of the chapters is designed to enable readers to reconsider Ottoman imperial patronage practices of the late sixteenth century using the architectural enterprise of a remarkable woman as the common thread. Chapter 1 provides a general history of the wqaf institution to inform on its origins and evolution. Chapter 2 looks closely at the political dealings of Nurbanu, both in the domestic and the international sphere, building upon research concerning Ottoman royal women and power dynamics of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Chapter 3 presents a textual analysis of the written records pertaining to Nurbanu’s impe- rial mosque complex. Chapter 4 examines the distinctive physical qualities and functional features of the Atik Valide within its urban context. The book con- cludes by assessing to what extent Nurbanu was involved in the representation of her power and piety through the undertaking of her eponymous monument. Providing a complete study of the life and times of this Ottoman empress, this book will appeal to students and scholars of Ottoman studies, gender studies, history of art and architecture, Islamic studies, history of religion and Middle Eastern studies. Pinar Kayaalp is Associate Professor of Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies at Ramapo College of New Jersey, USA. Routledge Studies in Middle Eastern History The region’s history from the earliest times to the present is catered for by this series made up of the very latest research. Books include political, social, cul- tural, religious and economic history. For a full list of titles in the series: www.routledge.com/middleeaststudies/ series/SE0811 13 Protestant Missionaries in the Levant Ungodly Puritans, 1820–1860 Samir Khalaf 14 British Somaliland An Administrative History, 1920–1960 Brock Millman 15 War and State Formation in Syria Cemal Pasha’s Governorate during World War I, 1914–1917 M. Talha Çiçek 16 The Druze Community and the Lebanese State Between Confrontation and Reconciliation Yusri Hazran 17 The Secret Anglo- French War in the Middle East Intelligence and Decolonization, 1940–1948 Meir Zamir 18 Histories of the Jews of Egypt An Imagined Bourgeoisie Dario Miccoli 19 The Empress Nurbanu and Ottoman Politics in the Sixteenth Century Building the Atik Valide Pinar Kayaalp The Empress Nurbanu and Ottoman Politics in the Sixteenth Century Building the Atik Valide Pinar Kayaalp First published 2018 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2018 Pinar Kayaalp The right of Pinar Kayaalp to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN: 978-1-138-09979-1 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-10394-5 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Wearset Ltd, Boldon, Tyne and Wear For: Stephen Altan, my Golden Crown. You are the light that sustains me. Richard, my partner. You are the love that guides me. Emmy and Orhan, my parents. You are the anchors that ground me. Contents Preface viii Notes on translation and transliteration xiii 1 The shift in the Ottoman patronage system between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries 1 2 The emergence and rise of Nurbanu in Ottoman dynastic politics 12 3 The written records of the Atik Valide 48 4 The functional and iconographic significance of Nurbanu’s monument 71 Conclusion 113 Appendices 116 Bibliography 145 Index 165 Preface Nurbanu (1525–1583) is one of the most prominent yet least studied royal women of the Ottoman dynasty.1 Her political and administrative career began as early as 1542, when she was chosen as the favorite concubine (haseki) of the crown prince Selim, who was governing in Manisa at the time, waiting to inherit the throne from his father, Süleyman the Magnificent (d. 1566). Nurbanu’s authority increased after 1562, when her son Murad was singled out as crown prince, and further still after 1571, the year she became the legal wife of Sultan Selim II. By 1574, when her son, Murad III became Sultan, Nurbanu officially took on the title of Valide Sultan, or Queen Mother, holding the highest office of the imperial harem until her death in 1583. This work concentrates on the Atik Valide mosque complex, which constitutes the architectural embodiment of Nur- banu’s prestige, power and piety (Figure 1).2 Nurbanu’s central place in Ottoman polity and society is closely reflected in this monumental act of charity, which she embarked upon in 1570 and arranged to expand after her death through the overseer of her waqf, Chief Black Eunuch Mehmed Agha.3 The construction of the Atik Valide provides insights into the changes that the Ottoman political and administrative systems were undergoing during the reigns of Selim II (1566–1574) and Murad III (1574–1595). In addition, the construction of the mosque complex informs about the perceived and real problems that affected Ottoman society in the same time period. This imperial mosque complex (külliye) was, aside from an act of beneficence on the part of Nurbanu, a legiti- mizing vehicle used by the Ottoman house to impress its critics in the hopes of dissipating any anxiety that might have been felt over its strength and staying power. The multiple meanings of the Atik Valide that would be readily appreciated by Ottoman audiences may not be manifest to the modern viewer. Yet, the after- glows of these powerful projections still glimmer on the külliye’s walls today. This study attempts to restore the iconographic significance of the Atik Valide to contemporary audiences. Gülru Necipoğlu, in her analysis of the Süleymaniye complex, showed that a monument may encapsulate multiple layers of meaning, and that its messages may be shaped, in part, by the endower.4 Recent studies have expanded on this switch in the research agenda involving architectural objects.5 Applying such an outlook to the Atik Valide is likely to reveal many Preface ix arrays of meaning intimated by this monument. To accomplish this task, I have shifted focus away from the imperial mosque complex’s architect to its endower, and the audiences she aimed to serve and impress. I wish to reveal at least some of the multiple layers of meaning endemic to Nurbanu’s charitable foundation by subjecting it to a rigorous iconographic analysis. Culturally defined signs and codes constituted an integral part of Ottoman pious endowments and were picked up by contemporaneous audiences.6 If Ottoman viewers were capable of capturing the elaborate symbolism inherent in the Süleymaniye and Fatih complexes,7 the cultural associations projected by the Atik Valide would also be detected by them. It is the main purpose of this work to show that this külliye is indeed an eloquent representation of the identity of the woman behind its actualization, aptly projecting Nurbanu’s beneficence and piety simultaneously with her wealth and might. This dazzling mixture of attributes, encompassing both the inner characteristics and the outwardly achievements of the Queen Mother is effectively implanted in the setting, archi- tecture, endowment deed, inscription program, and visual implications of her imperial mosque complex. Completed the year of her death in 1583, the Atik Valide marks a fundamental shift in the locus of female power in the imperial harem, which is reflected in the Ottoman patronage system. The grand scale of Nurbanu’s project attests to her unassailable standing in Ottoman dynastic politics and architectural hierarchy of her times, a beacon for her successors to reach and to transcend. Through the Atik Valide complex, Nurbanu’s image lived on in Ottoman con- sciousness for centuries to come. It became the center of a new neighborhood, affecting the lives of all who partook of its beneficence—the local worshipers or vagrants who filled its prayer halls, the needy or greedy who frequented its soup kitchen, the infirm or elderly seeking solace in its hospital wards, the disciples who pursued wisdom or at least a steady income once they graduated from its madrasa, the dervishes who searched for spiritual enlightenment or possibly just a room and a warm meal to dwell in its sufi lodge, the youths who first learned their alphabets in its primary school, the hundreds of administrators and employees who owed their livelihoods to the existence of the külliye, and the myriad purveyors who supplied vast amounts of victuals, goods, and wares every day to the whole complex.8 The new neighborhood continued to expand as its residents benefited from the Atik Valide’s carefully defined and budgeted phys- ical, financial, and human resources.
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