The Sokollu Family Clan and the Politics of Vizierial

CEU eTD Collection VIZIERIAL HOUSEHOLDS INTHESECOND HALF OFTHE THE SOKOLLU CLANANDTHE FAMILY POLITICSOF MA Thesis in Comparative History, with the specialization the with History, in Comparative Thesis MA in Interdisciplinary Medieval Studies. Medieval in Interdisciplinary SIXTEENTH CENTURY Central Central University European Uroš Daki Uroš May 2012 Budapest ü CEU eTD Collection VIZIERIAL HOUSEHOLDS INTHESECOND HALF OFTHE Central Central University,European in Budapest, partial fulfillmentof requirementsthe of the Master of Arts degree in Comparative History, with the specialization in specialization the with History, degreein ofArts Comparative Master of the THE SOKOLLU CLANANDTHE FAMILY POLITICSOF Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, ______Interdisciplinary Medieval Studies. Medieval Interdisciplinary SIXTEENTH CENTURY Chair, Examination Committee Examination Chair, Thesis Supervisor Uroš Daki Uroš May 2012 Examiner Examiner Budapest (Serbia) by ii ü CEU eTD Collection VIZIERIAL HOUSEHOLDS INTHESECOND HALF OFTHE Central Central University,European in Budapest, partial fulfillmentof requirementsthe of the Master of Arts degree in Comparative History, with the specialization in specialization the with History, degreein ofArts Comparative Master of the THE SOKOLLU CLANANDTHE FAMILY POLITICSOF Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, ______Interdisciplinary Interdisciplinary Medieval Studies SIXTEENTH CENTURY External Reader External Uroš Daki Uroš May 2012 Budapest (Serbia) by iii ü CEU eTD Collection VIZIERIAL HOUSEHOLDS INTHESECOND HALF OFTHE Central Central University,European in Budapest, partial fulfillmentof requirementsthe of the Master of Arts degree in Comparative History, with the specialization in specialization the with History, degreein ofArts Comparative Master of the THE SOKOLLU CLANANDTHE FAMILY POLITICSOF Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU ______Interdisciplinary Medieval Studies. Medieval Interdisciplinary SIXTEENTH CENTURY ______External Supervisor Uroš Daki Uroš Supervisor May 2012 Budapest (Serbia) by iv ü CEU eTD Collection Budapest, __May 2012 for anacademic degree. the hasthesis been in submitted this form any to institutionother of higher education thesis infringes on any person’s or institution’s copyright. I alsounidentified declare thatno part of bibliography. properly Ideclareand innotes information external no that credited as such only and my research andon based work, own my illegitimateis exclusively thesis present the that herewith declare Studies Medieval in Interdisciplinary with specialization the use was made of the work of others, and no part of the I, the undersigned, I, the Uroš Daki ü , candidate for the MA degree in History, Comparative MA the for degree , candidate v ______Signature CEU eTD Collection and Katalin Szende. professors like among whichIwouldJudith Esmer tothank particularly Rasson, Tolga My studies and CEUand writing of my are facilitated thesis help due to of my here sound would tooofficial. my friends Katarina, Ljupka,Oleg,Saraand many Mentioningothers. their surnames withme CEU are thatIwill from take treasure my biggest Except from the knowledge, always followed me. I am tomy forthankful theirandlimitlessparents support understanding has that theses see the daylight. The two-year work on this thesis with her was a real pleasure. whose availability, andnight-and-day competence, help, friendly helped thisadvices I would express like first mygratitude to tomy of all supervisor Tijana Prof. Krsti ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi ü CEU eTD Collection Bibliography Conclusion Artistic andOther Patronage The Uniqueness of Sokollu Family’sVision and Its Implementation through Chapter III Successors the Context ofPolitical ChangesintheReign of Sultan SüleymanHis and Sokollu Pasha’s Mehmed RiseinService andtheFormation ofHisHousehold in Chapter II Century The Evolution of the Grand Vizierate from the Mid-Fifteenth to the Mid-Sixteenth Chapter I Introduction OFCONTENTS TABLE . Members of the Sokollu family clan D...... 52 Mechanisms of networking and householdC. building ...... 43 Sokollu Mehmed Pasha’s rise in B. Ottoman service ...... 36 (1520-1566)II ...... 29 The change in the nature of the sultan’sA. rule under the reign of Sultan Süleyman . The Grand Vizier D. . The Grand Vizier Mahmud Pasha Angelovi C. . Grand Vizier Çandarl B. Mehmed II’s centralization policy A...... 9 7 ...... 7 28 ...... 28 ...... 78 ...... 62 1 ...... 85 ...... ø brahim Pasha (1523-1536) ...... 22 Õ Halil Pasha (1430s-1453) ...... 14 ...... 62 vii ü (1453-1468, 1472-1468) 17 ...... CEU eTD Collection Serb Muslims,1906)and Savfet-beg Bašagi Milenko M. Vuki M. Milenko Sakcinski’s methodologically of Ivan Kukuljevibut romanticizing career. accounts Sokollu’s outdated, monographs arefactually andrich based on primary sources (although footnotes),almost without 1971) monographs written inmonographs andTurkish: Serbo-Croatian MehmedSokolovi written politics. this was what encouraged me writeto this thesis on Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, his family, and their statesman. vizieras an omnipotent the Exactly image of grand goal this besides contributingto study which and exemplifiesoperated theway had network this whetherit political any greater important positions in the empire, particularly drew my attention since I did not come across any heldvarious clan,which family extensive SokolluMehmed Pasha’s Referencesto artists. and diplomats, foreign allies, political with intermixed role a crucial played relatives his which (Ott. relationships patron-client basedon network avast social he created, enterprise nepotistic tothe power ascribes Sokollu’s hisingenious mind, besidesto same literature, Empire andsurely mostthe powerful figure on Ottoman the scenepolitical inhis Thevery time. Ottoman sixteenth-century in the figures impressive most the among one than impressive, II (1566-1574),andMurad III(1574-1595), I realized thatthisif personwas, not most the Selim (1520-1566), Süleyman Magnificent the sultans, successive three 1579) whoservedunder by Radovan Samardži Reading secondary literature on literature Ottoman on SokolluReading secondary Mehmed Pasha,the grand vizier(1565- The literature directly concerning Sokollu Mehmed Pasha is scarce and limited to two limited to and Pashaisscarce Mehmed Sokollu concerning directly The literature Glasoviti Hrvati prošlih vijekova GlasovitiHrvatiprošlih ü evi ü ’s Znameniti Srbi muslomani Znameniti Srbi ü and Sokollu Introduction (1924) byAhmet (1924) Refik Alt ü (Famous Croats of the Past Centuries, 1886), 1 ’s Znameniti Hrvati, Bošnjaci i Hercegovci u ( ɧɦɧɬɋɛɦɭɫɥɨɦɚɧɢ ɋɪɛɢ Ɂɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɢ ü ( ɟɦɞ ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɢʄ Ɇɟɯɦɟɞ Õ nay. Thesetwo intisâb , Famous ) in ) ü , CEU eTD Collection famous architect Mimar Sinan, whose distinguished commissioner was Sokollu Mehmed Pasha. Mehmed Sokollu was commissioner distinguished whose Sinan, Mimar architect famous final aim was to profile himself as a key political figure of the era. the of figure political a key as himself profile to was aim final depicts whose Sokollu 1566-1617” Patronage, (2005) asaprolificManuscript artistic patron Fetvac reach. Emine umbrella of Ottoman sovereignty extended through “soft power” where its armies could not the under areas indistant communities Muslim of unification andthe trade world of center information on Sokollu Mehmed Pasha’s decisive role in placing the Ottoman Empire in the vizier. In her book illuminated of manuscripts both authordeconstructs risethe period,the the andfallof grand this Giancarlo Casale in his book in his Casale Giancarlo century. sixteenth in the power of contestation the understanding for centrality his and Sokollu material. source from more since it works is themost than basedother group extensive study this onprimary respective nations of their authors. In this thesis I will use Samardži use will I thesis this In authors. their of nations respective giving on valuabledata Sokollu’s“appropriate” life,seek his to and successesforthe personality although and, framework, nationalistic) (or national ina written are Serbo-Croatian in published Power, and Patronage in the Late Roman Republic,” Roman Late the in Patronage and Power, 1 Ottoman history, Alt which making biographicalonly without data present any to himinattempt the widercontextof are prosopographic collections all of mention Sokolluwhich Mehmedare limited Pashabut to Turskoj carevini Forthe expression of social status throughcommissioned art, I also utilized Jeremy Tanner’s article “Portraits, Fortunately, recently a flurry Fortunately, aflurry recently new has beguntoshedof studies new lighton figureof the (Famous Croats, Bosnjaks,Herzegovinians in 1931) Empire, Turkish the and Croats, (Famous Õ The Age of Sinan The Ageof ’s doctoral dissertation entitled “Viziers to Eunuchs: Transitions in Ottoman Transitions Eunuchs: to “Viziers entitled dissertation ’s doctoral Õ nay andSamaradži nay The Ottoman Age ofExploration , Gülru Necipo The Journal of Roman Studies 2 ü partially Furthermore,all these do. works, ÷ lu deals with architectural opus of of luthe architectural opus deals with 90 (2000): 18-50. ü (2010)delivers detailed 1 ’s monograph on Sokollu on monograph ’s Through analysis of the of analysis Through CEU eTD Collection author analyzes the struggle between the imperial court and the elites in the last quarter of of the quarter last inthe andtheelites court between imperial the analyzes struggle the author the chapter, third the especially book, this In thesis. this for idea my central shape me helped Ottoman Empire:Politicaland Social inthe Transformation Early ModernWorld households. For this context Ihavebenefitedfrom most Baki Tezcan’s book, of political transformations in the sixteenth century, with a special focus on the rise of elite Ottoman Universal (2007). Sovereignty” Ebru Turan in her doctoral Ebru Turanin Favorite: “Thedissertation herdoctoral Sultan’s by solved have beensuccessfully seems to sources, of contemporary out was edited Pasha, who (2001) in which refers author the toÇandarli Halil as well.Pasha mystery The around Vezirs: The Life and Times of the OttomanGrand andTimes Vezirs: Vizierof TheLife MahmudPashaAngelovi Stavrides’ viziers inquestion, notably studiesTheoharis onthe by recent several power, and the means the sultans used undermine to this power.In this taskIhave beenhelped different andperiods build circumstances, political mechanisms grandviziers the usedto uptheir is, inhisgrandvizier between thechange vizierate,that therelationship and in sultan the grand ø Çandarli Angelovi Halil Pasha Mahmud (1430s-1453), Pasha and how his tenure was beset it thisoccupy thepolitical before that hecameto illustrate office grand vizierdynamics to different. These illustrative in into insightsome the tenures of MehmedSokollu of of position the Pasha’s predecessors examples are the careers of grandhis status and place amongviziers the Ottoman elites. The visual Sokollu’s isindicative transmitted message(s) through of architectural commissions brahim Pasha Through these (1523-1536). examples Iwill explaintry to evolutionthe the of I observed the of Sokollurise MehmedPasha and hisfamily members inawider context I findit before appropriate, embarking on a discussion familyof give Sokollu clan, to 3 ø ü brahim Pashaand Makingthe of (1453-1468, 1472-1468), and (1453-1468,1472-1468), (2010),which ü The Sultanof (1453-1474) The Second ø brahim CEU eTD Collection draws closely on Mustafa Ali’s(1541-1600) their number andcareer paths. Inhis especiallyin work, volume first the of his is on names, Sokollu’s relatives’ source valuable a thisaccount Peçevi’s knowledge, “insider” Sokollus throughout his Sokollus throughout 2 ø historians. members historiansthese family, Some of wereeven instance,like,forSokollu of are numerous and written with different agendas byPasha’s critics, labelinghim a “virtual ( sultan” both Ottoman and foreign Sokollu Mehmed Mustafa Ali, wasonewho of historian, andis study bureaucrat the Fleisher’s chroniclers of analysis of object and source andcentral The operated. clan Sokollu the in which climate the affected significantly and Süleyman Sultan of reign the during began that Empire Ottoman Historian Âli(1541-1600) Mustafa groundbreaking study entitled: Harem: Women andSovereigntyintheOttoman Empire aredelineated inLeslie Peirce’s supporters and his relatives Pasha andsome of imperial and princesses members of Ottomanthe elite which shaped the destinies Mehmed of also covered the tenure ofprosopographic approach to the transformations intheprovincial administration in a period that Sokollu Mehmed Pasha. TheKunt,important gives family backgroundfor thehouseholdsSokollu of members through a implications of the marriages oftheOttomanPoliticalGovernment,Transformation 1550-1560 between book, The assassination. Mehmed Pasha’s Sokollu a yearafter only Empire”at 1580, Ottoman “second the of beginning the pinpoints and century, seventeenth in the and sixteenth ø brahim Peçevi, who was the son of one of Mehmed Pasha’s female relatives. Peçevi praised the praised Peçevi female relatives. Pasha’s Mehmed of one son was the of who brahim Peçevi, brahim Peçevi. brahim Primary sources on periodthe in and question on Sokollu Mehmed Pashaandhis family Ta’rîh-i Peçevî History , ed. Bekir S , 2 which covers the period between 1520 and 1640. Because between 1520 of 1640. and which period coversthe Bureaucrat andIntellectualinthe Ottoman Empire: The (1986), interprets the process of inthe of process bureaucratization interprets the (1986), Õ tk Õ Baykal (Ankara: Kültür Bakanl Künhü’l-Ahbâr pâdi 4 ú âh-i manevî (1993). Finally, Cornell Fleischer in his Fleischer Cornell Finally, (1993). (The Essence of Histories), another Histories), (TheEssenceof ) and accusinghim nepotism.of Õ÷Õ (1983),authoredbyMetin , 1992), 2 vols. History The Imperial , Peçevi The CEU eTD Collection University Press, 1997). 407; Jane Hathaway, 1993); BakiTezcan, “The OttomanMevali ‘lords as of law’,”the Establishment,” Routledge, 2012), 103-115, Leslie Peirce, Leslie The Transformation of Provincial Ottoman Government,1550-1560 5 Kitap Yay 1674. I 1674. used theTurkishtranslation entitled Ottomannische Pforte zuConstantinopel Abgefertigten 4 the help of which he created his own, as Fleicher would call it, “ would his callit, help asFleicherthe hecreated own, of which thesis. this sources on Sokollu Mehmed Pasha abound, but these are the ones that Irelied on mostin writing Other spies. by Sokollu as employed converts and foreign diplomats, of his out relatives, created chronicler or historian of the same period, discussed the significance of Sokollu’s networks any morethat 1578,Gerlach,other from probably yearsto 1573 the hiswhich covers diary, Stephan Gerlach, the Lutheran chaplain to the envoy of the Habsburg Emperor Maximilian I.Amongandnon-Ottoman 1600. sources primary Ifoundhelpful most and relevant the diary of 3 Tezcan. Baki and Hathaway, Jane Peirce, Leslie Kunt, Metin by inintroduced literature growing the on householdsthe of Ottomanthe elites, particularly works approach prosopographical on the have Inthe methodology drawn I network). a patron-client two-volume Selaniki’s Magnificent. inMehmed Bey’s concealing Pasha’sandFeridun assistant the Süleyman ofSultan death the to Sokollus. He notI consulted. that on period this source valuable only participated in the battle of Szigetvár (1566), but was also Sokollu Stephan Gerlach, Stephan Gelibolu Mustafa Ali, Metin I.Kunt, “Royal Otherand Households,” in These sources enabled me to reconstruct Sokolluwith enabledme Theseto reconstruct sources MehmedPasha’sfamily network, Õ nevi, 2006), 2vols. The ImperialHarem: Women andSovereigntyin the Ottoman Empire International Journal of Middle EastStudies Tagebuch der vonzween Glorwüdrigsten Römischen Kaysern Maximiliano unRudolpho…an die The politics ofhouseholdsThe politics Ottoman in Egypt: TheRiseofQazda Künhü’l-Ahbâr -- Dördüncü Rükn ibidem ., “Ethnic-Regional ( History Türkiye Günlü gives a detailed account of of events betweenthe adetailed gives account 1563 The Ottoman World . Franckfurtham Mayn: Verlegung JohannDavid Zunners, 3 5 Mustafa Selaniki was another chronicler related chronicler another was Selaniki Mustafa (t Cins Õ ÷ pk ü 5, no. 3(1974):233-239, 5,no. and , trans. Türkis Noyan, ed. Kemal Beydilli Õ bas ) Solidarity in the Seventeenth-Century Ottoman JournalIslamic of Studies Õ m) (Ankara: Türk Kurumu,Tarih 2009). (New ColumbiaUniversityYork: Press, 1983); , ed. Christine Woodhead, (New York: intisâb 5 Furthermore, I have also empire” (power based on ÷OÕ (Oxford University Press, University (Oxford s (Cambridge: Cambridge 20, 3(2009):383- no. The Sultan’sServants: (Istanbul: 4 In CEU eTD Collection Exchange,” 255-259; Shmuel and N.Eisenstadt andLouis Roniger’s,“Patron-Client Relations Modelas a ofStructuring Social Relations and Networks Medievalin Europe. Introduction,” Social Network Analysis,” 6 historical to theory research. applied network on from studies benefited kind of national andframework to tries understanditin contexts the of Ottoman imperial history. any transcends that clan Sokollu the about narrative synthetic a produce to scholars, US-based literature comingfrom Turkey, agreat recent deal and of attention), of governor Buda, attracted served asthe nephewwho MehmedPasha’s Pasha, Mustafa Sokollu (where Hungary republics, Mehmed Pashaandhisfamily, rangingfrom works the of historians from Yugoslav former the history. inOttoman phenomenon Ottoman religious-political mission made thisgrand vizier andhis aunique network asIwillargue,purposes, longevity in hisposition, and specificoffice, of understanding the elite in the second half of the sixteenth century to use his clan members strategically of his familymembers.Whilefor Sokollu Mehmed Pasha was not political only the member of Ottoman the consisting one is the thesis in this examined be to network the but networks, social different upon For the phenomenon of social networks and patron-client relationships, I used Charles Wetherell’s “Historical Wetherell’s Charles I used relationships, patron-client and networks of social phenomenon the For The aim of this thesis is to bring together various historiographic traditions on Sokollu Comparative Studies in Society andHistory International Review of SocialHistory 22, no. 1(1980): 42-77. 6 Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire 43 (1998): 125-144; Margaret Mullett’s “Power, 6 Sokollu’s power rested power Sokollu’s 83,2 (2005): no. CEU eTD Collection (750-1258). Caliphate fully Abbasid and inthe developed in (661-750) theThis Umayyad appeared office and sultan the aministerof denoted three grand viziers to be grandviziersthree discussedin to operated. chapter this inin to understand 1453 order which byMehmedafter the context initiated the the Conqueror centralization of policy the and ideology, imperial vizierate, grand of institution pre-Ottoman the at alook first to take necessary itis office of grand vizier the focusingon Ottoman the indetail vizier.policy the of office chapter grand of Before will dealwith on this repercussions the and andthis introduced pursuedbyMehmed ofII, were reflections of a policy centralization assassinations sultans. These Ottoman of the by killed viziers order numberthe were of grand orderof the Sultan Süleyman is(1520-1566), taken as a concluding Between point. yearsthese a in thiscase Mehmed Theyear II(1451-1481). theyear 1536, of almost a hundred years, a grand vizier, Çandarl point be (1523-1536). Theyear a because,for 1453can taken as time first afterdeparture the Angelovi 8 7 Çandarl – period in this viziers representative most the of examples through seen centuries sixteenth and The Evolution of the Grand Vizierate from the Mid-Fifteenth to the Mid-Sixteenth Century Theoharis Stavrides, Theoharis On the institution of vizier, see: “Wazir” in “Wazir” see: ofvizier, institution Onthe ü The title The The focus of this chapter will be the office of the Ottoman grand vizier inthefifteenth grand Ottoman be office will of the the chapter The focus of this Õ (1453-1474) Halil Pasha (1439-1453), Mahmud Pasha Angelovi Mahmud Pasha(1439-1453), Pasha Halil 8 The first famous grand vizierin Islamic history was Yahya bin Halidbin Barmak grand vizier (Leiden: Brill, 2001), 37. The Sultan ofViziers:The Lifeand Ottoman Times of the Grand Vizier Mahmud Pasha was not an Ottoman invention. Ottoman an not was grand vizier Encyclopaedia of Islam of Encyclopaedia Chapter I Õ 7 Halil Pasha, was killed by the order of a sultan, the highest of the ministers — a prime minister. prime —a ministers the of highest the , vol.11, 185-197. 7 mostIn its basic meaning, a ü (1453-1474), and (1453-1474), ø brahim brahim Pasha’s by assassination ø brahim brahim Pasha vizier CEU eTD Collection Çandarl 15 future Conqueror), which Conqueror), instability of future sultan’s shows position. new the the (the hisin favorMehmed of son, abdicated hehad after twooccasions on tothethrone return sultans. A telling example is the case when Grand Vizier Çandarl 12 13 14 Princeton University Press, 1967), 64-65; Stavrides, inthe sultan case of a grandvizierbecoming sultan; Kadthis was 11 medieval Anatolia, looking beyond the boundaries of the Ottoman Shah and other Arguably, he as relatives andsupporters. a result wasof a plotassassinated organized by Malik enemies make appointmentsin the government and through hefilledthis the high state offices his with of the vizierHis tenure is an example sinceof a sultan delegating power completely to a vizier.he He had the right famous1092) was AlpArslan vizierSultan (1063-1072)and I(1072-1092). the to Shah of Malik challenged the authority himself. caliph the he overshadowed fact that of the sultan.the order of the caliph for still unknown reasons. Some historians ascribe this assassination to the 10 and inbin appointments the Yahya central controlled government. Halid the tradition, Harunar-Rashidbestowed on his grandvizier authority absolute governmentover the 9 whose (786-803) tenure was during reign the Harun of ar-Rashid (786-809). Philip Hitti, Frantz Babinger, Hitti, Hitti, Stavrides, IbnKhaldun, Stavrides, History of Arabs History of Arabs Before 1453 some Ottoman dignitaries were in a position to impose their will on the Grandvizier was a high office in as Seljukthe well. Sultanate Nizam al-Mulk (1063- Õ strongly opposed conquestthe of dream opposed strongly the Constantinople, of every The Sultan of Viziers The Sultan of Viziers History of Arabs beylik The Muqaddimah. An Introduction to History Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time of Eretna in fourteenth-century Anatolia. infourteenth-century of Eretna , 447; Stavrides, , 447; Stavrides, (London: Macmillan and Co., 1946),295. , 50. , 38-39. The Sultan of Viziers The Sultan of Viziers The Sultan of Viziers 11 8 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978), 46-47. , 42. , 44-45. , trans. with comments F. Rosenthal (Princeton: Õ Burhaneddin, grandvizier the and the 14 , 40. Õ appealed Sultanto Murad II to beylik , one can even find can, one even a 10 He was killed on ghazi 15 9 According to Furthermore, (awarrior 13 In 12 CEU eTD Collection of the Ottoman State Kafadar, See Cemal many. by favored more much was Edirne empire. the 18 (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2010), 81. Muhammad: “Constantinople shall be conquered indeed; shallbe Muhammad: “Constantinople awonderfulconquered what leader will leader that ghaz 17 the launchingSince andconquests. the dream conquestof was campaigns Constantinople all of the sultan, one had to perform great deeds that would supersede the deeds of other supersedeperform deedsof deeds great the would that sultan, hadto one numerous Turkicother from distinguished 16 as to referred even notthus alwaysin and independent makingcompletely decisions. important Mehmed IIwas man.” were drawn between of ruler andhis“right-hand the power which sultan’s the powerwasdelegatedabsolute tohisminister highest andhow the boundaries ingrand society the viziers pre-Ottoman beforeIslamicto and Ottoman 1453wastheextent Ottoman ruler considerably differentbefore and after the conquest of Constantinople. as thesupreme authority 1453,thusof after making Ottoman the Empire status of the the conquest of the capital of the Byzantine Empire, Mehmed II took decisive steps installto himself in and bythe future,occur thatmight encouraged preventthe any similarWilling to activities counterattack. Western fearing aunited --allegedly MehmedII --especially for faith) the While all Baki Tezcan, Baki Stavrides, ghazi A. i all of Before the conquest, the sultan was one of the wasone of sultan the conquest, the Before Mehmed II’s centralization policy As all suggest, most the issue examples these controversial revolving thearound role of s, realization of this dream would make the successful conqueror the makeconqueror the successful would this dream of s, realization ghazi The Sultan of Viziers ghazi The Second Ottoman Empire: Political andSocial Transformation in the Early Modern World s may have wanted to conquer Constantinople, not all of them envisioned it as the future capital of (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995) s, the supreme leader. s, the supreme bey . Although this was not his official title, inAlthough his not he wasnot this . was official this respect title, , 54. 18 bey The following words are ascribed to Prophetfollowing to areascribed words The s. 9 17 In order to prove oneself worthy of being a bey , s (local lords), (local s 148-149. Between TwoWorlds: The Construction primus inter pares bey of of all bey bey s, like s, the , and , 16 CEU eTD Collection Kitabevi,2007), 277b: Princeton UniversityPrinceton Press,1986), 199-200; Stavrides, 21 Empire Fleischer, suggestionthat successorshis should improve law his if necessary. Onthe issue of authenticity see Cornell occur in this20 Early Modern History version, but these are additions that go along the lines of Mehmed sultan: the after immediately official court powerful most Ottoman the vizier became II’s permission and even a make him themeof The prevailing untouchable. the himself God and except else aboveeveryone sultan elevateis, the to his that to subjects, contrast basis for the new Ottoman imperial ideology and to define the position of the Ottoman sultan in vizier is introduced as vizier isintroduced grand the paragraph first very in the since vizierate grand the for relevant especially is section the sultan’s reign. through through child levy) as 19 ( code law the of composition grand vizier:the Mehmed Conqueror’s the centralizing directlyrelated policy were indirectly and office the of to of elements Several centralization. of policy his pursue to right the him giving eventually conquest, Mehmed the IIafter accrued to that and prestige glory the canimagine and one thus for Constantinoplebe.” army that will allegedly army a wonderful what and be, existed even from the emergence of Islam in the seventh century seclusion of the sultan, and introducing converts and converts introducing and sultan, the of seclusion Abdülkadir Özcan, Kaya The earliest extant version of Mehmed II’s of Mehmed version extant earliest The , 58. ù standing, as well as in rank, he is before all the others. deputy myfor treasury and grand he[the vizier]isits overseer. When sitting and commanders.and viziers [other] above is vizier grand the that be known it let all of First He is an absolute deputy in all [state] affairs. The defterdar is The ahin, “Constantinople and the End Time: The OttomanConquest as a Portent of the Last Hour,” Bureaucrat and Intellectual intheOttoman Empire: TheHistorian Mustafa Âli Kânûnnâme 20 14 (2010): 319. Fatih Sultan Mehmed: Kanunnâme-i Âl-i Osman(Tahlil veKar Evvelâma‘lûmola vüzerâümerân ki ve The purpose of the kul vekîl-i mutlaki vekîl-i of of Mehmed II is aset of laws and rules written down towards the end of s (slaves) into the state administration. state the into s (slaves) or the sultan’s ‘absolute deputy,’ meaning deputy,’ sultan’s‘absolute grand the thatthe or Kânûnnâme Kânûnnâme 10 The Sultan of Viziers dates to the seventeenthcentury. Some anachronisms Kânûnnâme 19 was to establish principles that would be a Kânûnnâme In these words one can note that the desire Õ n vezîr-i a‘zam ba dev 21 ú ) of the Mehmed) of the Conqueror, irme is the court hierarchy. The first The hierarchy. court the is , 32; Tezcan,, 32; recruits (children collected (children recruits úÕ dur. Cümlenin ulusudur. Cümle úÕ la úWÕ (1541-1600) rmal The Second Ottoman Õ Metin) (Princeton: (Istanbul: Journal of CEU eTD Collection 23 Centuries 22 a‘zam cümleden mukaddemdür easier to control the state through only one person who would be in charge of everything thanto in be charge of whowouldonly control person one through state easier to the it was perhaps Namely, might been simple. have quite The himself? reason hewould seclude Why andauthority? seize power all the to man ifanother hewanted affairs to state delegate II Mehmed Why would afairs. same from these sultan distances the latter, with the together a grandvizierandthus, state affairs to important former delegates centralizing The program. sultan. newly establishedthe the against of sanctity ifcouldhappen he seen not With MehmedII were its ceasedregularly. this beingpractise dueto theirthat slightestthe —something haddied suggestion calm; that ruler upat they could rise keep people the to inorder This waspractised regularly.in had public appeared II’s predecessors governingas some invisible power theirlivesfrom of beyond Mehmedsomewhere their reach. beway hecame seemingly to thinkuntouchable, probably wishingof hissubjectsto their ruler himself inthemanner of andPersian and emperors emphasize Byzantine to his sanctity. Inthis members of imperialthe household. quarters were reachableof contained onlyby private the that sultan (inner court), the the werecalled courts These two household. first two werepublicfor sultan’s the of of the services the reservedwhich successive courtyards, umûrun vekîl-i mutlak 1459 Mehmed IIbuilta newpalace – Topkap In rulers. Byzantine and Persian of example the following subjects, his from seclusion physical Ibid., 17. Gülru Necipo The The next point of the imperial ideology elaborated by Mehmed II was the sultan’s (Cambridge, MA: MIT press, 1991), 8. Kânûnnâme ÷ lu, Architecture, Ceremonial, andPower: TheTopkap ÕGÕ r.Ve mâl and the seclusion may seem to be out of alignment with the sultan’s the with alignment of out be to seem may seclusion the and . ÕPÕ n vekîli defterdâr 22 Bybuildinga new palace,Mehmed toportray II wanted bîrûn Õ md 11 Õ palacewith -- high surounding walls and three Õ (outer court). The third court, called court, Thethird court). (outer r ol nâz 23 ÕUÕGÕ r. Oturmada ve durmada ve mertebede vezîr-i Õ Palacein the Fifteenth and Sixteenth enderûn CEU eTD Collection Janissaries corps; the rest were educated at one of the imperial palaces, in imperialthe at of palaces, the one were educated rest the corps; Janissaries forandto Islam.sixteen of in military them converted Some destined careers the were and eight of ages the between taken usually were They Anatolia. and Balkans the of Christians dev viziers until at they out died beginningthe of century, sixteenth the they when were replacedby willingly surrendered andIslam. converted to furnished They Ottoman the Empire with grand exclusivelynot --descendants ofnoble and Byzantine Balkanfamilies whowerecaptured or occupying converts II, the high inthe positions Ottoman although administration were mainly — Mehmed of era the In century. the seventeenth into well continued practice this and vizier grand struggled for unlimited authority, converts office. Instead influential of nobledescendants of families, with Turkic Mehmed whom II inpower new the tousepersons Mehmedcircumstances, of IIdecided for profiles different this challengingthus authority the of sultan?the occupyingfrom power as,for after office 1453 this rising example, to Çandarl of the Ottomanmain both representative remains:andbefore issues. question 1453the after the However, Since state afternot only affairs,had aninsightstate into butat the same time involved wasdeeply in daily the sultan vizier seclusion onlyphysical person the Mehmed through thesultan and grandthe of II was of was the grand vizier, what prevented the individuals 24 semi-independent control a numberof hitherto Heath Lowry, Heath ú irme In order tomakeIn order surenewly that appointed grandagainviziersnot would immense rise to s in this office. s inthis The Nature of the Early Ottoman State 24 Dev ú irme s were the children collected as child levy from from levy among aschild the collected children s were the and (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2003), 127. 12 dev bey ú s, noble families and theirhouseholds. The irme recruits came to occupy the office of enderûn Õ Pasha did,and Pasha , and thus CEU eTD Collection successors. when checked successfully by Mehmedwere centrifugal IIandtendencies hisimmediate examine the to necessary is it careers century, sixteenth in the reforms Mehmed’s of consequences the ofexamine several grand viziers who served in this new era of the grand vezirate Pasha and Sokollupolitical MehmedPasha,whoexcercised great influence. centrifugal tendencies in the sixteenth century, especially during the grand vezirates of centrifugal sixteenth in grandvezirates tendencies the century, especiallyduringof the fool-proof from were not for central andinfact perspectivetheway the of paved power the especially if histhey challenged power. exclusivelysultan’s to the slaves sultan, influential– and noble could Turkic families, be dismissed and could not claim or the evenright to a killedstatus higher by than the that oforder of a sultan, Household in the Context of Political Changes in the Reign of Sultan Süleyman and His Successors.” His and Süleyman of Sultan Reign inthe Changes of Political Context the in Household 26 25 Islam, just as to converts noble these Athowever, thesame state. time, foldinto Ottoman the of the territories these viziers to explore the ties with their former compatriots in order to bring these peoples The ingeniousness sultanate. in of II’s policy factMehmed he consisted that the encouraged and nobility for office the of grandthe vizierif goal underminethe was to rival tothe pretensions advancement. gradual career administration through state in offices the toreach the some of prepared This issue is discussed indetail in the section “Sokollu Mehmed Pasha’s Rise in Service and the Formation of His The Encyclopedia of Islam Of Of withitcourse, hindsight, canbe seen thesethat novelties introduced by Mehmed II It mayIt soundhave counterintuitive to recruited members former BalkanandByzantine of 25 dev kul ú irme s. As such, they were treated as the sultans’ property, owed theirstatus property, sultans’ as treated owed the As such,they were s. , vol.II, 210-213. recruits, were born as non-Muslims, had no ties to well-established, had to noties non-Muslims, as wereborn recruits, 13 26 However, before I ø brahim CEU eTD Collection serve could and only in provincialgovernment central the posts in office in Rumeli. high from See barred were Tijanathey KrstiHowever, service. military their for return beginning, in contrast to the property of the sultans recognized their hereditary rights to the land they conquered in the Rumeli borderlands. Their special status wasspecial Their evidentborderlands. Rumeli the in conquered they land in the to the rights hereditary facttheir recognized sultans that their property asto the Ottomanthe dynasty than servants. In orderto co-opt the members of these families forthe Ottoman cause, the Mihalo 29 York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), 161. families represented a significant threat to Osman’s dynasty prior to 1453. Osman’s to to threat dynasty prior asignificant families represented Turkic family they were well rooted in the Ottoman administrative system. These “noble” Turkic 28 “Çandarl vizierate, were vizierate, and 1406. Finally, sultans –MuradBayezid I, I,andBayezid’s son,Süleyman between (Rumelia, 1402-1411), 1387 Murad I(1360-1389).Çandarl grand His viziers. grandfather, Çandarl background andprovided theOttoman with various kinds dynasty especially dignitaries, of service one can follow MuradI back(1361-1389). This to family came from a scholarly ( Çandarl Vizier Grand policy, centralizing 27 becoming the foremost authority of the Ottoman Empire? Çandarl orchestrated from the imperial court itself -- it was a direct order of Sultan Mehmed II. Who was Similarexamples were the families of the Rumeli raider( Stavrides, See: B. ÷ ø ullar All three ancestors of Çandarl of ancestors three All Immediately Immediately the conquestafter of Constantinople in1453,along the lines ofMehmed II’s Çandarl Grand Vizier Çandarl Õ smail Hakk Õ ,” in Halil Pasha?WhyishisWhy Halil origin he relevant? was sultan an tothe obstacle The Sultan of Viziers Õ , Evrenoso ø slam Ansiklopedisi Õ kadi Halil Pasha was a member of a noble Muslim family whose line in the Ottoman in the line whose family Muslim noble a of member a was Pasha Halil Õ Uzunçar ø brahim, Candarli Halil Pasha’s father, was grand vizier under Murad II. s (judges) and ÷ ullar Õ and others, who in the early daysof the Ottoman enterprise served more as partners úÕOÕ , 52; Colin Imber, Colin 52; , , vol.3, 351-357. ’s Õ Çandarl Halil Halil Pasha (1430s-1453) Õ Halil uncle,Pasha’s Çandarl kadiasker timariots Õ Vezir Ailesi Õ Halil Pasha, prior to their appointment to the grand the to appointment their to prior Pasha, Halil Õ Hayreddinwasa grandPasha, vizier of (1380-1387) JƗ]Ư Õ Halil Pasha was assassinated. This assassination was assassination This assassinated. was Pasha Halil The Ottoman Empire,1300-1650: The Structure ofPower s (military s judges).(military frontierlords was transmitted to theirchildren from the very — i.e.,land-grant ( 14 ü , Contested Conversions toIslam: Narratives of (Ankara: Turk Tarih Kurumu Basemevi, Kurumu Tarih Turk (Ankara: ak Õ nc Õ ) commanders such as the Turahano the as such commanders ) WÕPƗ 28 Õ Ali,vizier three grand to was As members of a distinguished of members As r ) the sultan bestowed on holders in on holders bestowed sultan the ) 29 For the sakeofhis Forthe 1974) and Religious ülemâ 27 ÷ ullar (New Õ ) , CEU eTD Collection again invited Murad II back to the throne,the whichbackagain invited he even to sources until MuradIIoccupied 1451. Some time. In1446,afterrevolt the of inthe Janissaries the Ottoman capital,Çandarl will of Mehmed II. After the Battle of Varna in the sameyear, Murad II abdicated for the second Consequently,Murad IIwas reinstalled andthusÇandarl invitedEdirneback Murad so hecould tothat lead an II invasion.the army against this as a portent of the opportunity, Çandarl harmonious for several for several reasons. harmonious not were sultan andthe young grandvizier the between butrelations vizierate, the Pasha retained Çandarl abdication, MuradII’s After hisII. favor of in Mehmed son, abdicated Sultan Murad II deputy hedeputy peaceof became.After the inSzegedin of Çandarl which 1444, sometimein Çandarl 1430s. the vizier grand the became He Anatolia). or empire the of part European of judge (military medrese 30 The Nature of the Early Ottoman State, Change intheModern Early Ottoman Empire grand vizier.current when families, pedigreed necessary,these measures usingdrastic the with starting Ottoman aside put in decided to 1453,MehmedII ideology imperial established new supremacy and the Stavrides, Mehmed II openly maintained close relations with officials of Çandarl education he was education appointed The Sultan of Viziers Õ Halil Pasha had followed the career path of his predecessors. After completing a Aftercompleting his of predecessors. careerpath the followed had Pasha Halil Õ Pasha, in1444, Pasha, same the yearwhen firstMehmed ascendedII the throne, kul , 53. s’ rise in importance and using the Crusader invasion asan invasion in the Crusader using importances’ rise and 30 55-66, 143. Õ was on good terms was whose absolute with on good Murad II, Sultan (Stanford: Stanford University 105;47,Press, andLowry, n. 2011), kad Õ (district orprovincial judge) and later 15 Õ Pashaimposedhis own will on the dev ú irme Õ was a was negotiator, origin. Seeing origin. Õ Halil Pasha kad Õ asker Õ CEU eTD Collection 35 beginning of slavery, eraof beginning of a newera,the patrimonial be by endangered hindranceany in Ottomanadministration.the Theyear 1453was the Mehmedconquest, no becoming obstacles ruler, IIwanted inhisway notto anabsolute towards was frustrated by grandthe vizier having deposedhim in twice, 1444 and 1446.After the them. from bribes receiving even and made useof accusing rumors the Çandarl sultan the For this executed. later execution, andhe was was confiscated his sons. property His following. 34 (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2009), 184-232. important -- of his vizierate. -- of important more is what and, Byzantium with in trade involvement his of end the mean would capital 33 369-393; 32 Namely, Çandarl Ottomans. the unite against to forces Western or not,or Çandarl Constantinople of conquest the launch should II Mehmed whether over debate the During cease. Mehmedin II’senthronement grand vizier’s 1451. Nevertheless, the sultan opposition not to did inviteanother opportunity to MuradII. 31 was byÇandarl Janissary argue that the orchestrated revolt Tezcan, Stavrides, NevraNecipo See: Daniel Nicol, Babinger, The first day of the conquest of Constantinople, Çandarl Constantinople, of conquest the of day first The Despite strained relations with the prince, Çandarl The Second Ottoman Empire Mehmed the Conqueror The Sultan of Viziers ÷ Õ lu, Pasha was openly against it, expressing his fear that such an attack might fear an it,trigger thatattack hissuch expressing wasopenly against Pasha Õ Halil Pasha might have guessed that Mehmed II’s conquest of have Byzantine the thatMehmedII’sconquestof Pashamight guessed Halil The Last Centuries 1261-1453 ofByzantium Byzantium betweenOttomans and the Latins: the Politics and Society intheLate Empire , 54. 33 , 46-47. On this question, Mehmed II was supported by hissupported Mehmed On question,IIwas this , 90. 31 34 However, the real reasons seem apparent. Mehmed II Mehmed apparent. seem reasons real the However, Õ Pasha of Pasha supporting Byzantines the during siege the 32 16 Behind this fear there was probably another one. 35 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), dominated by the sultan’s slaves. Õ Õ Halil Pasha himself, thus givinghim thus Pashahimself, Halil Halil Pasha retained his office after Õ was imprisoned, together with together imprisoned, was dev ú irme CEU eTD Collection Early Ottoman State Lowry, See: s. Pasha Murad Has and Pasha ofMesih names the under viziers grand as served 38 and Times of the Ottoman Grand Vizier Mahmud Pasha Angelovi important mining andcommercial centerof Novo Brdo.Theyear exact his of birth isnot known. from. territories they came to high positions,converted to Islam were the best spoils of sincewar of Ottoman captives or converts noble However, these new compatriots. Muslim of their attention escape the campaigns, especiallythey when elevated couldcontemporaries in theirChristian lands and theirnoble origin and background couldmeans byno easily earn andforgotten? become irrelevant easily sympathies nephews so of Could last Balkans the Byzantine from emperor’s a prince thebackground the or of their question Herethe arises: forbeboth irrelevant themselves contemporaries. came and their to old-new Turkish families. These “newsubjects Muslims” were usually cut off from backgrounds,their which in the of in1453. Constantinople echelonselite afterconquest the ruling of Ottoman the 37 either aristocrats, Balkan years. fifty next the for backgrounds such with statesmen were filledwith vizier, grand of the including that state offices, highest to 1473. Mahmudrespects. Pasha was forvizier grandthe twoterms: from 1468 andfrom 1453 to 1472 36 Atleast two nephewsof last the Byzantine emperor, Constantine XI Palaiologos (1449-1453), converted and Lowry, The most detailed study onMahmud Pasha Angelovi C. Mahmud Pasha was amember of noble the Byzanto-Serbian Angelovi Mahmud Angelovi Pasha The intention of Mehmed II was to create a loyal ruling elite using converted Byzanto- aloyal usingconverted create ruling elite Mehmedof IIwasto The intention The Grand Vizier PashaMahmud Angelovi The Nature of the Early Ottoman State 36 Hewas a scion of Byzanto-Balkan nobility which was absorbed into highestthe , 115-116. devshirme ü an illustration of anillustration vizierate inmany of evolution the of grandthe s or voluntary converts, thus opposing the old and influential and old the opposing thus converts, voluntary s or , 116-117. 38 These people were well known among their among known well were people These ü 17 is by Theoharis Stavrides, ü ü (1453-1468, 1472-1468) (1453-1468, (1453-1474) . The Sultan of Viziers: The Life ü family from family from the The Natureof the 37 Some of the CEU eTD Collection his daughter. notes that hiskinshipwith Mehmed IIdid not help atallinwhenhim 1456 was he exiledtoBal 41 40 39 he apage. Edirne, became where to brought and II Murat Sultan of reign the during captured he was is that is relevant What prince’s accession to the throne. to accession prince’s young might the come after their sadendthat of aportent as sawthem probably who Çandarlis, well not wereespecially Turkicthe acquaintances families, prominent the among received and among intheimperial converts whom wasalsoMahmud. These palace, captives Greek renegade who was the prince’s tutor ( was the prince’s tutor Greek renegade who structures. of old the wereknownopponents sultan or in-coming whosympathized the with power, also included the statesmennew These people of sultan the were notonly household. members the prince’sthe of Thisgroup of reigns. their of the outset very the at previousauthority their to threat of kind any prevented sultans new sultan persons, loyal who the with themselves hadsurrounding thus and nothouseholds their forward heldPutting hands. a ‘dangerous’in their power accumulated positions, state influential most in the spent amountyears the during who, of membersthe of newsultan’sthe household would push the followingout of previousthe sultan the phenomenon this label would I sultan. previous the of people the all almost replace would sultan new The enthronement. their to prior governed had they provinces imperialfrom the their new the people court own bringing to practice sultans of well Mahmudas Pasha. Stavrides, Stavrides, See: “Mahmud Pasha,” “Mahmud See: In the group In the of group Mehmed’swere,among Zaganos acquaintancesPrince others, Pasha, a The Sultan of Viziers The Sultan of Viziers Encyclopaedia of Islam 41 Zaganos Pasha was the third vizier of the Porte when Sultan Mehmed , 144. , 63;Babinger, 40 Indeed, upon Indeed,coming upon throne, tothe Mehmed IIestablished the 39 During his youth, Mehmed II got acquaintedyouth, Mehmed Duringhis with IIgot the , vol., 6,69-72. Mehmed the Conqueror lala 18 ) hisfather-in-lawand andgrandlater vizier, as clash of sultanic households clash of , 47. In the case of Zaganos Pasha, one Õ kesir togetherwith . Namely, CEU eTD Collection 45 44 43 42 Mahmud Pasha Angelovi wife,II’s toBal whowas Mehmed with failurefor histogether the daughter, andwas deemed exiled, responsible was Zaganos Pasha in of 1456, instance, theunsuccessful Belgrade siege after For moods. sultans’ the of thunder the to exposed most point the always was that mountain the of a peak most position, vulnerable the seemed, this was vizier may have of grand andthe theplace stable this remarkable personality matter and sultan. the how close No this relationship andhow high between relations fluid the on dependent was which career, his on now focus will I appointment, Zaganos Pashain position. leavingthis However, aside thequestion datingof Mahmud Pasha’s yearsmarked three were between conquestandMahmud Pasha’sappointment by the of service in thegrandvizierate 1456. he agreethat issue wasgranted on authorities competentthis most The discussion. under is still appointment Pasha’s Mahmud of year the of question favor of the sultan. initial young around were with the initialthreatened Ottoman faction court prince.created Isay this at Thus of oldthe latter. the the immediately structures implieddesirability Pasha which Halil Pasha in 1453. officevizierfinally, ofsecond grandthe and, or vizier first the Çandarli the assassination after of II was enthroned. Stavrides, Stavrides, Halil Babinger, because other factions were created later and they struggled among themselves to earn the to among themselves andthey struggled later werecreated factions because other ø nalc After the dismissal of Zaganos Pasha the position of the grand vizier was given to anupturn.The Mahmud’s throne, the career took to Afteraccession II’s Mehmed Mehmed the Conqueror The Sultan of Viziers The Sultan of Viziers Õ k, “Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time,” Õ kesir where he had largehe where had estates. kesir 42 Still,not only didhe retain this position, but he was also promoted to the 43 This was due to the rivalry between Çandarli Halil Pasha and Zaganos ü whodistinguished himself during siege the Belgrade andwasof one , 63-64; Babinger, , 59-60; , 15. ø nalc Õ k, “Mehmed the Conqueror (1451-1481) and His Time,” 413. Mehmed the Conqueror 19 Speculum 45 35, 3 no. (1960): 413. , 115-116. 44 The CEU eTD Collection 50 49 Michael made an effort to keep Serbia closer to the Ottoman Empire. Sublime brother hisatthe Porte, with Being incontact in of 1458. Serbia governor briefly the Sinop, Amasra,Sinop, and Trebizond,wherehe the surrender negotiated of city the hiswith cousin, the similar in situation arose 1460, when Mahmud Pasha followed the sultan thecampaignsto of sultan’s decisionthe to opposition as his of insigns any found the not have I casecaptured. was he of where Çandarlicountry the origin, Halil Pasha and the conquest of Constantinople. far country his against the so who hewent that hisobediencehad beendeposed of earlier, went A grand period. vizierin Although post-1453 the Mahmud Pashawasnotgoing hisbrother, against siege, Smederevofinally surrendered. The followingyear joined Mahmudandhis of the troops army sultan the asuccessful and after fall. not did Smederevo, SerbianDespotate, capital instance),for the (Golubac, of captured Hungarians. the with alliance down in Serbia andhis Serbiannotablesthe settle MahmudPasha pro-Ottoman dueto to thingsattitudes, wassent lead a campaign the aim of which was not to allow Serbia to make an 48 47 of Angelovi the 46 governor-general ( battlewas foughtthegrandevery duringhisvizier that Heservedsimultaneously as tenure. and almost or personally launched II Mehmed He accompanied Sultan century Empire. Ottoman fifteenth- in the scene diplomatic and military the both on personalities remarkable most the of Ibid., 96. Stavrides, Stavrides, See: “Mahmud Pasha,” “Mahmud See: ɋɢɦɚȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ The conquest of Serbia is a telling example of the relation between the sultan and his The Sultan of Viziers The Sultan of Viziers , ü ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚɫɪɩɫɤɨɝɧɚɪɨɞɚ family who was captured in family whowascaptured Serbia. beylerbeyi Encyclopaedia of Islam , 93-100. , 92. ) of Rumelia. of ) 49 Although some of the strategically important fortresses were 50 (Belgrade: Srpska književna zadruga, 1982), vol.2, 306. , vol. 6, 70. 46 It seems that Mahmud Pasha was the only member 20 47 His brother, Michael Angelovi Michael Hisbrother, 48 When he was removed by ü , was CEU eTD Collection 53 wronged victim of the sultan’sjanissary whim and was later immortalized songsMahmud Pasha’s wifeby either sultan the or one of princes.the Rumors swirled aboutthis and inwere a composed tocausetherifthappened more complicated andare include some sortof violation personal of on the topic. However,In any case, the Mahmudfinal secondand fortime. the he dismissed was army, in Ottoman of the resulted defeat dismissal Pasha was andwhich was controversial Pasha Mahmud of role the battle, where After the Pasha grew. ofconsidered Mahmud Pashaa thesultan and Mahmud between breach the humiliation With this Rumelia. of governor-general is still sultan.disputed. He was assigned to serve by the side of Has Murad Pasha, the sultan’s young favorite and Thethispersonally hedid not time lead the nor washe surroundingsarmy immediate in the of the stories about hisPasha was officemartial of the However, given again grandvizierdueto the great abilities. what exactly Shortly this,after MahmudPasha was replaced byRum Mehmed Pasha. Konya andLarende toIstanbul, Mahmud wasaccused Pasha ofnegligence and taking bribes. 52 bestowed it on Mahmud.” See: “Mahmud Pasha,” 51 the capture been not Havingto able point. acritical reached MehmedPasha headed byRum imperial factioncourt the of and another his power. theapexof he reached itpointwas atthis that and irreplaceable be outto MahmudPashaturned Duringbattles these Amirutzes. philosopher George Ibid., 137-141. Stavrides, “Mahmud Pasha was now at the height of his glory. It was as though the sultan had renounced the sultanate and Before the battle against Akkoyunlusthe andleader, in their UzunHasan, 1472, Mahmud In 1468, during thefighting inKaraman in Anatolia, the rivalry between Mahmud Pasha The Sultan of Viziers , 329-332. bey Encyclopaedia of Islam of Karaman to deport all the master craftsmen from 21 , vol. 6, 70. menakib 52 51 (panegyric) that 53 CEU eTD Collection Sultan’s Favorite,” 100. 57 56 2000), 333-335,vol.Jenkins’21, University,1911), and studies are Feridun Emecen, “ Emecen, Feridun are studies sixteenth century, bureaucratic hierarchy for the appointments in the government still did not did still government in the appointments the for hierarchy bureaucratic century, sixteenth and the Politics of the Elites inthe Early Sixteenth-century Ottoman Empire,” especially in the duties that the office of the grand vizier entailed. of grand the office thatthe especially duties in the was headthe of Sultan Süleyman’s privy andchamber thus hadnoexperience in government, “The “The Marriage of (Philadelphia:University of MuseumPennsylvania, of Anthropology Archeology,and vol. 2007),2, 23-35, and unknown personality emerged as of Rumeliagovernor-general grand and vizier. anew,completely clashofhouseholds, the From Rhodes in1521and1522,respectively. after theconquestsof Belgradearose and functionaries. Theopportunity father’s powerful asa himself prove he hadto II, Like Mehmed he occupied. place the of worthy ruler authoritative himself asan aprofile of create wasto main preoccupation (1520-1566). His fall, likehisrise, sudden.When was ascendedSultan thehisSüleyman throne, Süleyman: The Case of Universal Sovereignty,”(University of Chicago, 2007) and essaysher “Voices of Opposition inthe Reignof Sultan by Ebru Turan and include her PhD dissertation, “The Sultan’s Favorite: ø of the office of grand vizier from vizier grand of office the of 55 54 some people’s dislike opposition to or of sultan’s the actions. himtreats likealmost this asaint. suggestthat This would figuredefinitely became thefocus of brahim Pasha, I will show why he was special and thus relevant for the topic under discussion. ø ø The most recent studies which contributed to solving many controversies about about controversies many solving to contributed which studies recent most The Ibid., 329-396. brahim’s title prior to his appointment to the grand vizierate. brahim Peçevi, brahim D. ø ø The Grand Vizier brahim was (1523-1536) Pasha firstthe grandvizier by appointed Sultan Süleyman brahim Pasha is the next representative in the sequence which best depicts the evolution bestdepicts which inthe sequence nextrepresentative is the brahim Pasha ø Ta’rîh-i Peçevî Ta’rîh-i brahim Pasha (CA. 1495-1536): The Rise of Sultan Süleyman’s Favorite to the Grand Vizierate Tayyib Gökbilgin’s “ ø brahim Pa ø brahim Pa brahim ø brahim Pashabrahim (1523-1536) , ed.Bekir, S Ibrahim Pasha, Grand Vizir ofSuleiman the Magnificent ú a (1523-1536),” ú a, Makbul,” a, kul ø brahim Pa Õ tk to ‘virtual sultan.’ Using the most recent literature on most recent‘virtual sultan.’ Usingthe to Õ Baykal(Ankara: Kültür Bakanl ú TürkiyeDiyanet Vakf a,” 22 Studies onIstanbul andBeyond: TheFreely Papers ø slam Ansiklopedisi 54 ø brahim Pasha and the Making of Ottoman Õø , Vol. 5/2, 908-915. 5/2, , Vol. slam Ansiklopedisi 57 ø Õ÷Õ In the early decades of the of decades early the In brahim Pasha have been authored been have Pasha brahim ghazi Turcica , 1992),vol. 1,16; Turan,“The and to get rid of his 41(2009): 3-36. Older (New ColumbiaYork: Istanbul,(ISAM: ø brahim brahim A ÷ a 55 56 CEU eTD Collection ego. In way,this favorite sultan’s the was style given an opportunity to himself as sultan’s the alter communication with the Ottoman elites, with After ithad been built, Ibrahim Pasha’s palace became the outpost of the imperial palace for Atmeydan him grandpromote the a place from viziermoveto him palace and the to inthevicinity. The made to therefore decision was The palace. the forces outside political the with communicate privy privy chamber. However, since person was of most sultan the trusted individual.The a trusted from through butonly distance, with elites, the a connection establish 61 60 59 58 strong control over government the and the sultan himself exercised still time, the at vizier grand as serving Pasha, Mehmed (Piri strong still was I Selim for his favorite at Atmeydani. himselfsurround with new butcompetentpeople? meetings. council that noticed themselves Contemporaries empire. the of positions highest two the to man inexperienced an Süleyman ask himselfwhySultan appointed inexist political butone must Ottoman culture in the struggle for authority in in struggle the should behis authority for seclusion Topkap Ibid., 142-178. Ibid., 145. Ibid., 142-143. Turan,“The Sultan’s Favorite,” 191. 61 Even before Ibrahim rose to the grand vizierate, in hadbuilta palace the grand vizierate, 1521/22 Süleyman to Even before Ibrahim rose Õ (the ancient Hippodrome) was thought to be location for purpose. anappropriate this wasthoughtto ancientHippodrome) (the ø brahim did not even have the most basic knowledge of how to run the imperial the run to how of knowledge basic most the have even not did brahim 58 If he wanted to establish his power on firmer ground, was nothe supposed to 59 Since theinfluenceof inherited political from the structures ø brahim resided inbrahim resided imperial the notfreelypalace, hecould ø brahim, his slave, childhood friend, hishead of andhis slave, the childhood brahim, ø brahim Pasha in the centre of this communication. 23 60 ), Süleyman decided that the firststep Õ Palace. The next step was Thenextstep Palace. to CEU eTD Collection itself was not enough for for enough not was itself by marriage the However, Chamber. Privy sultan’s the from vizierate grand the to he raised was himself memberas a of Ottoman society elite and to, to a certain extant, marginalize the fact that 65 Bayezid II’stimein (1481-1512) 1524. granddaughter of granddaughter 64 his bride, whowas believed previously tobea of sister Sultan Süleyman. a powerful remnant of Sultan Selim household.I’s suppresswas the sent to whichhedidsuccessfully,rebellion, eliminatinghiswas who own rival ( Betrayer known asthe by Ahmed Pasha, started 63 forThe firstoccasion which Ibrahim himselfcould distinguish and bymarryinga woman himto from a noblefamily. in be circumstances by creating could done vizier. This respectable public, as and a capable 62 Gazali in 1520, was also killed in 1525. 1524; an Ferhad Süleyman’s brother-in-law Pasha, end whoput totherebellion of Camberdi in he in arebellion raised executedafter Egypt vizier andtheRumelia was governor-general of Pasha who hadthemonopoly in the governmentwas inretired Ahmed1523; Pasha, second the Mehmed Piri Vizier Grand old the execution; or retirement by either divan I’s Selim Sultan viziers from of the theelimination his rise for was Theprecondition aspirations. centralizing Turan, “The Marriage of See: Turan, “The Marriage of Marriage “The Turan, See: Peçevi, Peçevi, The next task was was task next The As it turned out, Ibrahim Pasha was a perfectinstrument for the realization of Süleyman’s After this turmoil it was necessary to legitimate legitimate to necessary was it turmoil After this Ta’rîh Ta’rîh , vol. 1, 22. , vol. 1, 16, 22; Turan, “The Sultan’s Favorite,” 101-103. ø skender Pasha, a supporter of of from figurethepolitical skender Pasha, asupporter dynasty and prominent ø ø brahim Pasha,” 13. brahim’s legitimization appeared inbrahim’s legitimization appeared in1523/24 with rebellion the Egypt ø ø brahim Pasha’s marriage. Recent studies shed light on the identity of identity the on light shed studies Recent marriage. Pasha’s brahim brahim Pasha;” Peçevi, Pasha;” brahim ø brahim’s legitimization. Since he became the only intermediary only the became he Since legitimization. brahim’s 62 65 This enabled marriage 24 Ta’rîh Hain , vol. 1, 63-64. ) in Ottoman chronicles. in Ottoman ) ø brahim Pasha, who was unknown to the to was unknown Pasha,who brahim ø brahim establishbrahim to Pasha 64 ø 63 brahim married a married brahim Thegrand vizier CEU eTD Collection kethüdas Bagdadin formerwhen was the campaign companionsto the were close until 1534, 72 Mediterranean 71 70 69 for Istanbul’s History helped risethe both and mission of persons ended theirlivesapproximately at sametimethe (1534-1536). foreign policy as foreign adviser during sultan’s the policy representative of Venetians in Istanbul, Alvise Gritti, who came to play a major role in Ottoman ceremonies for his daughters. See: Nutku Özdemir, Nutku See: daughters. his for ceremonies 68 before.” princesses wealth been happiness eyes before the and disposed of publicthe inanywedding of imperial the it lasted a weddingand“neverhadsuch the princess, several not imperial of weeks or an prince 67 66 byasultan. organized for afestivity this wasused site that Constantinople Hippodrome. Byzantine of site the use thecontested to decided Süleyman aim, With this hisupon. love andconfidence bestowed predecessors, between Süleyman andthe himself world, the secluding within walls his his palace moreof than financial controller ( controller financial chief state’s the as such dignitaries influential the with himself acquaint to him enabled elites elite. Turan,“The Sultan’s Favorite,” 116-117, 228. Eric R. Durstler, Ibid., 63-64. Peçevi, The first time was in 1490 when Bayezid II organized the festivity for circumcision of his son and wedding Peçevi, Favorite,” Sultan’s “The Turan, 70 ø ø skender Çelebi, supported Sultan Süleyman upon the latter’s Sultan inaccession skender Süleymanlatter’s the 1520and upon Çelebi, supported brahim Pasha’s role as the sultan’s alter ego and intermediary between the sultan and the and sultan the between intermediary and ego alter sultan’s the as role Pasha’s brahim Ta’rîh Ta’rîh Õ (the quartermaster (the — mainthe inchargeperson equipping for the army with provision (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006),128. 66 , vol. 1, 63. , vol. 1, 63. ø brahim had to be presented to the public as a person the sultan limitlessly (bilingual publication), ed. by B.Pitarakis (Istanbul: Pera Muzesi Yayinari, 2010), 74-75. 69 Venetians inConstantinople: Nation, Identity, andCoexistence the in Early Modern The sultan himself was present among the highest officials of the Ottoman ba ú defterdar 146-147. Õ ø 67 ), ), brahim brahim Pasha in Egypt. This was the second time since the Ottoman conquest of ø skender Çelebi, and a merchant of Venetian origin and origin Venetian of merchant a and Çelebi, skender “Festivities atAtmeydan ø brahim’s vizierate. brahim’s 25 72 ø skenderÇelebi and Õ 71 ,” in Not accidentally, all the three Hippodrom/Atmeydan 68 Although Although was this ø brahim Pasha Õ –AStage ‘asker- CEU eTD Collection other maintaining other that Hürrem’s, life-long jealousy of of jealousy life-long Hürrem’s, wife, Süleyman’s one blaming literature, in sixteenth-century sets of appear explanations Two the Ottoman vassal king of Hungary. Court went so far that he was entrusted withHungary,which was on thethe way Vienna.to The greatdiplomatic honor Alvise Gritti enjoyed at the Ottoman task of dealing withoriented. Johnanti-Habsburg Zapolya, public understanding of why publicwhy of understanding aspirations1534 asrumors thelatter’s spreadabout to Hungarian the throne. Due to his friendship with Alvise, Alvise, with friendship his to Due the center of Ottoman foreign policy not Gritti,of doge This waselected Venetian the placedRepublic (1523-1538). eventin AlviseGritti only with Venice, but with the rest of Europe as well. surrounds the details surrounds of latter. the hindsight, Peçevi tried to linkhindsight, Peçevi tried to thedeaths of woke up woke saying: “Iwishyou of of in adream following heard the words Peçevi, campaign,Süleyman the after According to soon 77 76 75 74 73 by campaign, Süleyman, persuaded Sultan latter the and and arms) Peçevi, Ibid., 290. Ibid., 289. Turan,“The Sultan’s Favorite,” 288. Peçevi, ø skender Çelebi:“Why you Uponhearingdid sultan hangmeinnocent?” these the words, The anecdote The aboutanecdote Sultan Süleyman’s dreammay be fiction, butitalso to points the At the same time when when time same the At Ta’rîh Ta’rîh , vol.1, 139-138. , vol. 1, 32-33. ø brahim aspired too highbrahim too encroached aspired and on sultan’sthe authority with his 74 ser‘asker This is clear from Thisisfrom 1529, and clear 1526,1532campaignsthe against ø brahim was the sultan’ssuddenly killedin favorite, Pasha, 1536. ø ø ø brahim’s influence on her husband for his final demise, and the and demise, final his for husband her on influence brahim’s brahim became the grand vizier, Alvise Gritti’s father, Andrea father, Gritti’s Alvise vizier, grand the became brahim brahim brahim before death same the ayearWriting passes!” with (chief commander). Due to a disputeDue to themduring between commander). the (chief ø brahim’s foreign policy became markedly pro-Venetian and pro-Venetian markedly became policy foreign brahim’s 75 The voivode of Moldavia killed Gritti in Transylvania in in Transylvania Gritti killed Moldavia of voivode The ø brahim, ordered the execution of brahim, execution the of ordered ø skender and 26 ø brahim brahim mystery pashas, even though 76 ø skender Çelebi. 77 73 CEU eTD Collection in power of office. latter’s the in of power Murad IIIand his relationship with Grandthe Vizier Sokollu Mehmed Pasha,indicating therise manifestedgradually, even more inthesecond of century sixteenth the half of with accession the government. Theremoval of from structures political old Ottoman the scene political went officialshis father’s somevenerated of old and and toward morecarefully with respect more them with deal to needed sultan the and capital the of conquest the since years seventy however,his by own; Muslim formedSüleyman’sin time,had new elites Constantinople in the of by elite an creating theold elite tried toundermine II Mehmed generally. and elites the with viziers grand the with relationships to their regard with extant a certain to differed Magnificent the walls for years as a reminder of the destiny of arrogant servants. assassinated while he slept in assassinated whilehesleptrooms sultan’s the private 79 78 ø by vizier, insatiable ordered overshadowed Süleyman feeling Supposedly grandthe ambitions. brahim’s execution when he returned from the war with war in1536. brahim’s with the Safavids whenhereturned from execution Durstler, Ibid., 139. As one can see from the above examples, the periods of Mehmed II and Süleyman the Venetians in Constantinople , 229. 27 78 and hisblood was supposedly left on 79 ø brahim brahim was CEU eTD Collection service, formation the hisof household andits gradual of establishment a monopoly inon power Ottoman in Pasha Mehmed Sokollu of rise the supported that mechanisms the examine to aims the Ottoman and other elite households in the sixteenth century. More particularly, this chapter of importance, and transformation rise,the on lightshed to in order eraof the Süleyman Sultan built hishousehold. and power in to service Ottoman herose inwhich circumstances examine topolitical needs the Mehmed Pasha so powerful that the entire office for whichresumethis post in authority. their tounderstand prior However, order madehe what Sokollu stood had to be undermined, one Köprülüthe family and Grand the KöprülüVizier Pasha Mehmed did theholders (1656-1661) of variety courtof favorites who were the agents of the sultan’s power. Only with the emergence of successors’) efforts to push model against the of a powerful vizierinsteadgrand topromote and a his Murad (and Sultan III’s to yearsthanks hundred mere one foralmost a formality reduced to differed significantly from differed period. preceding significantly the of Sokollu Mehmed Pasha a new era of Ottoman history started, in which the structure of power Empire. Ottoman the of period’ ‘classical called 81 80 Tezcan, Gülru Necipo Sokollu Pasha’s Mehmed RiseinService andtheFormation ofHisHousehold inthe Context of Political Changes in the Reign of Sultan Süleyman and His Successors The general aim of this chapter is to provide a historical context, with a special focus on Recent historiography describes Recent historiography The Second Ottoman Empire ÷ lu, The AgeofSinan (Princeton: PrincetonUniversity Press, 2005), 29. , 100. Sokollu MehmedPashaaslast grand the vizierof so- the Chapter II Chapter 28 80 81 According to some historians, after the death After him, the office of the grand vizier was of grand office Afterthe him, the CEU eTD Collection Galeries Nationales du Grand Palais, 1992), 159-177. leSoliman magnifique sontempts et 82 also claimedlegitimization messianic of abilitythe authority, Ottoman sultan to ashimself figure amessianic ( renewamong most other the notablycontemporary religionlegitimize his own monopoly on power, drew on his initial successfulthe rivalconquests to profile Habsburg neighboringof Islam. rulersemperor, The whohousehold. ultimate Charlesforces goal V, and ofembodied thethischanges overlapped with each other and one of their repercussions was themessianic creation of centrifugal these All elites. the and in dynasty the between bargain a the striking and sultan, of office the of households campaign de-personalization apparatus, bureaucratic to the run state to the power the of delegation persona, of wasthe elitediscussion bewill putforward in follows: what promotion lawthe of as sultan’s the surrogate and detraction from past. a breakthe trends with of power made changes),many for whichinmany respects paved further the way (that significant changes from the represents aturningwith point regard tothe nature of sultan the imperial Süleyman of reign Sultan the that research suggests recent history, Ottoman age” of “classical a network of households setup by familySokollu members. Ottomanthe managementEmpirecareful of through Sokolluthe family clan, of which consisted See: Fleischer: “The Lawgiver as Messiah: The Making of the Imperial Image in the Reign of Süleymân,” in of Süleymân,” Reign the in Image Imperial of the Making The Messiah: as Lawgiver “The Fleischer: See: A. Sultan Süleyman, eager to break with the elite inherited from his father, Selim I, and to I,and father,Selim his from inherited elite the break with to eager Süleyman, Sultan Contrary to the traditional(1520-1566) The change in the nature of the sultan’s rule under the reign of Sultan Süleyman II scholarly representations of it as the culmination of the mahdi , Actes duColloque 7-10 1990,de mars Paris. Veinstein ed.Gilles (Paris: 82 Several of these changes that are relevant for the topic under topic the for relevant are that changes these of Several ) who embodied both ) who embodiedsupreme both martial capabilities and the 29 ’ s power. It was aneraof It s power. CEU eTD Collection this period that Sultan Süleyman acquired the name 86 85 Safavids,another Süleyman legitimizing to turned strategy; dynastic law( messianic imageclashed with his failuretodecisively defeat either Habsburgs the orthe the that and longer any expanded easily be so not could borders Ottoman the that realizing hadentire previouslybrought into the kingdoms Ottoman domains, slowed down. Atthis point, was prophesiedjustice apocalypse. that the perfect prelude asthe to the known world, bring itinto the realm of Islam on the eve of the Day of Judgment, and usher in conquer to was expected who sultan, Ottoman the on center to increasingly came world Islamic in apocalypticthe expectations inAH(1591/92), 1000 millennium expected was approaching, the of end As the calendar. Muslim the to according millennium tenth in the ruler Ottoman Effendi, to synchronize it with religious law – sultan ( the codify of of Celalzade, to will intensified chiefthe chancellor,the efforts cannote the 1540s one primary instrument persona. andof hispower In surrogate late1530sandthe the throughout messiahthe inenvisioned various medieval Muslim prophecies. military though conquests andjust notonly rule, authority was utmost the empirebutalso the of scion of the House of Osman that had hithertomaintained sultan,early Ottoman and wasthatthe crafted the the 1520sand 1530s, throughout legitimized itself as the supreme power of Islam 84 83 Safavid, shah Ismail. The claim that the sultan and his advisers, most notably See: Imber, See: Ibid., 167, 171-172. Ibid.; Turan, “The Sultan’s Favorite,” 304; Krsti 304; Favorite,” Sultan’s “The Turan, Ibid.; 163-167. Messiah,” as Lawgiver “The Fleischer, Towards the end of Ibrahim Pasha’s vizierate (1523-1536), Ottomanwhich end the (1523-1536), vizierate conquests, Towards of Pasha’s Ibrahim Ebu’s-su‘ud: The Islamic Legal Tradition örf ) mirrored in dynastic law, and later, together with Grand Mufti Ebu’s-Su‘ûd Mufti Grand with together later, and law, in dynastic mirrored ) ü , Contested Conversions to Islam (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997). Press, University Stanford (Stanford: 30 sharî‘a Kânûnî . 85 It is due to his legislative activities in activities legislative his to is due It (the legislator). (the 84 83 Süleyman was the tenth , 91-95. 86 kânûn ø brahim Pasha, ) became his CEU eTD Collection 89 45-61. History inHonor Professorof V.L. Ménage (1986): 135-141, and “Between Lines:the Realities ofLife Scribal in theSixteenth Century,”in 88 University, 2006). and “Kanun” and inthe Reignof Suleyman the Magnificent (1520-1566),” class was another importantmilitary palace,the imperial the Besides elites. with the bargain Süleyman’s of Sultan center sourcethe at was household his and sultan Ottoman the from supporting for in return in office which tenure one’s the ruling stratum Stability of functions. andbureaucratized depersonalized out for carrying of rewards regular was furnished. 87 ( governors district and provincial of households the major households centuries. seventeenth in the and sixteenth were those the of half second inthe of society Ottoman of the it constituent main the grand were they politics, that noted be imperial should on andhouseholds these other of effects the moment, viziers. the for aside, Putting households. After them in rank camevarious around grouped centers of power beviewedasconstellation can onwards, reign and the Süleyman’s of years last the in especially Empire, Ottoman The Empire. Ottoman in the agents from theimperial privileges that distracts andthe center multiple structures study theirof power households wasa negative developmentfor Ottoman However, such society. viewa judgmental of time challenged theimperial household. inlocusof of that elitetheempowerment whichbecame major the course the households, power for the the reason was which bureaucratic apparatus, to this state of the running the delegated decades reign. of Süeyman’s in last that transpired two the apparatus of bureaucraticandadministrative developmentthe See: Kunt, “Royal and Other Households,” in Woodhead, See Fleischer’s articles “Preliminaries to the Study of the Ottoman Bureaucracy,” Ottoman the of Study the to “Preliminaries articles SeeFleischer’s Ibid., 171. See also: Mehmet The synchronization of the dynastic law with law dynastic the of synchronization The From what has been said so far one would draw a conclusion that the rise of the elite ù akir Y 87 The cadre of the palace servitors was educated under was promise the palaceservitors educated Thecadreof the Õ lmaz, “The , ed.ColinImber and Colin Heywood Isis The (Istanbul: Press, 1994), 89 Koca Ni Excludingone, the biggest imperialthe household, 31 ú The Ottoman World beylerbeyi anc Õ of Kanuni: Celalzade Mustafa Çelebi Bureaucracy sharî‘a s and paved anincreased way for the PhD Dissertation, . sancakbeyi Journal of Turkish Studies s). Since Ottoman Studies in Ottoman (Ankara:Bilkent 88 The sultan 10 CEU eTD Collection ø Princess marriagehis his through with the to positions, imperial directrelation butcourt also administrative military high in the seated members family his with connections his only not were sources of below,Sokollupower inmore Pasha’s be as instance, Mehmed detail will discussed connections establishedhouseholds werenottheonlysupportof the among political For power. had beto connected with the key households of the time in order to secure its own existence. The itself, by powerful although onehousehold, showsthat This he disappearedovernight. Pasha, 92 91 90 households, their from someone on grant revenue a bestow men.military of thousand one retinue around household of hundredtotwomen.A have wasrequired one provincial governor to a hadtohavegovernor amilitary adistrict Thus, received. revenues grant with the in accordance governors, each of them had the obligation to participate in campaigns with a number of soldiers households were especially military originally establishments, of those provincial and district from from inexecution a clash1534. Dueto interests between of him and the Grand Vizier person, influential an thus and rich, enormously chief thatthe wrote Peçevi safety. secure one’s to enough was not that sometimes but rich, extremely were households of certain household. imperial the from raised exclusively almost were century, sixteenth in the vizier grand the of office the to advanced who those especially government, Ottoman the in positions higher smihan, adaughter of Sultan Selim II. Peçevi, Ibid., 110. Ibid., 104. Households usedmeans different acquire to and preservethe power they had. The patrons Ta’rîh , vol. 1, 32-33. defterdâr of Süleyman,Sultan of 32 90 92 The provincial and district governors could governors district and provincial The but this was clearly not enough to save him 91 but the appointees who reached the reached who appointees the but ø skender capable, Çelebi, was ø brahim CEU eTD Collection 95 94 imperial household was in the centre surrounded by other satellite surrounded their households with householdown imperial by centre wasinthe other supremethe This resembled patron. structure patterna hub-and-spoke network where the sultan became the administration, state of the strata from highest the those especially officials, of all, the dynastymeans in rein in the sultan order to used thetendencies centrifugal of First elitethe households. controlled the were These households. vizierial and imperial the between nexus major be a to all came women the appointments;imperial his viziers. Thus, to his dynastic family of women the marrying of practice started the secondly, by marrying princessesnot follow her sons to the provinces they were allotted, which had been the practice hitherto. to state membersimperial of household, the especiallybecauseRoxelane, known Sultan,as Hürrem did affairs. state the of centre the 93 from imperial harem Oldthe Topkap tothe Palace movedbuthe the namedRoxelane,marry, only succession. also Süleymanwoman Not did a followed since the early fifteenth century due tothe potential concerningconflicts theissue of wife. of power? source tothe attached and directly of the current sultan ( mother the century, sixteenth the of half second in the later and, princesses royal the also did so harem. imperial the of women by Süleyman’s lasted until reign and mid-seventeenth the politicalcentury -- the influence exercised Peirce, Ogierde Busbecq, See: Peirce, See: 94 A sultan having a wife was not illegal, but it was simply not a practice that had been Aiming to tie the imperial household to the households of his high officials, Süleyman officials, high his of households the to household imperial the tie to Aiming This led to another This led significant almost to change thatwasintroduced outset atthe of Sultan Süleyman was the first Ottoman ruler after a long line of predecessors to have a legal The Imperial Harem The Imperial Harem Turkish Letters Turkish valide-i sultan , 119. . 95 , trans. E.S. Forster (London: Eland, 2001),18. This was a step towards allocating the sultan’s power among the 93 Not only did the sultan’s favorite ( ). How did women become involved in the network of didof inpower become thenetwork involved ). How women 33 Õ Palace, where the royal women appeared in wherethe Palace, royal appeared women haseki ) rise to power, but CEU eTD Collection 99 dedicated to members of the Sokollu family clan. 98 household. imperial in the power of disposition a new to led which roof, one under was family royal entire the circumstances, new the In center. in the seated sovereign the to a threat become 97 University Press, 2008), 10. provinces. he undertook was to measures putan endthis One todevelopment. of tried the princesses.Murad III(1574-1595) to keep his sons at thehousehold and the households of viziers the totherulingtied marriages dynasty through royal to imperialimperial the of consisted court that family dynastic the of members now-numerous and the among not send them to a division led to of bureaucratization power of imperial the administerconfined Theprocess household. to the Süleyman’s butreign also and thethe structureentire reignIII. Murat marry Sultan of he sister refused to the because assassinated of ofpower his successor,for was (1566-1578), Buda of governor-general some Mustafa Pasha, sources, according to several Selim generationshonor, but also an obligation the avoidance of which could be paidII, with one’s head. For instance, the power not only an was aroyal princess to statesmen high military-administrative a of The marriage to follow.was no longerthrough which the power of the sovereignDuring flowed out from the court to the households of viziers. channel a became brides imperial century, sixteenth the the of half second the in especially time, last years of viziers, Rüstem Pasha, was married to Mihirimah, the sultan’s daughter. Mihirimah, thesultan’s to married was Pasha, viziers, Rüstem elites through participationthe of women.famousroyal One most of Sultan grand Süleyman’s 96 networks. The issue of Mustafa Pasha’s refusal to marry the royal princess will be discussed inmore detail inthe section Peçevi, Karen Barkey, Peirce, The changes introduced inintroduced The changes the Süleyman his influencedreign notonly of Sultan the era The Imperial Harem The Imperial Ta’rîh 96 99 Starting with Sultan Süleyman, Ottoman sultans exercised their sovereignty over the over sovereignty their exercised sultans Ottoman Süleyman, Sultan with Starting The households of young princes in the provinces where they governed could , vol. 1, 19. Empire of Difference:Empire of TheOttomans in Comparative Perspective , 21. 34 98 97 (Cambridge: Cambridge Over the course of course Overthe CEU eTD Collection individuals in other positions to gainindividuals positions to inother power. grand influence vizierof political dismissal byfrequentits of thus occupant, enabling other inherited from his Heresponded predecessors. to challengethis by theofficedepriving of the Murad IIIwasvigorously toruling burden the opposed under vizierate a powerful of grand medrese lecturers or magistrates. or lecturers medrese as his favorites appoint could paths, career bureaucratized following of rules the household, elevatingits to members grandthe vizierate had ceased with Mehmed TheheadII. of one black eunuch, the chief officer of the harem, whose office was tied to the very center of the of very center the to officewastied harem, whose of the chiefofficer the black eunuch, system through their protégés. class by acquired theirinfluencetheir appointment, grewsince they in were well-rooted the University, 2004), 183-115. InformationControl and PowerBuilding in theOttoman Empire,” 1566-1603, PhD Dissertation (Montreal: McGill The pinnacle of an ( society of Ottoman ofclass learned Some members the –hissultanate andless officebecamemore abstract personal. of the on nature the moreeffect collateral one produced reforms These Süleyman. Sultan seniority system was in a way an outcome of the process of bureaucratization started by the Predecessors,” PhD Dissertation(The Ohio State University, 2010), 102 101 100 future ( sultans mothers of tobecomepowerful as throne the institutionally were to ascend mothers who of the Thisprinces throne. enabled tothe for ascendance seniority During the reign of Murad III’s immediate successors the Ottomans switched to the system of GünhanBörekçi, Favorites“Factions and the Courts ofat Ahmed I(r. Sultan 1603-1617) His and Immediate Ibid., 23-24. Ibid., 112. However, The households of the military-administrative class were not the only kind of household. of kind only the not were class military-administrative the of households The ‘ulemâ ‘ulemâ householdsrise didnot in powersimultaneously with vizierial the ones. career was the position of the position was the career 101 Thus, among the powers that high echelons of the 102 The main beneficiary of this change was the chief 35 ‘ulemâ ú 100 eyh’ül- 159-171; ) also had their own households. ø slâm ù efik Peksevgen, “Secrecy, , since the practice of practice the , since vâlide-i sultân ‘ulemâ ‘ulemâ ). The ). CEU eTD Collection Islam described as studying to become a priest at the time when he was recruited. See: Krsti See: recruited. was he when time the at priest a become to studying as described monks is not confined to the case of Sokollu Mehmed Pasha only. In his panegyric, Mahmud Pasha was also 110 109 108 foot soldiers of soldiers Ye foot of a province) according to Turkish sources. according to Beylerbeyi Mustafa Pa the when monastery, in the he was Although monk. a become Rudo in present day Bosnia.eastern around 1505 around distinguishhimself in imperialIt seems the court. Sokolluthat Pashawas Mehmed in born or heto him started note only when remarks Mehmed origin, short Pasha’s sources, after on for interrupted thus nearly years. hundred one century with the rise of the Köprülü family. grand vizier,suppressed byMurad III, resumed its political in poweronly themid-seventeenth 107 106 105 104 103 century Besides the chief black eunuch’s inimportancerise in timethe at of Murad III, theturn of the appointed districtgovernors and, rarely, although some of them the grandvizierate. reached palace. imperial bemeaning wallsof the cametoconfined within the imperial thatpolitical power court, ɋɚɦɚɪʇɢʄ ɋɚɦɚɪʇɢʄ Ɋɚɞɨɜɚɧɋɚɦɚɪʇɢʄ Peirce, Ibid., 114. See also his “The Ottoman Mevali.” Ibid., 111. Tezcan, ù B. efik Efendi, , 68-69. 103 The early years of Sokollu Mehmed Pasha’s life and career are quite obscure. Primary obscure. quite are career and life Pasha’s Mehmed Sokollu of years The early Sokollu MehmedPasha’s rise in Ottomanservice ‘ulemâ The Imperial Harem The white eunuchs, the supervisors and tutors of the inner court, were sometimes of innercourt, the andtutors supervisors Thethe eunuchs, white The Second Ottoman Empire , , Ɇɟɯɦɟɞɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɢʄ Ɇɟɯɦɟɞɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɢʄ 107 Cevâhirü’l-Menâk households came to dominate the Ottoman political scene. political Ottoman the dominate to came households to an Orthodox Christian family in the village of Sokolov of village the in family Christian Orthodox an to ú , ha,” Ɇɟɯɦɟɞɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɢʄ Belletin , 255. , 15; Ahmet Refik Alt Õ , 17-18. The episode of collecting childrenwho startedhad to study to become b 54(1990), 8. 109 (MS Esad Efendi 2583, Süleymaniye Library, Istanbul), folio 15a. ú ilce Mehmed Bey, came to Bosnia some time around 1521 Bosnia some time around came to ilce MehmedBey, As a child he was sent to the Mileševa monastery to study to , 100. 108 (Belgrade: Zavod zaudžbenike, 1971), 15; GyulaKáldy-Nagy, “Budin According he toSerbiansources two, hadthreebrothers, 106 The continuity of the powerful grand vizierate was 36 Õ nay, Sokollu (Istanbul: Tarih Vakf yaya ba úÕ ü (head of enfeoffed the of (head , Contested Conversions to 105 Õ Yay ü i near the town of town the near i The office of the Õ nlar Õ , 2001),, 110 4. to 104 CEU eTD Collection Süleyman in 1543,wastakenfromthe family.same most appropriate persons for creating one’s personal network were the members of werethemembersone’s own of network personsforcreating one’s personal most appropriate Ottoman administration. Each official tried to recruit asmany protégés as possible. Naturally, the dependedmany how and supporters protégés had,they whom through inthey were rooted the imperial through court Facts on Files, 2009), 534-536. of process the about thisreveal What does collected. levywas child the monastery when Mileševa at the home but at 114 explore why to Ye to them: to Ye him, bribe to attempt family’s Sokollu the Despite rich. allegedly and monastery inMileševa a monk was who Dimitrije, father, Mehmed’s of legend, objected tothis helpfrom the demandandevencalled brother parents on the Mehmed’s 113 112 was Bajica. See: 111 collect for children childlevy the ( See “Sokollu Family,” A mythologicalPersian bird which brings happiness. According Jakov to Lukarevi Cevâhirü’l-Menâk Sokollu Mehmed Pasha was not the first member of the Sokollu family taken to the to taken family Sokollu the of member first the not was Pasha Mehmed Sokollu These data are relevant for several reasons. If this source is to be trusted, it is itbe is interesting trusted, source to this If for several reasons. arerelevant These data benefactor.’ sultan, our highin service he indicatingthe proximity and the willreach position of that your own hands!now you wantchaseto it youraway with stupidity and your thus burn house with On the forehead of your son there is a mark of great fortune riches. Because this state is bird aHuma state this riches. Because reachessultan’s willlimitless endeavor, felicity,you the happiness the allenjoy and with he, When service? sultan’s in the honored be will boy poor this that you know hell! Don’t in wilderness of people,you‘Hey, wanderersthe ignorant ɋɚɦɚɪʇɢʄ Õ b ú , folio 17. , folio ilce Mehmed wanted to recruit especially Mehmed, who was apparently especially Mehmed,not recruit whowasapparently ilce to Mehmed wanted dev Encyclopedia of Ottoman Empire , dev ú Ɇɟɯɦɟɞɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɢʄ irme ú ü irme , a historian, from Dubrovnik, Mehmed Pasha’s priorname toconversion toIslam ? 113 . Deli Hüsrev Pasha, who became the second vizier of the Sultan dev ú irme , 15. ), he required Mehmed’s delivery. Mehmed’s required ), he 37 112 , ed. GáborÁgoston and Bruce Masters (New York: which yourhas descended on tribe and ú ilce Mehmed Bey was persistent and said and persistent was Bey Mehmed ilce 114 The influence of Ottoman officials Ottoman of influence The 111 According to CEU eTD Collection 117 Anmol Publications, 2005), 765. 116 Petitions and Ottoman Social Life,1670-1730 in provinces. the was that the longerin the was thatthe apageserved “Devshirme,” service and the posts granted to court pages after their graduation ( pagesafter theircourt graduation grantedto posts service andthe and outer court ( years of every single appointment of Mehmed Pasha during his service in the inner( his inthe service during of Mehmed Pasha years appointment every single of ( Kova voluntarily by orforce. Clearly, thisdepended on thedenominationof the population of a given region. See Ešref the Ottomans. In modern historiography, the dispute is still present overwhether parents gave of their children example single one sultan. process of Topkap to ininof the conquest Iraq 1534 under the beenemies. fiercest to Pashacame the Mehmed clan, it seems like the plan backfired, since his younger brother, Lala Mustafa Pasha, and Sokollu hisstrengthen own intentionally to in order recruitMehmed to indeedtried Deli Pasha Hüsrev was first allotted of thisAfterwas first allotted to the death dignitary. 115 “official” collect, amongto besides children in Bosnia,young aswell.means Mehmed other the This that family. Itwas thus possible that Ye çohadâr Kunt, Gilles Veinstein, “Sokollu Mehmed Pa Mehmed “Sokollu Veinstein, Gilles Besides the possibility of the existence of a private þ evi 116 Sokollu Mehmed Pasha was brought tothe imperial court in Edirne. Since he participated The Sultans Servants ü , “Jedan document odevširmi,” document “Jedan , ), sword-bearer ( sword-bearer ), There he advanced in the court hierarchy as a groom as hierarchy ( a groom in Thereheadvanced court the dev dev Õ Palace in Istanbul, where he found himself in the immediate proximity of proximity the of immediate in himself the he found where inIstanbul, Palace Encyclopaedia of Islam ú irme ú irme birûn 117 per se. Although the mentioned section of section mentioned the Although se. per dev , some kind of “private” kind of , some This law was applied in the case of Mehmed Pasha. He graduated from from Hegraduated ofMehmed Thislawthe wasappliedinthe case Pasha. ú ) are unknown. However, these years are relevant with respect to his court to respect with arerelevant years these However, ) areunknown. irme , 27. , it may contribute to the disclosure of controversialthis phenomenonintroduced by silâhdâr , 210-213;AntonMinkov, ), and chief taster ( ú ilce Mehmed Pasha followed the order of Deli Hüsrev Pasha ú a,” in a,” (Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2004). Prilozi za orijentalnu filologiju enderûn defterdar InternationalEncyclopedia of IslamicDynasties dev 38 ú dev , the higher, the hein position acquired the irme ú ø irme skender Çelebi, it is plausible that Mehmed that is plausible it Çelebi, skender ø was also practiced. wasalso Cevâhirü’l-Menâk skender Çelebi in 1534, Mehmed was sent skender Çelebiin1534,Mehmedwas Conversion to IslamintheBalkans:KisveConversion Bahasi çe , one can draw important conclusions about the ú negir ba 22-23(1976): 203-209; Menage, úÕ rikâbdâr ), consecutively. The exact The consecutively. ), Õ oÕ b (see 17)folios depicts16 and kma 115 ). The unwritten rule If one assumes that ), valet-de-chambre (New Delhi: enderûn birûn or ) CEU eTD Collection 122 Woodhead (London: Longman, 1995). the Magnificent and His Age: The Ottoman Empire in the Early Modern World istoriskog društva uNovom Sadu 120 121 119 intenure position, this goBarbarossa, seabutstayed in during Pashadidnot Mehmed to Sokollu Istanbul hisentire in his hefleet. In Hayrüddin after death this Barbarossa 1546. position succeeded 118 governor-general of Rumelia. In followingthe year, 1552, campaignthe continued with Kara to Belgrade to spend the winterfortresses. there. Despite this several the Ottoman conquestof facilitated campaign in1551whentheSerbian garrisons defeat, Sokollu retainedsoldiers asOttoman the to possible army, happened of duringactually which course the his position as the forthcomingcommanderaccidental.not of the warwas aim The toattractasmanywas Serbian population andwas numerous choice the of Sokollu for Mehmed as this Pasha post the Hungary, Zapolya. John which was bySüleyman’svassal,JohnSigismund,son governed deceasedthe of king of camebeperiod to due turbulent ambitionto the Ferdinand annexof of Habsburg to Transylvania, inthis Hapsburg Empires between Ottoman and the borderlands his origins. The his career,and appointmentof Sokollu canbe seen prismthe through of both his abilities,during shownhitherto andhis Sokollugrand vizierate inSofiaMehmed Pasha.This place on waspassed to given Rumelia,Semiz Alithe family inhis was governor-general Pasha, of Bosnia. In 1549 the ( he the headdoor-keeper became spent In years year there. this in 20 only inner 1541,after court kap ȭɭɪɻɟɜ ɋɚɦɚɪʇɢʄ See: Peçevi, Peçevi, ÕFÕ ba ȭɭɪɻɟɜ The first high post allotted to Sokollu Mehmed Pasha was the admiralty of the Ottoman , “ Ta’rîh Ta’rîh úÕ 122 ɉɪɜɚɝɨɞɢɧɚɪɚɬɨɜɚʃɚɆɟɯɦɟɞɚɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɢʄɚɭȻɚɧɬɭɢɩɪɜɚɨɩɫɚɞɚɌɟɦɢɲɜɚɪɚ , ), which was the position fourth in rank in the outer court hierarchy. Ɇɟɯɦɟɞɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɢʄ However, Sokollu Mehmed Pasha failed to conquer Timisoara and had towithdraw , “ , vol. 1, 31; Veinstein, “Mehmed Pa , vol. 1, 19; Veinstein, “Mehmed Pa ɉɪɜɚɝɨɞɢɧɚɪɚɬɨɜɚʃɚɆɟɯɦɟɞɚɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɢʄɚɭȻɚɧɬɭɢɩɪɜɚɨɩɫɚɞɚɌɟɦɢɲɜɚɪɚ 120 which was important for his future career and contacts he madewith future careerandcontacts for his important which was 121 7(1934): 64-69;GezaDavid, “Administration Ottomanin Europe,”in On both Onboth sides of Ottoman-Hapsburgthe border theSerbian , 36. ú ú a,” 766. a,” 766. 39 , ed. Metin Kunt and Christine 118 ,” 71, 73. 119 ,” Süleyman Unlike Glasnik CEU eTD Collection 124 Rüstem Pasha’s wife. A Venetian diplomat in Istanbul reports that Sokollu: imperial harem, especially wifeof the Sultan Süleyman, Hürrem, and herdaughter, Mihrimah, but also, one can claim this with more household. certainty, he was wellThis iscomment certainly for understanding relevant strategy in Sokollu’s building his received by the women of the dignitaries, noting that: Pasha. justifiable think to Sokollu possiblethe of support Mehmedreceived Pasha from Rüstem is quite it life, political of Ottoman element important wasan factions ethnic between rivalry and who spoke the same language as Sokollu Mehmed Pasha. They were thus compatriots. Since Rüstem Pasha (1544-1553,1555-1561),who originated from Skaradin (nowadays inCroatia) of grandvizierate fellduring he the Rumelia The periodof when governor-general wasthe of court. hethe favorite was that the fact becoming from gradually can beseen the advancement conquered. 123 as the ( head secondvizier,Ahmed Pasha,the commander Cited in Necipo See Kunt, “Ethinc-Regional (Cins) Solidarity;”Imber, 123 grateful queen thence caused his rapid rise through the ranks of gatekeeper of chief ranks the his rapid through rise caused grateful thence queen drowning one day hercapsized,when boat tohis thanks physique. strong The from Sultan Haseki Hürrem havingrescued to promotion swifthis owed by Not only Grand Vizier backed SokolluPasha, Rüstem Pashapossibly Mehmed was hometown. and city own his from those positions reputable forfortunate, his he islikely promote relatives to siblings, appointingand to Ifheand becomes higherposts. isAlbanian,hisown promotion group to council members that belonginggroup will to increasedaily advancement through imperial of prestige the that certain for is it Bosnian, is vizier a grand whenever further and position, his of retention appointment, Sokollu’s for reasons The Ottoman historian, Ali,commented Mustafa on ethnic the amongkinship Ottoman ÷ lu, The Age of Sinan , 43. 40 The Ottoman Empire,1300-1650 serdâr 124 ) and Timisoara was finally was Timisoara and ) , 2. CEU eTD Collection 127 126 130 129 128 125 Süleyman vizier. Sokollu Pashaappointed third Mehmed the the conquest of several Georgiandistinguished himselfhis with Rumelian troops on marchthe from Nakhcivan Erzurum to in and fortresses. On theirSokollu return from thehad front, father. his of order the on son, Mustafa,was eventually by executed who eldest Süleyman’s toin Amasya,winter Sultan inSafavids his with Rumelian troops. Tokat and inEmpire, 1553, Sokollu Pashawas Mehmed toTokat, calledtothe east, tofightagainst the wait for the next war season. In June, 1544, Sokollu successor to the Ottoman throne. Ottoman the to successor The younger prince, Bayezid,was encouraged todemandbe to recognized as alegitimate between see itsnotan butdidoutcome princes the she open conflict since year. inthe same died Allegedly, Hürrem Sultan, Süleyman’s wife, in cooperation with her daughter, Mihrimah, incited Süleyman. The alleged prince washanded over to Mehmed Pasha andhanged. Namely, in 1555, a man Mustafa. appeared(False) of Düzme revolt wasthe occasion first The throne. imperial the guard was to in the Dobrudja who claimed to be a real son ofcouncil ( the Sultan Sokollu Mehmed Pasha fortifiedin Bayezid, against hewaiting, Konya.After who was was Busbecq, Peçevi, Busbecq, Peçevi, Peçevi, Necipo Immediately upon the conclusion of the fights at the northern borders of the Ottoman the of borders northern the at fights the of conclusion the upon Immediately vizier in 1554. (1541), grandadmiral (1546),and governor-general of Rumelia (1549),tothird In 1558, animosity the between theSüleyman’s Bayezidsons, and red-hot. Selim, grew From this moment on, Sokollu was entrusted with the most difficult tasks, one of which ÷ divan Ta’rîh Ta’rîh Ta’rîh lu, Turkish Letters Turkish Turkish Letters Turkish The Age of Sinan of Age The ). , vol. 1, 213. , vol.1, 242-243. , vol. 1, 232; Vainstein, “Sokollu Mehmed Pasha,” 767. 125 , 19-21; Peçevi, , 52-56; Peirce, , 331. 130 126 The Imperial Harem The Imperial Ta’rîh Sultan Süleyman sent the army under the command of The fighting was postponed because of an alleged revolt alleged an of because postponed was fighting The , vol. 1, 215. 41 , 79. 128 Sokollu thus entered the imperial the entered thus Sokollu 129 127 CEU eTD Collection participant and an eyewitness to these events. to these eyewitness an and participant TarihKurumu Bas 133 132 131 new sultan a with capital continued the toward Sokollumet in andarmy the hewhere Belgrade, imperial took the andinsignia withdrawal the secretary, Feridun Bey, inprevent both disarray armythe and inIstanbul, with Sokollu, valuablethe ofhis help kept the sultan’s Sultan Süleyman onhislastdied campaign,in during of the siege Szigetvar 1566.Inorderto death secret until Princeof Ottoman power, where he stayedSelim for the next eight years,arrived. during the entire tenure of Selim throne from II.PrinceSüleyman histo son, Prince Selim II, which launched the grand vizier into the centerSelim who diedin 1566. postthe of grand vizier, lastin the sequencethe viziersof by grand appointed Sultan Süleyman, to naturally promoted was Sokollu tenure, years Ali four of Pasha’s AfterSemiz second vizier. office of the the Pasha to Mehmed andSokollu first, the office of the movedwas to Pasha, future sultan,gratitude of the Selim II. the and advancement further himself for securing thus empire, the of unity the preserved Sokollu Mehmedintervenedbehalf Pasha on inthestruggle sultan the Selimand of and Prince only inPersiawas 1561. Prince andexecuted defeated, ransomed and Bayezid escapedto understood in the wider context of changes in the sultanic rule under Süleyman the Magnificent. the Süleyman under rule sultanic in the changes of context wider in the understood while stillserving inimperialand the themechanismscourt he used for thisneed be to were not startingthe point of Sokollu MehmedPasha’srise. Hestartedtobuild uphis power imperial years1565and1566 the of However, meritsofSokolluthe the throne. as aprotector Selaniki Mustafa Selaniki Efendi, Veinstein,“Sokollu Mehmed Pa Peçevi, At the outset of hisvizierate, Sokollu Mehmed Pasha enabled the smooth transition of the Ali Semiz vizier, second in 1561, the Pasha Rüstem Grand Vizier After deathof the Ta’rîh , vol.1, 271-275. Õ mevi,1999), 30-53. Selaniki described campaignofthe tiny 1566 in wasdetail since he a 132 Tarih-i(971-1003/1563-1595) Selânikî ú a,” 767. 133 42 who, from that moment on, greatly appreciated , transcribed by Mehmet øSú irli, (Ankara: Türk 131 CEU eTD Collection subordinates to one another. one to subordinates as or whether asequals each other, supported who statesmen influential became later them easily. religion, with language, fully samethe not regional yet andsame familiarorigin with thelanguage, and customs basedso-called on necessarily, but usually, of their new surroundings,personalimportant of acquaintances kindthis were. how testifies reliable, not although governor, district Bosnian famous the Bey, became Hüsrev Gazi acquaintedSokollu Mehmed in Pasha’s participation thebattle of Mohacs in meeting1526 andhis with with each other most either a viziers or an admiral: Pertev Mehmed Pasha, Piyale Mehmed Pasha, Ahmed Pasha, Zal Ahmed Pasha, Pasha, Mehmed Piyale Mehmed Pasha, Pertev an admiral: viziers or either a became later youngeach of whom sixother men, with together imperial court the was moved to 136 135 ( a revenuegrant to sent been who hadalready started toestablish graduates courtiers, with other imperialin service the connections court, use spread householdstheir to influence.their Some heads the of households,these of while still (2007), 285. Twenty Thousand Cannibals, and anOttoman Plot to Rule the World,” the tutor of Prince Selim and vizier of Mehmed III. See: Giancarlo Casale, “Global Politics in the1580s: One Canal, 138 137 134 paths. career followed, alwaysnot but zealously intowith asystem regularized, empire an the and into“office” ɋɚɦɚɪʇɢʄ ( “Ethnic-Regional Kunt, See: This was not always the rule. Sokollu Mehmed Pasha had the fiercest enemy in his relative, Lala Mustafa Pasha, Mustafa Lala relative, his in enemy fiercest the had Pasha Mehmed Sokollu rule. the always not was This Ibid., 235. Fleischer, C. 137 In this first stage of service, in the imperial court, imperial in were connectionsthe court, service,first the of the among pages In this stage Through Through Süleyman ofbureaucratization process the Sultan of sultan the position turned Mechanisms of networking andhousehold building These acquaintances left strong marks on these pages’ future careers since some of careerssincesome future marksonthese leftpages’ strong Theseacquaintances Bureaucrat and Intellectual , Ɇɟɯɦɟɞɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɢʄ 134 The entire system came under the control of the elites, who started to started who elites, the of control the under came system entire The Cins 138 , 26. After around yearsthirteen of serving ) Solidarity.” . cins timar 43 (ethnic or regional origin) solidarity. The pages 136 ) or become higher officials. higher become or ) Journal of the World History ø skender Çelebi, Sokollu 135 The scene of 18, no. 3 CEU eTD Collection 141 1931), 56-57, 61-62; Necipo ( governors district appointments of he toveryhigh andthese personswhom relatives foundlike appropriate offices vizier immenseinfluence Sokollu MehmedinPasha with power, aposition was to the as agrand offices. Later, high state occupy to them prepared and education, supervised their 140 Smailagi own, say, private governor in Herzegovina, then district governor of Gallipoli and admiral of the Ottoman fleet. district a was brother Pasha’s Rüstem Vizier Grand century. sixteenth the in unknown not was his clients. Converting one statesman one Converting his clients. became later they patron-to-be, their of household in the raised not were they Although interests. common the with officials other or members family his of households in the embodied nodes moreit centre the way became powerful represented consistingof of since anetwork strong power. The householdfor example, of, grandvizier, the its with wealth inand influence, this helpmake advance the of hisfamilymembers and network the thuscreated basis ofhis Mehmed Pasha. and MustafaSokollu Pasha MehmedMehmed Pasha,Piyale Slavic-speaking: Pasha,ZalMahmudLala Pertev 139 through recruited were they where province the in non-Muslims) originally were they (if families their with also eachother. bad terms with or good Pasha.Mahmud Pasha, MustafaHüseyin Lala Pasha,and Peçevi, Savfet-beg Bašagi Savfet-beg Peçevi, ü Even before Sokollu Mehmed Pasha reached the position of grand vizier, Not only did the pages at the imperial court establish connections with each other, but other, each with connections establish imperial court the at pages the did Not only (Zagreb: Štamparski zavod OgnjenPrica, 1979), vol.1, 395-396; Ta’rîh Ta’rîh , vol.1, 246. , vol.1, 33, 342; Joseph Von Hammer, ü dev dev , sancakbeyi Znameniti Hrvati, Bosnjaci i Hercegovci u Turskoj carevini ú ú irme irme ÷ lu, , he started bringing his from he started imperial Bosnia tothe relatives , court, . When a page reached a high position later in his career, he would The Age of Sinan of Age The s) and provincial governors ( s) and provincial ’ s family members and appointing them to a state post a state to them appointing and members family s , 331, 368. 140 44 In all 1571 five werein thevizieral council, on Historija Turskog /Osmanskog/ carstva /Osmanskog/ Turskog Historija 139 At least five of them were probably beylerbeyi ɋɚɦɚɪʇɢʄ , (Zagreb: Štamaprija Grafika, Štamaprija (Zagreb: Ɇɟɯɦɟɞɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɢʄ s), the most important most the , trans. Nerkez trans. , pursuing his , 27-28. 141 CEU eTD Collection 148 147 146 145 144 143 142 between 1541), 1534 and Sultan (sometime Süleyman of in court the headsword-bearer was Sokollu When career. a military-administrative of offices come to Istanbul was Sokollu’s nephew, Mustafa, Sokollu’s was Istanbul come to Istanbul. to nephews?] [and brothers his bring to friend, a probably and Bosnia Muslim name (1566-1568). of Cemaluddin Bey, was granted a pious endowment ( and governor-general of Rumeli. Asagovernor-general Rumeli,of Sokollu distinguished years fleet servingasthe admiral Ottoman the ten of almost while experience acquired during look athis a surprise takesa if not paths,one was in career theprescribed 1555,despite Bosnia. council. second vizier dismissal death the or predictable. Upon his vizier, grand wouldbe by the of place occupied the and this pattern family. was followedfromgain membershis way tosupport the latergathered of influencepolitical which only all the longtravel had historicalthese a scene,Sokollu to cameontothe Mehmed Pasha personalities way tobefore But network. family Pasha’s theMehmed Sokollu of constituents dominant the years for last viziersister. in the imperialAli,Dervi Tezcan, Džemal Džemal Veinstein, “Sokollu Mehmed Pasha,” 765. Pasha. Mustafa on section Seethe Agoston, Veinstein, “Sokollu Mehmed Pasha,” 765; Pasha. on Mustafa Seesection 147 In the bureaucratized Ottoman administrative system the succession of viziers wasquite of succession the system administrative Ottoman bureaucratized In the 146 148 All of them, besides Sokollu Mehmed Pasha’s two sons from his first marriage, were marriage, first his from sons two Pasha’s Mehmed Sokollu besides them, of All ý The Second Ottoman Empire Soon Mustafa Soon after scions moved, of other family in Ferhad, Sokollu arrived Istanbul: Sokollu Mehmed Pasha’s entering the imperial council immediately as the third vizier third asthe immediately council imperial the entering Pasha’s Mehmed Sokollu Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire ú eli , Mehmed, and Šemsa, according to some historians, Sokollu Mehmed Pasha’s Sokollu to some historians, according Šemsa, Mehmed, and , 145 ü and Mehmed Mujezinovi Mehmed and Sokollu Mehmed Pasha’s father, Dimitrije, also embraced Islam, and with the , 92. ü , Starimostovi u BiH ɋɚɦɚɪʇɢʄ , 535. 45 , Ɇɟɯɦɟɞɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɢʄ 144 the future famous future the of Buda governor-general (Sarajevo: Sarajevo Publishing, 1998) 165. 142 he asked Ahmed Bey, a tax collector in , 32. vakf ) to administer in administer ) to 143 The first to CEU eTD Collection 151 Zavod zaizdavanje udžbenika Socijalisticke Republike Srbije, 1965), 150 church.for the members and patriarch which of The first of renewed prepared the were educated vizier. the Islamconvert whomembers by in tostayedthose to also Orthodoxy and well that treated were MaximilianHabsburg Sokollu Emperor force I,wrote that his didnot Mehmed family Pasha the of envoy the to chaplain Lutheran the Gerlach, Stefan relatives. his among Christians tolerated He family: his and Pasha Mehmed Sokollu between relationship the for is relevant that fact another note can one church, Serbian the of issue in the involvement Sokollu’s of question the invitationthe in languagetheir own issued bySokollu Mehmed Pasha. joined incampaignpopulation army upon the entire 1551,almost the Serbian Orthodox Ottoman potentially military coulduseful that element bedrawninto the Ottoman army. the During Christian inpopulation Ottoman-Hungarian turbulentthe borderlands was perceived asa Orthodox large the that assume to plausible more is It church. independent Serbian the of his roots. ferman on issuefindsthe Sokollu thatinfluenced factor MehmedPasha key the the issuance of this Pe of allowing Serbianpatriarchate revivalof the the 149 remained oneof his most reliable confidants. strugglethe Prince throne. forthe this Selimdidnotforget andhis during reign entire Sokollu in former the backed he when Bayezid, and Selim princes, the between war civil in the himself Cited in Veinstein, “Sokollu Mehmed Pasha,” 769. ɆɢɪɤɨɆɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ ɆɢɥɟɧɤɨɆ . Although a Muslim, Sokollu Mehmed Pasha was allegedly still emotionally connected to In 1557, during Sokollu’s tenure as third vizier, an imperialvizier, ( In tenureasthird order 1557, during Sokollu’s 149 151 However, there is no proof that Sokollu Mehmed Pasha played a role in the renewal inthe a role played Pasha Mehmed Sokollu is that noproof there However, . There was thus a Christian branch of the Sokollu family, the most prominent most the family, Sokollu the of branch Christian a thus was There ȼɭɤɢʄɟɜɢʄ , ɉɪɚɜɧɢɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɢɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɫɪɩɫɤɟɰɪɤɜɟɩɨɞɬɭɪɫɤɨɦɜɥɚɲʄɭ , Ɂɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɢɋɪɛɢɦɭɫɥɨɦɚɧɢ 46 (Belgrade:Srpska književna zadruga, 1906), 21. ü . Almost entire historiography Serbian the 87. 150 (1459-1766) ferman Leaving the aside ) was issued ) was (Belgrade: CEU eTD Collection 155 (Sarajevo: Zavodudžbenike za i nastavna sredstva, 2005), became an imperial son-in-law ( son-in-law imperial an became Süleyman. Sultan of death the after throne the ascend would Prince place Selim it after only clearthat hadbecome All took weddings three respectively. Gevherhan, and and Gevherhan, of place:( Prince Selim daughters three marriages took family. 1562three imperial In andbattlefields Asia,Europe of MehmedPasha Sokollu was finallyseen worthy entering theof the on fighting of years ten than more After Selim. Prince of daughter and Magnificent Mehmedhis PashaPrincess marriagewas to Pasha’sdeath. years after SokolluMehmed Sava, about twenty St. enlightener, Serbian curiaburning inRome Ottomans from inthe and Russia. Thisresulted relicsofthefirst the family did not have supportaligned with the interest of the Sublime Porte. Successors of thein last patriarch from the Sokolovithe Ottoman government and they tried to seek help from the 154 153 Connected by family relations with the vizier, the political attitudes of vizier, byfamily Connected political with attitudes the Sokolovi of the relations Porte. the by controlled was well, as population Orthodox Serbian it through and church, assassinated. Apparently, SokolluPashaserved Mehmed asachannel whichthrough Serbianthe Sokolovi from is the patriarch lastSerbian the It that noteworthy Mehmed Pasha. Grand VizierSokollu 152 1587, from 1557 to years, thirty for patriarchate the held family Sokollu the of branch Christian the of Members Serbian wasMakarije Sokolovi church Peçevi, ɪɧɫɚȭɭɪɻɟɜ Ȼɪɚɧɢɫɥɚɜ  Ɇɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ Gerlach, Türkiye Günlü As already mentioned, another event of immense importance in the career of Sokollu of career in the importance immense of event another mentioned, already As ü Ta’rîh family held this forposition only yearseight Sokolluafter Mehmed Pasha had been , ɉɪɚɜɧɢɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɢɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɫɪɩɫɤɟɰɪɤɜɟ , vol.1, 19, 309; Peirce, ù 153 and and ah), married Sokollu, Admiral Piyale, and Chief Falconer Hasan Aga, Hasan Falconer Chief and Piyale, Admiral Sokollu, married ah), anditis highly thatthey probable enjoyed the protection and patronage of ÷ ü, ɢɚȼɚɫɢʄ Ɇɢɥɚɧ vol. 2, 555 2, vol. The Imperial Harem damad . , ɭɨɥɜɧɤɡɦɟ ɨɭɫɨɜɥɚɲʄɭ ɩɨɞɬɭɪɫɤɨɦ ɡɟɦʂɟ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɟ ü ) and entered ) and imperialthe entered family. The householdof , a brother or nephew of SokolluPasha. Mehmed nephewof brother or , a 47 152. ø , 87. smihan, granddaughter of the Süleyman the , 67. 155 SokolluMehmed thus Pasha ( ɞɨɤɪɚʁɚ ü patriarchs were XVIII 154 ø smihan, ɜɢʁɟɤɚ 152 ü ) CEU eTD Collection 160 159 171. Abdulah Polimac, Lamija Hadžiosmanovi Lamija Polimac, Abdulah 158 157 wealth and pious building activities. Pasha (1544-1553,1555-1561), daughterof Süleyman wasfamous Magnificent, the for her officials, allotted state high like were, grantsThey wealth. enormous their on by also but thefathers, their sultan. on only not rested Princess Mihrimah, the wife of the Grandoften of Vizier Rüstem of noticed,them.As animperial Gerlach princess would often remind herhusband, whowas afraid often were sons-in-law imperial and power significant exercised princesses imperial other, Onthe wereguaranteed. influence andpolitical vizierate grandthe Mehmed Pasha’sway to of the city with her wailing.” mountains and stones the “moved have to said was wife current his he divorce, that demanding Princess widow, his of choice Ali Pasha, governor-general of Buda, was similar. After Sokollu Mehmed Pasha’s death, the next 98; Gerlach, 98; ø 156 marriage with Princess from marriage: PashaandKurdBey. sons two his first Hasan household connected toit Ismihan.through is Sokollu It knownthat MehmedPashahadleast at Sokollu, althoughseparatefrom household, imperial the became of part sultan’sthe extended smihan, hundred one thousand gold coins tobuild anewfor her palace and Sokollu Mehmed Peirce, Necipo Necipo Gerlach, TomaPopovi Marriage animperial with sword. wasadouble-edged Onthe princess one hand,Sokollu kul ÷ ÷ The Imperial Harem lu, lu, Turkiye Günlü Turkiye Günlü origin, that once he had been her father’s slave. father’s her been had he once that origin, The Age of Sinan of Age The The AgeofSinan ü , “Spisakhercegova ÷ ÷ ü ü ø , vol. 2, 584. smihan, he had to divorce wife. his previous he to had smihan, , vol. 1, 383. , 23. , 332. , 331;SalihSidki Hadžihuseinovi 158 þ ø kih namesnika uXVIveku,”kih smihan, was this general and when the imperial order came order imperial the when and general this was smihan, ü , Fehim Nametak, and Salih Trako (Sarajevo: El-Kalem, 1998), vol. 1, vol. 1998), El-Kalem, (Sarajevo: Trako Salih and Nametak, Fehim , 160 When Sultan Selim II wanted to givehis daughter, to IIwanted When Sultan Selim 48 ü Muvekkit, Prilozi za orijentalnu filologiju 159 The power of the royal princesses 156 Povijest Bosne When he was “offered” the “offered” Whenhewas 157 The case of Kalaylikoz , trans. with comments with , trans. 16-17(1970), CEU eTD Collection 1500 helmets with gold inlays, 100 gold maces, 30 precious stones, 476 pairs of of preciousmaces, stones, 476pairs inlays,gloves, around 1500 helmets gold 30 with 100gold withsaddles, 500saddles decorated stirrups,gold, 130golden 860scabbards inlays, with golden cloaks, 1100 2900 horses, 1160camels, 80000 (hand-written Kur’âns) inhardback jewels,covered with books, 170male 5000various slaves, wealth of grandthe viziers: 8000copies ofKur’âns in written calligraphy, 180copies of Mushafs Vizier Rüstem Pasha, notoriousjewelry, materials,so on.In precious his and for his greed, afterin ascarpets, residence their accumulated hugewealth also but and servants, guard, personal he died. This list is palaces, fiefs, only of not wealth consisted Their calculate. behard to still a would princesses good example of the order to please their wives, after their death or dismissal the personal treasuries of imperial European European kingdoms. smallcontemporary of several revenue combined exceededthe treasury viziers sometimes Ottoman expensivesultan owed obligations tohis slaves. Thecompensation hisgiven grand to Pasha. Halil from poorin Çandarli he the Vizier Medina Grand regularlysentto that Mecca and gold thousand three borrow coins example,hadto for MuradII, Sultan sultans themselves. the 162 161 sultan’s money to his wife. Pasha, the grandvizier gallantly the samedeposited for leaving same amount the purpose, the 163 Stavrides, Peçevi, Tezcan, 162 Grand viziers were the richest men of the Ottoman Empire, sometimes even richer than In the sixteenth century, with the culmination of the patrimonial political system, the system, political patrimonial the of culmination the with century, sixteenth the In Ta’rîh The Second Ottoman Empire The Sultan of Vezirs üsküf , vol.1, 9. s (golden hats), 290 blankets, 2000 pieces of armor and shields, 600 silver shields, 2000pieces and armor 600 hats), 290blankets, of s (golden 163 Besides enormous amounts of Besides spendin enormous amountshad of that grandwealth viziersto 161 , 55. What were the sources of were thesources Sokollu’s hugewealth? What , 90. tülbent s (cotton head-covers), 780000gold coins, 5000 silk 49 History , Peçevi , Peçevi listed belongings the of Grand CEU eTD Collection 11, 1 no. (1970), 439. 171 170 169 168 vol.2, 458-461. the contemporary dignitaries used to gain bybribes. dignitaries contemporary the usedto amount the exceeded times three lower rank of andofficials delegations foreign from received depict incorruptible however, himasan they person; alsogifts note the that grandvizier the property, heprivately villages in owned Bosnia. state his lifetimewere sincethey Sokollu only during were grantedto fiefsthat Besides the rested: his marriage to an imperial princess,000 ducats. his wealth, and of a north the wide to slightly range of clients, the most 167 166 transactions of time. of the transactions appoint officialsfor money, but hewasalso increasingly involvedin thelucrative trade Sokollu controlled all appointmentsthe andeverything sold publically. only Not Sokollu did phenomenon time.at the AVenetian whowasinambassador 1575stated Istanbul around that 165 164 ( 160 cargos revenues were mentions there the wealth of grandvizier.this this According to Sokollu’s historian, annual approximatelyworth 11 300000ducats. offorged1000 cargos and rawgold, 1000 ȺɧɞɪɟʁȺɧɞɪɟʁɟɜɢʄ Tezcan, Casale, Peçevi, Peçevi, One Peçevi, Opširnipopis Bosanskog sandžakaiz1604. yük Dynastic histories written by (more protégés Sokollu on topicthis inthenextchapter) All above-mentionedthe basis wasthe upon which Pasha Mehmed Sokollu Unfortunately,listno is there of MehmedPasha’s property,butSokollu here Peçevi and The Ottoman Age of Exploration Ta’rîh Ta’rîh Ta’rîh at that time was equal to 500 000 The Second Ottoman Empire 171 , vol.1, 9. , vol.1, 9. , vol.1, 18. , “ ɍɞɟɨɆɟɯɦɟɞɩɚɲɟɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɢʄɚɭɩɨɞɢɡɚʃɭȻɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ø skenderun. 169 Hewas even in actively engaged developing anew in port Yakac yük ) 165 , 94. 170 from from hisonly , 140. Some historians hae estimated Sokollu’s wealth 18 000 Sokollu’s wealth at hae estimated Some historians akçe , ed.Adem Handži 164 s/aspers. çiftlik 50 167 s (fiefs) in Anatolia and Rumelia – all in all in – all Rumelia and Anatolia in s (fiefs) ze‘âmet ü (Sarajevo: institut Orijentalni uSarajevu, 2000), 168 s (a type of Ottoman land grant). land Ottoman of type s (a Taking a bribe was not a rare not was a bribe Taking ,” Zbornik Filozofskog fakulteta ’ s power 166 Õ k, CEU eTD Collection major role in appointments. officials on based court relations with revenues which enabled themtohave largehouseholds and, influence consequently, and greater to whom, using their own powerful offices, they distributed lesser positions. formed of graduates protégés theirgroups own byblood kinship. palace-school connected These be might they whom with officials to other alsobut sultans the only to not wererelated graduates 174 alternative other creating in actually resulted tothe provinces graduates to lowest the from top the tobecreated family started clan Sokollu of the network receive ‘graduates’ grants. of the revenue to their inpositions households own 173 office of from the advancement of thepractice gradual century mid-sixteenth the province governors, butthey certainly had huge influence onthe sultan’s decisions. Although in provincial generals? inner court of the sultan ( 172 behaving like this. by state the noharm to grandvizierdid the theseposts, running capable of wereappointees Sokollu dominatedthe governmentby differentgiving hisposts to sincebut relatives, these that writes century, sixteenth the of chronicler notable Ali, Mustafa opponent, Pasha’s Mehmed Sokollu of service in the ascribe Although members. family his were whom of significant Kunt, Fleischer, See: Kunt, “Ethinc-Regional ( “Ethinc-Regional Kunt, See: These offices provided the relatives of Sokollu Mehmed Pasha with relatively high The sultans’ attempts tosuppressalternative The sultans’ attempts Grand viziers did not have the right to appoint of nothaveto Grandtheirviziersdistrict posts andto the the right didprotégés Royal and Other Households sancakbeyi Bureaucrat and Intellectual 172 or Howdidin Sokollu succeed elevating his themembers of familyfrom the beylerbeyi enderûn 173 Cins Furthermore, district and Furthermore, districtplace provincial generals rightto hadthe ) Solidarity;” Fleischer, , 110. ) through the outer court ( court outer the through ) was still in force, one can assume that in many cases personal cases in many that can assume one force, in still was , 202. cins solidarity and relations with the sultan himself played 51 Bureaucratand Intellectual loci of by of power appointing palace-school birûn ) to high offices,i.e., district and loci , 253-272. ofpower since these enderûn 174 This is how the timar toward the toward holders. CEU eTD Collection in this part of imperial inof court. the part this long period of whencompared withtime Pasha’s Mehmed approximatelySokollu years twenty graduation from from graduation the 1545. 181 sword-bearer ( advancement ofhis nephew. Mustafa wasbroughtfrom Bosnia when MehmedSokollu wasa and quick smooth career Sokollu Pashabacked the showthat Mehmed example will ( graduation after hereceived appointments andthe Üniversitesi Dil ve Co 1541. higher position he acquired in he the higher position acquired 1578). As was already mentioned, the norm inthe longerapageserved thatthe was norm As the alreadymentioned, 1578). was 178 Buda ( of governor-general the was his nephew, powerful. provincial wereamonggovernors the wealthiest menin empireandthus the among the most 180 179 177 176 175 political power. Samardži ɋɚɦɚɪʇɢʄ YaseminAltayl rise. Pasha’s Mehmed Sokollu on section Seethe Kunt, Kunt, Ibid., 105. D. 180 179 gatheredaround inimportant MehmedPasha node The mostfamily network Sokolluthe Members of the Sokollu family clan The Sultan’s Servants The Sultans Servants This means that he spent between four and eleven years in the Mustafa served as falconer ( falconer as served Mustafa 176 ü ( , Ɇɟɯɦɟɞɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɢʄ Ɇɟɯɦɟɞɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɢʄ silâhdâr 175 Õ , “Macarca Mektuplar ÷ With the grants sometimes exceeding a hundred thousand hundred a exceeding sometimes grants the With rafya Fakültesi Dergisi enderûn ) in Süleymân II’s , 27. , 7. . He was appointed either financial controller ( controller financial either appointed . Hewas , 32. , 17-18) pinpoints Sokollu’s recruitment from Bosnia immediately 1521.after 181 birûn Historians give different data on Mustafa’s career after his careerafter on Mustafa’s data different give Historians Õ yla Budin Beylerbeyi Sokollu Mustafa Pa çak 49, no. 2(2009), or in provinces. or the Õ rc enderûn Õ ba 52 úÕ Budin beylerbeyi ), which was already a position in wasalready aposition the ), which , oÕ 178 158. kma some time between the years 1534 and 1534 years the between time some ) took a slightly different pattern. This pattern. different a slightly took ) 177 Mustafa’s service in the ), Sokollu), Mustafa Pasha (1566- enderûn ú a defter kethüdas defter (1566-1578),” , which was not a akçe enderûn s per year,s per birûn enderûn Ankara Õ , the ) or , in , CEU eTD Collection 186 185 187 Connectum, 2006), 115; Muvekkit, ɟɦɞ ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɢʄ Ɇɟɯɦɟɞ 184 183 position he had ever occupied – the governor-general of Buda. The office of governor- of the The office Buda. of governor-general –the hehad everoccupied position Mustafa Pa to helpcomein his troops with the siege. MehmedPashawas Sokollu secondvizier. the in sameyear the inmen helost two thousand adefeat nearObreška. a battle Krupa heof town soldiers thousand conquered the twenty of army an With neighbor. Ottoman northern this against Slavonia and in Croatia fights 1564. Klis,became inFülek,district Szeged,Mustafa PashatheBosnian and governor plausiblehis that quickwas advancementsupported by his uncle, Sokollu Mehmed Pasha. is it service, in inner the years moreten than haveseem spent to not does Mustafa given that enderûn served inthe longerthe in Keeping apage mindthat thesultan to directly. system responsible a separate belongingbut themselves, to controlled not governors office, by the animportant also empire. The districts only lostimportance in the seventeenth century. 182 in of governor 1553, Timisoara district the in office ranked highly a still was governor district of post The system. administrative Ottoman ɋɚɦɚɪʇɢʄ Peçevi, Peçevi, Altayl Kunt, Kaldy-Nagy, “BudinBeylerbeyi Mustafa Pa sixteenth century since a district ( adistrict since century sixteenth 184 After battle in the in of he Mustafa Pasharemained Szigetvar where 1566, had Hungary, controller financial either as serving After The Sultan’s Servants The following The year,aswarwith was approaching, Hapsburgs the Mustafa Pasha started , the higher position he would be granted in he higherposition , the the would begranted Õ , “Macarca Mektuplar Ta’rîh Ta’rîh ú a (1566-1578),” 158. , Ɇɟɯɦɟɞɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɢʄ , vol. II, 23. , vol. II, 23; Muvekkit, , 34; Vedad Biš Vedad , 34; , 90. Õ , 140-142. ylaBudinBeylerbeyi Mustafa Sokollu Pa Povijest Bosne þ Povijest Bosne Povijest evi ü , sancak ú Bosanski namjesnici osmanskog doba a,” 665; Altayl 182 , 147. 187 both of which offices were highly ranked in the in ranked highly were offices which of both There he was appointed to the most tothe distinguished Therehewasappointed , 115. ) was still the primary administrative unit in the unit administrative primary the still was ) 53 185 Õ or district governor in Timisoara, then as then in Timisoara, governor district or , “Macarca Mektuplar on the right bank of the Una River, but in but River, Una the of bank right the on birûn or in one of the provinces, and ú a (1566-1578),” 159; 183 The Õ yla BudinBeylerbeyi Sokollu (1463.-1878.) defter kethüdas defter 186 sancakbeyi At this time this At (Sarajevo: ɋɚɦɚɪʇɢʄ Õ was in , CEU eTD Collection Üniversitesi Dil ve Co 192 History of Hungary 191 190 189 probably probably a result of of after Mehmed Sokollu obeying orders the Pasha,who, warwith the the of topeace.Thiswas inclined them similarity Pasha. Both Pasha andSokolluwere Mehmed letters two things are noteworthy. The firstis the similarity between the policies of Mustafa Maximilian. start Emperor with correspondence to first whowasthe Mustafa Pasha, Pasha. Mustafa his nephew, him with replace to reason this used Pasha Mehmed Sokollu and fortresses taxes sent from Vienna and the start of sporadic fights along the border. Arslan Pasha lost severalof delays with ceased which Vienna, and Istanbul between relations good preserve to efforts Buda. nine passedthrough governor-generals persons important of rank.Duringthis acentury and ahalfof inHungary,Ottoman ninety-rule around twenty of hewasone that means similar. numberwasprobably This general governor-generalsBuda in1566,this of in the Ottoman Empire at the time, one among the twenty 193 188 the most prosperous years of Hungary under Ottoman rule. beylerbeyi Empire. ( provinces twenty about were century there The sultan chosehisusually viziersfrom grand men holding this general was the most prestigious lucrativeand onein most system the of provincial government. Selaniki, Altayl Miklos Molnar, Kunt, Altayl Imber, 192 Peace negotiations between the Ottomans and the Hapsburgs were run with the help of help the with run were Hapsburgs the and Ottomans the between negotiations Peace He made in Arslan Pasha(1565-1566). seated Buda was predecessor Mustafa Pasha’s Õ Royal and Other Households Õ 189 , “Macarca Mektuplar , “Macarca, Mektuplar The Ottoman Empire seated insome seated ofhis twelve the years to Buda, and tenurewere,according historians, When Mustafa Bey became Mustafa Pasha, that is, when he became the governor- the became he when is, that Pasha, Mustafa became Bey Mustafa When Ta’rîh , vol.1, 25-27; See also: Yasemin Altayl A Concise History of Hungary , 104. ÷ rafya Fakültesi , 170. Õ Õ ylaBudinBeylerbeyi Sokollu Mustafa Pa ylaBudinBeylerbeyi Sokollu Mustafa Pa , 104. , http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/ dergiler/19/26/172.pdf (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 104. beylerbeylik 54 190 Õ , “Budin Beylerbeyi, “Budin Pa Arslan Mustafa Pasha was the twelfth Ottoman 191 ) within the borders of the Ottoman ú ú a (1566-1578),” 160. a (1566-1578),” 158; Molnar, position. 188 . ú In the mid-sixteenth a (1565-1566),” 193 In these In A Concise Ankara CEU eTD Collection consideration Mustafa Pasha’s numerous and successful incursions into Hapsburg into incursions and territories as Pasha’sconsideration numerous Mustafa successful sent to turbulentthe Ottoman-Hapsburgborder. Thisis even more visible when takinginto recruited guardian, border areal was Austria. Mustafa with borders strongcreate to use themin to order expected his andheprobably Sokollu qualities wasawareof education, Mustafa’s followed he Since before. than closely more himself around network knit vizier,yearsfirstinfluence.to andthe hisas grand started inthe Sokollu, tenure of even occur. borders and might that resolvingperson inchargeanydispute peace onthe of preserving the asthemain wasdesignated Mustafa Pasha Governor-general Ottomans, Hapsburgs and the the between signed contract the of stipulation one to According position. this in Pasha Mustafa him and, through his in envoys Istanbul, even pleaded with sultan the and grandvizierkeep to praised Maximilian Emperor this, of Because Vienna. with relations friendly maintain to efforts independence in governing their province. Buda is that itbutclear sultans, andof the interests orders state the Pasha had at seen This moment. meansthatArslan the his wasnot as appropriate because dismissedpolicy wanted something to be to according to done something wanted Pasha, using the first person singular, usually wrote that usually wrote singular, person first the Pasha, using notables, HapsburgandHungarian Mustafa Maximilian other with and Hapsburgthe Emperor 194 The strikingother fact is levelthe Buda of autonomy Hapsburgs had ended, turned to the East and needed peace on the northern borders of the empire. ɋɚɦɚɪʇɢʄ 194 The appointment of The of toSokollube Mehmed PashacouldappointmentMustafa Pasha’s ascribed actions made constantly Pasha Mustafa Buda, of governor-general became he moment the From his own his , Ɇɟɯɦɟɞɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɢʄ policy. policiesdoubt, of The were, alignedgovernor-generals without with , 298. his 55 orders. His predecessor, Arslan Pasha, was beylerbeyi he had made a certain decision, that decision, made acertain had s had. In the correspondences had.Inthe beylerbeyi from the Sokollu family and family Sokollu the from s had considerable he CEU eTD Collection 199 198 Habsburgs in Central Europe 196 Monarchy in the Sixteenth Century Pal Fodor(Leiden, Boston, Köln:Brill, 2000), 40; Geza Palffy, 197 to the Early Eighteenth Century),” in 195 that: longer delivered Buda to from the central imperial treasury. Inthe treasury accountitis recorded improving the financial situation of From Buda province. 1581 gold1575 to pieces were no Hesucceeded in general of Timisoara.) than governor financial rather controller been previously Mustafa Pasha (This makeswas infinancial practiced moreissues. it probable thathe had as importance immenseHungary. for in strategic andsuch sucha need the general aprovince of Mustafacouncil in probably to 1574.Thiswas due greatabilities Pasha’s asgovernor-general imperial ofthe viziers seven asoneof the he accepted was Buda when of governor-general between with at 30 000and50soldiersan army estimated in peacetime. instanceinfor that 1568 during so-called LittleWar. the the province to the centre. the to province the Buda between 1569and 1578,varied between 10 616and 11023. in of soldiers number province the the of garrison treasury accordingthe accounts, number, to Agoston, Kunt, Molnar, Gábor Ágoston, Gábor (up Hungary in Empire Ottoman the against Defense Border the of Development and Origins “The David, Geza from the treasury Temisvár. of the from treasury the of the sultan totheprovincenow covers revenuethat brought so order no longer gives any gold pieces; only 4 million since Mustafa pasha became governor of of the becamegovernor pasha since Mustafa annually to cover treasury imperial by the hasbeen provided gold 000 350000-400 previously the cost of payments in the When a governor-general was elevated to the imperial council, he might be moved from moved be might he council, imperial the to elevated was governor-general a When Royal and Other Households A Concise History of Hungary “ The Costs of the Ottoman Fortress-System,” 216. Fortress-System,” Ottoman of the Costs The “ The The Costs of the Ottoman Fortress-System inHungary,” in , ed. Geza David and Pal Fodor (Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, 2000), 206. 198 (New York: ColumbiaUniversity Press, 2009), 90. Nevertheless, Sokollu Mustafa Pasha retained his position as Ottomans,Hungarians, andHabsburgs in Central Europe , 104. , 103. 199 56 vilayet vilayet The Kingdom of Hungary and the Habsburg 195 and during hehas this time These incursions were carried out werecarried Theseincursions of Budun. It is ofBudun.nine years It 197 expenses. The treasury The expenses. akçe Ottomans, Hungarians, and arereceived , ed. Geza David and 196 Out of this CEU eTD Collection choice that remained was eliminating him. eliminating remained was choice that marriage tie Mustafa Pasha the imperial household many to tested usingthesystem hitherto – times shouldprotégés subordinatedbe or either eliminated to of newthe power. They structure to tried Sokollu Mehmed Pashaof influence,political Sultan Murad IIIandhis dignitaries found that his Effendi Sokollu opponentand(1577-1580), Mehmed Pasha’s rival. Building in the Ottoman Empire 203 the by approved even was sultan the of decision Beylerbeyi Mustafa Pa 202 201 200 MuradIII. marry Sultan his of sister the refusal to Mustafa dueto wasexecuted Pasha imperialthe andvizierial households and thecentralization pursuedbyMuradpolitics III. detail. goingfurtherintoMustafa Pasha’snephew,without factthe PashaSokolluMehmed that was inby by imperial explainslightning[!], event obscure hewasexecuted order this 1578. Peçevi inbeing by of Buda explosion ammunition the for the responsible storage wasstruck that of Accused in Istanbul. centered of power newconstellation to the asathreat perceived was also involved as inevitably well. hewas hand Since an extended of MehmedPasha,Sokollu Mustafa households marginalized Sokollu Mehmed Pasha’s policies and Mustafa network, Pasha was fortresses. Ottoman in the troops salaried made the to payments the isWhatimportant, in evenmore 1570stherevenuethe provincethe of of Buda covered89%of Kaldy-Nagy,“Budin Beylerbeyi Mustafa Pa Takats A., “VezirSokolli Musztafa Pascha,” Peçevi, Ibid. 201 When Murad III’s centralization policy and the clash between his and his father’s his and his between clash the and policy centralization III’s Murad When However, these “details” are crucial to understanding the changing dynamics between dynamics changing the understanding to crucial are “details” these However, Ta’rîh with with an imperial –tosecurehisprincess allegiance. Since didthis not work, only the , vol. II, 6. ú a,” 660. , 1566-1603, 198. ú Ungarische Rundschau a,” 660; Peksevgen, 57 ú eyhü’l- ø Secrecy, Information Control andPower slâm 4,811. Quoted inKaldy-Nagy, “Budin KadizadeAhmed 200 203 Wanting to deprive to Wanting ù emseddin 202 This CEU eTD Collection (today (today incaptain-general Croatia).fights, During the these assistant border- Habsburgthe of basinIn andKupa areabetween 1575 heconquered the River the and of Glina the rivers Una the back to Istanbul Istanbul backFerhad was position the of to Pasha granted and was Ferhad Pasha. Sokollu Ferhad Pasha held the position of Klis theheld of Pasha position Ferhad Sokollu was Ferhad Pasha. into Croatia, Ferhad Pasha occupied Biha occupied Pasha Croatia, Ferhad into incursion Ozren from conquering an 1574, during Bijelathem. Stijena,In Brodin, Zemunik, and father, Cemaluddin Sinan Bey. He distinguished himself as a great warrior against the Venetians, 1574. family. Sokollu the from vizier Pasha distinguishedhimself in the war with Austria and in 1604 hebecame secondthe grand tooneof the princes. tutor became he again Istanbul, where grandthe vizieryounger andhis nephew.MehmedBey later recalledfrom was Bosnia to between connections the to regard with is indicative Pasha Mustafa immediately after governor Bosnianto district- Lala MehmedPasha’s appointment beforeresidence in 1566and Istanbul obstacle todetecting anykindoffirm between relation two.However,the their simultaneous The lackinformation Mehmed’sof serviceon Sokolluduring vizierate is MehmedPasha’s an 208 206 205 204 position until 1574. the held who Mehmed, brother, younger his to given was governor district Bosnian as place 207 Bašagi Peçevi, Peçevi, Peçevi, ɋɚɦɚɪʇɢʄ 207 One more guardian of empire’sthe borders from Sokolluthe clanin 1560s the and 1570s When Mustafa Pasha was appointed governor-general of Buda Province in 1566, hisin 1566, Buda Province of governor-general wasappointed Pasha When Mustafa Ferhad Pasha was probably a son of Rüstem Pasha, brother of Sokollu Mehmed Pasha’s ü , Ta’rîh Ta’rîh Ta’rîh Znameniti Hrvati, Bošnjaci i Hercegovci u Turskoj carevini , Ɇɟɯɦɟɞɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɢʄ , vol. II, 267; Selaniki, , vol. II, 267. , vol. II, 267; 204 Before comingBosnia, to Mehmed was a tutor ( ɋɚɦɚɪʇɢʄ , 359; Bašagi 206 Ta’rîh , Ɇɟɯɦɟɞɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɢʄ , vol. 2, 437. ü , Znameniti Hrvati, Bošnjaci i Hercegovci u Turskoj carevini ü . 208 In the same year, Lala Mehmed Bey was called 58 , 187. , 20. 205 Bosnian Many years later, Lala Mehmed Manyyearslater, lala sancakbeyi sancakbeyi ) to one of the princes. the of one ) to from from 1566 to (1574-1588). , 20. CEU eTD Collection 216 217 215 214 213 212 Turskoj carevini, 20; 211 Selaniki, he occupied numerous postsallheSelaniki, occupiedthe numerous around empire: between 1571and 1572. cooperation with merchants from this republic while he was district governor of in notes Bey is toseveral andlimited hehad Dubrovnik since intensive scarce archive the Pasha. 1578 during an expedition Georgia. to 210 Bošnjaci i Hercegovci uTurskoj carevini the siege of Esztergom. siegeof the andfor Esztergom fifteen years.Hetookpart in numerous battles in Hungary and diedin 1595 at of by written hehisIsztolni governor the Beograd down According ownwords, Peçevi, was to Klisbe to the appointed stabbed by one ofhis own slaves. beylerbeyi sancak 209 Auersperg,diednearBuda in Freiherrvon a battle Herwart fortresses, Central Europe Selaniki, Popovi Gerlach, Peçevi, Peçevi, Bašagi Selaniki, Hazim Šabanovi Hazim Geza Palffy, “The Hungarian-Habsburg Border Defense System,” in System,” Defense Border Hungarian-Habsburg “The Palffy, Geza 215 was raised to the level of Hasan Pasha was the elder son of Peçevi son of AccordingMehmedSokolluand Hasan to Pasha. elder the was Pasha Sokollu Mehmedsons from Pasha had two firsthis marriage – KurdBey and Hasan Ferhad Pasha had two brothers:Ali KaraBey andDervi hadtwo Ferhad Pasha ü ü Both of them participated in the battle of Szigetvar in 1566. , Ta’rîh Ta’rîh , “Spisak , hercegova Türkiye Günlü Znameniti Hrvati, Bošnjaci i Hercegovci u Turskoj carevini and held this position andheld position until this 1588. Ta’rîh Ta’rîh , ed.GezaDavid andPalFodor (Leiden, Boston, Köln:Brill, 2000),Bašagi 50; , vol. II, 35; , vol.I, 317-318; , vol. 1, 27. , vol. 1, 225, 233; Peçevi, 233; 225, 1, vol. , ü , ɋɚɦɚɪʇɢʄ Bosanski pašaluk ÷ ü 213 , vol. 2, 584; Peçevi, 217 ɋɚɦɚɪʇɢʄ þ Dervi , kih namesnika uXVI veku,”98. There is no information on the circumstances in which he died. sancakbeyi Ɇɟɯɦɟɞɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɢʄ ɋɚɦɚɪʇɢʄ ú (Sarajevo: Svjetlost, 1959), 81; Selaniki, Pasha served as the 211 , , 20. Ɇɟɯɦɟɞɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɢʄ beylebeylik , Ta’rîh 214 in 1574 when Ferhad Pasha moved BanjaLuka. to in1574whenFerhadPasha Ɇɟɯɦɟɞɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɢʄ Ta’rîh , vol. II, 37; Bašagi , 360. in1580,Ferhad Pashabecame thefirst Bosnian 210 59 , vol. II, 25. In1590he died,general, asBudagovernor , 360,543. beylerbeyi , 360. ü , 9. , Znameniti Hrvati, Bošnjaci iHercegovci u Ottomans, Hungarians, andHabsburgs in beylerbeyi of Diyarbakir. He lost his life in Ta’rîh ú Pasha. The former was Pasha.The þ 216 of Damascus, Erzurum, of ki. , vol. 1, 202. Information on Kurd 209 WhentheBosnian ü , Znameniti Hrvati, Herzegovina 212 CEU eTD Collection that different members of Sokollu family clan succeeded each other in these positions, the fact the positions, in these other each succeeded clan family Sokollu of members different that when hebecame Buda – Klis – the offices of offices the by Peçevi as governor-general of Van, Bagdad, Cairo, and Damascus. he that was not onlyHemay adistrictbePoturHüseyin governor. briefly Pashamentioned only and Lala in Pasha–Bosnian vizier 1574; Mehmed 1): Mustafa Pasha–Bosnian 223 222 221 220 219 Boljani governordistrict of 1569,Herzegovinia (1563-1567,1574-1580). HisHüseyin brother, Pasha times three andafter this, district-governor, he theBosnian was In1562 Šemsa. Sokollu’s sister, 218 1593. in Szekesfehervar of battle the at and siege enemy’s the from Tiflis freed he when Safavids firstwithout testing their HasanPashadistinguishedhimself abilities. inthewar with the noteven his sons, family members, hisnotpromote did thatSokollu Pasha indicate Mehmed in future advancement your service!” as “Regard this a of task precondition tohisson directed justwith Safavids, warduring before the the battle of (Tbilisi) in1579: Tiflis Rumelia, and Anatolia, Bagdad. Peçevi, Popovi Peçevi, Ibid., 50-52, 128. Peçevi, Peçevi, 220 sancakbeyi ü What do the years when different relatives of Sokollu Mehmed Pasha were appointed to appointed were MehmedPasha Sokollu of relatives different yearswhen the Whatdo Kara Sinan KaraBey Boljani Sinan Hedied in Anatoliaeastern during the Celali revolts in 1598/99, besieged atTokat. , was also a district governor in governor (1567-1569). Herzegovina , wasalsoadistrict ü Ta’rîh Ta’rîh Ta’rîh Ta’rîh , “Spisak , hercegovackih namesnika uXVI veku,”96-97. beylerbeyi , vol. 1, 311. , vol. II, 239. , vol.II, 50-52. , vol. II, 25-27, 154; Selaniki, from 1574, Bosnianfrom 1566 to beylerbeyi s and sancakbeyi sancakbeyi 218 ü ; Kara Ali Bey – Klis was Sokollu Mehmed Pasha’s brother-in-law, married to Pasha’sbrother-in-law, was Mehmed Sokollu Sources testify about the words of Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Ta’rîh from from to1566,Buda 1564 s reveal? The list goes as follows (summarized in Fig. in (summarized follows as goes list The s reveal? , vol.1, 117, 124, 134, 236. 60 sancakbeyi sancakbeyi sancakbeyi and from 1566 to 1574; Ferhadfrom 1566to Pasha beylerbeyi beylerbeyi infrom Apart1574. fact the 222 223 His title, His from 1588 from 1574 to from from 1578, 1566 to 219 pasha These words , suggests 221 CEU eTD Collection was. politics of the Sokollu clanhis in clan the conclusion tothis Beforeitthesis. that,is however, toexamine important the and explore to what extent it had a mission and what that mission tohighoffices state appointments Figure 1:Table showing the keyyears of Sokollu Mehmed Pasha’stenure andhis relatives’ tothe accession throne. smooth he MuradIII’s because hadenabled state of the sinceyear of vizierate still seenas 1574wasthe apogee in1574Sokollu was Sokollu’s pivot the Pasha’s visible.tenure asgrand vizierisclearly In 1566 Sokollu the became vizier; grand the Mehmed Sokollu of years crucial the of some with coincide appointment their of years the that Sinan Bey Boljani Bey Sinan Ali Kara Bey Pasha Ferhad Pasha Lala Mehmed Pasha Mustafa Pasha’s Relatives Pasha’s Sokollu Mehmed Sokollu I will deal with downfall the MehmedPasha Sokolluof and the consequences of forthis ü Klis Bosnian Buda power from Suleyman II to Selim II of transition smooth in the role central The Battle of Szigetvár and Sokollu’s sancakbeyi beylerbeyi sancakbeyi Some of the crucial years of Sokollu Mehmed Pasha’s tenure 1566 61 Vizier of the imperial council imperial the of Vizier Klis Herzegovinian Bosnian Murad III’s accession and the apogee of Sokollu’s power sancakbeyi sancakbeyi 1574 sancakbeyi CEU eTD Collection policy.Although last represented the Sokollu relic of Süleymanicthe erain hepromoted that history writing. Ottoman mission and furtherin rolesupported was their it own through their sponsorship of the of vision Their Ocean. Indian the into expeditions exploratory of financing as well as andfamily his members were building channels bridges,and mosques and charitable institutions, Pasha Mehmed Sokollu of projects major the that a coincidence not was it chapter, this in show vision was pan-Islamic and global, wellbeyond reaching borders. As the empire’s to try I will political This mission. in this place family’s Sokollu and world in the role Empire’s Ottoman for the vision political a particular reflect that exploration andmaritime artistic, architectural, along with MehmedSokollu Pasha’s family’shisand roles, political andpatronage of consideration into must be taken factors All these affairs. in state Selim disinterest II’s to thanks empire, that he marriedfamily membersestablished of extensive network, weredispersed all the an which around an Ottoman princes,political scenein cannot 1570sbe particular the1560sand explained onlyby factsthatthe he or that he basically ran the Ottoman government The Uniquenessof Sokollu VisionandIts Family’s Implementation through Artistic and Sokollu Mehmed Pasha’s importance for Ottoman history in general and theOttoman The very outset of Sokollu Mehmed Pasha’s tenure marked a shift in Ottoman foreign Other Patronage Chapter III 62 CEU eTD Collection conquered by the Ottoman armies. Although the military expeditions sent to the Indian Ocean to Ocean Indian the to sent expeditions military the Although armies. Ottoman the by conquered not territories into power political and leadership religious Ottoman projecting thus sovereign, their supreme sultan as Ottoman recognize the Asiato southeastern to Spain from area stretching part of world.the part of this to expeditions send and communities these with contacts Ottoman intensify to first the was coasts of the Indian Ocean were willing to subjugate themselves to the Ottoman sultan, Sokollu 226 225 by Inspired exactly Muslims. Indian over suzerainty Ottoman establish to tried Pasha Ali Semiz successor his nor Memâlik 224 commissioned who Pasha Rüstem Vizier Grand the was it connections with the Muslim communities beyond the borders of the Ottoman Empire. Although community achievedsome region notor through military conquests. over influence commercial or religious, cultural, political, namely power,” “soft through prestige enhanceEmpire’s Ottoman to the andaimed interconnected of were Sokollu All thesemissions influence. spread propaganda Islamic andto Ottoman routes usedSokollu trade MehmedPasha alternative strategies in extending Ottoman In power. diplomacy inaddition to sense, its broadest informants,spies, and explorers (seemore on below)this madeit that possiblepursue for him to beginningvery his political of asgrandcareer, vizier Mehmed Pashabuilt intricate an of network diplomacy. Known for his forpreference non-military solutions imperial to problems from the with martial Süleyman’s policy and by Habsburgsthe against andSafavids favoring turning to Süleyman’s vision of a universal world empire, at the same time hisvizierate represented a break Ibid., 122-123. Ibid., 118, 120. Giancarlo Casale, Giancarlo Sokollu Mehmed Pasha’s predecessors did not showinSokollu aninterestnot did Mehmed Pasha’spredecessors establishing (Mirror of Countries), written by the famous Ottoman sailor Seydi Ali Reis, neither he neither Reis, Ali Seydi sailor Ottoman famous bythe written Countries), of (Mirror 226 The Ottoman Age of Exploration Mir’âtü’l-Memâlik One of his diplomacy’s greatest successes was bringing Muslims of the vast the of Muslims bringing was successes greatest diplomacy’s his Oneof , in which the author noted that the Muslims living on the on living Muslims the that noted author the in which , (Oxford: Oxford University Press,2010) 117-151. 63 the maritime travelogue 224 Mir’âtü’l- 225 CEU eTD Collection 230 229 enrichment) (the Ottomanthe in Empire by-productof inthecenterof spicethe trade his which own was the 1560s policy” placed “eastern persistent Pasha’s andMehmed Sokollu difficulties, technical dueto realized made it anbe failed to ultimately theseprojects of both Although empire. of the active parts andwestern eastern participant between the trade facilitate to were they traffic in religious their role Besides aim. a double have in the ‘age Suez.of at developeddigging channel, another aproject of also Sokollu exploration’ cities, holy the to Istanbul from way maritime a were if there more even facilitated with Review 228 227 Don between in the and rivers Volga 1569. Safavids inIran andinitiate Ivan IV of Russia, aproject Sokollu decided to of digging achannel the by obstructed being was Medina and Mecca of cities holy the to way their that Khwarazm and Bukhara, in Samarkand, living merchants and pilgrims Muslim of complaints intensified moment. more necessary at the was there Pasha found Ottoman thatthe intervention inNorthAfricaprotect living Moriscos to and Spain launchingfrom one can seehis opposition an invasion to Cyprus. Namely,Mehmed against in East. the Sumatra Prayersin from Morocco Westtoeasternthe Africa including the Maldives and,further, to became quite obvious rebellions of borders, theresults Ottoman-Islamicpropaganda or Sokollu’s within empire’s the -- the name region either of the distance failed the dueto Portuguese the living thereresist Muslims help the of the Ottoman sultan was being mentioned in the Friday Casale, Peçevi, Andrew Hess, “The Moriscos: AnOttoman FifthColumn inSixteenth-Century Spain,” Casale, 74, no. 1 74,no. (1968), Sokollu’s pan-Islamic policy was not directed only to the East and West. Upon the Upon West. and East the to only directed not was policy pan-Islamic Sokollu’s The Ottoman Age of Exploration Ta’rîh The Ottoman Age of Exploration , vol. 1, 329-331; Casale, 227 12. How far Sokollu’s efforts to protect various Muslim communities went The Ottoman Age of Exploration , 135-137. , 149, and “Global Politics in 1580s,” 278. 228 64 229 Realizing pilgrims’ that the way would be 230 These two channels were meant to meant were channels two These , 135-137. The American Historical CEU eTD Collection 234 intofor fertile different the All turned authority. ground region factors religious these Habsburg or Hungarian Ottoman, of strong without crowns” three “under aregion basically dissatisfaction populace’s encourage the notto careful were the Ottomans byforce, since conversion imposing with However, Sokollu’s in religious engagement Ottoman-Habsburgthe borderlands notincludedid the Islam. government. and Protestantism between similarities considerable to due Islam to convert to Protestants Furthermore, the territory of Hungary at the time was Mustafa Pasha, was the provincial governor. provincial the was Pasha, Mustafa stimulate Ottoman non-Muslim subjects to convert to Islam and where Sokollu’s nephew, religiously borderlandsdiverse of Transylvania and Hungary, theirmain where was to task conversion to Islam. their through intoadministration Ottoman the infiltrated were who renegades Transylvanian and Hungarian, German, of consisting network vast a of center the as Sokollu portrays Gerlach shaped sincevast into them spynetwork athey languages.possessed theknowledgeof European andgradually services renegadesforand theirdiplomatic tothese translation granted stipends Sokollu in his diary. clearly testifies as Gerlach origin, of European were renegades purposes for these employed activeHis agents most of empire. the entities religious all the targeting beyond the Ottoman borders. Mehmed Pasha was deeply involved in internal religious projects Effendi’s famous observatory in Istanbul. science thatcould it,facilitate Sokollu the also supported opening astronomerthe of Takiyyuddin 233 232 231 RedSea. into the expeditions numerous Gerlach, Gerlach, Ibid., 120. Ibid., 142-143. The objects of Sokollu’s religious policy were not only distant Muslim communities Muslim distant only not were policy religious Sokollu’s of objects The Türkiye Günlü Türkiye Günlü 233 ÷ ÷ ü ü Some of them played significant roles in religious interactions in the interactions in religious roles significant played them of Some , 239. , 101-103, 239. 231 232 In order to promote geographic exploration and the 234 65 Special wereencouraging putintoefforts the CEU eTD Collection ù ManuscriptPatronage (1566-1617),” PhD Dissertation(Harvard University, 2005)and“The Productionof 237 state. In state. In in visual vocabulary and after the 1550sadistinctiveOttoman thedeveloped artistic bureaucratization Süleyman in with the together mid-sixteenthprocess of the of century, the unmistakable goal grandof the depicting central vizier asthe political figure of his era. rivals. political with Ottomans’the Ottoman imperial self-fashioninginclose of dialogue that contemporary was tenure his in which to extent the and vision his of nature global the shows in this engagement program of establishing the sultans’ imagesin Ottomanthe visual cannon. of producingnew manuscripts illuminated which tothevisualwould contribute and artistic whom he sent to Venice several times to bring portraits of the Ottoman sultans for the purposes Picturing the House of Osman 235 Venetian the with in case friendship this contacts, his diplomatic from sultansused Sokollu paintings Venice. Namely, Ottoman Veronese ordered of and artists, historiographicalinto and the Ottomangeographical works language, paintings commissioned by of writing translations and both Hesponsored its implications. political aware of he wasinmany sense apersonality and Magnificent), quite of art a sophisticated with respects instance,grand vizierhad(for Lütfi grand the the vizier(1539-1541)of Pasha, Süleyman Kingdom. HabsburgCatholic rule than the Ottoman under the Thisis communities. reasonwhytheReformation far more easilyinspread one under Hungary 236 ehnâme-i Selîm Hân See Necipo Molnár, Gülru Necipo Gülru The canons in Ottoman art became firmly established during the reign of of Sultan reign the established during became firmly art inOttoman The canons Although writeSokollu history didnot hisas somein predecessors of positionthe of the A Concise History of Hungary ÷ lu, ÷ lu, “The Serial Portraits of Ottoman Sultans in Comparative Perspective,” Comparative in Sultans ofOttoman Portraits Serial “The lu, However, Sokollu Mehmed Pasha’s building and artistic patronage hadHowever, patronage Sokollu MehmedPasha’sbuilding andartistic the The Age of Sinan ,” Muqarnas , ed. Ay 26 (2009): 236-315. ú and Emine Fetvac e Orbay e Orbay (Istanbul: , 103. 66 øú Õ ’s studies: “Viziers to Eunuchs: TransitionOttoman in bank, 2000), 37-40. 235 bailo , Niccoló Barbarigo, , Niccoló in Sultan’s Portrait:Sultan’s 236 Sokollu’s 237 CEU eTD Collection calligraphers besides andilluminators, writingcontemporary was on depictevents, to sultan the social hierarchies at the Ottoman court, as is visible from their content. Namely, the main task of changeinthe reflected manuscripts illustrated century) of sixteenth the last quarter (the period economiccircumstances. and political to declineddue patronage when architectural MuradIII, sultan bibliophile the reign of in --only the architects –the colleagues surpassed their the reign of Sultan Süleyman, 241 sultan. the overshadow to not and government, Ottoman in the predominant still was which origin, manuscript commissions, these officials were supposed to show the awareness of their of awareness the show to supposed were officials these commissions, manuscript dignitaries in apainting andin offigures Both dimensions the in depicted. building and their illuminatedof manuscripts – hierarchythe rulingthe of elite wasmirrored in a position of c. 1555-1605,” 240 239 195. Architecture,” and Art 238 admiral’s mosque was not allowed torival a vizier’s. grand vizier, ifof patterns follow differentvisual instance, mosqueexpression. For acommissioner of a was a his mosquedistinction amongwas present the ruling elite itself, dignitariesdifferent with being obliged to should notartistic patronage to distinguish themselvessurpass from other layers of Ottoman society. However, accessibleto were dynasticused andtherulingthe whose both imperial elites, court family a mosque of ofboth andwriting architecture. thearts expression concerning a sultan in height. Similarly, an Necipo Christine Woodhead, “An Experiment inOfficial Historiography: The Post of Ibid., 207-209. Necipo Although the office of the imperial historian ( historian imperial the of office the Although ÷ ÷ lu, “A Kânûn for the State…” 212. lu, “A Kânûn for the State, A Canon for the Arts: Conceptualizing the Classical Synthesis of Ottoman Wiener Zeitschrift für dieKunde des Morgenlandes 240 royal calligraphers and illuminators employed in this office in this employed illuminators and calligraphers royal 67 239 ú ehnâmeci 75(1983), This rule also applied to the production ) was introduced in ) wasintroduced 1555 during 157. 238 ù The salaried artisans of the ehnâmeci in the Ottoman Empire, 241 dev In this ú irme CEU eTD Collection 246 ù six illustrations, while his commanders and vizier appear in twenty-six paintings. See: Fetvac 245 244 243 Archeology, 2007), Vol. 2, 7. Papers tenure: as a key figurepolitical of erathe in almost all illuminated manuscripts the duringproduced his illuminatingdynastic histories of lifein end almosthis until 1579. the of of Grandthe Vizierhad MehmedPasha,who Sokollu amonopoly writing and the over those around the sultan than sultan himself. to attention more paid which content, their from is discernible manuscripts these of production following vizier uponbalance among various in power-wielders Ottoman the and forpatronagegovernment look of the the death of the current one. The influence of the grand viziers on the 242 and personalities, thus putting the sultan, manuscripts thesponsored productionpromote illuminated their into of order own deeds persons.and highlyvirtuous dignitaries current as council who were their chief commissioners. were their chief who council in illuminated dignitaries manuscripts. these later man the highest strata of the Ottoman administration inspired by the virtues of the high state ofpageswho residents membersthe of the would family imperial royal the palace, and court of the self-promotion of their commissioners. Theaudience of such manuscripts was restricted to ehnâme-i Selîm Hân Fetvac Fetvac Fetvac Necipo Emine Fetvac Emine , ed.Robert G.Ousterhout (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, Museum of Anthropology and Production of the Imperial court historiansImperial their court the viziers owed positions primarily of to imperial the Õ Õ Fütûhât- Õ ÷ , “Viziers to Eunuchs: Transition in Ottoman Manuscript Patronage,” , “The Office of the Ottoman Court Historian,” 15. Historian,” Court Ottoman the of Office “The , , “The Office , “The OttomanCourt ofthe Historian,” 15-16.In lu, “A Kânûn for the State…” 212. Õ , “The Office of the Ottoman Court Historian,” in Historian,” Court Ottoman the of Office , “The Õ Cemîle ,” 266. ú (Admirable Conquests), ehnâme genreflourished 1570s the duringand 1580sthrough meritthe ú ehnâmeci 245 243 s in an uncomfortable situation by s inforcing themto situation anuncomfortable 244 68 These viziers, under guise the the of glorifying 242 Nüzhetü’l-ahbâr derSefer-i Sîgetvâr These manuscripts were thus an instrument These manuscripts were thusan ù ehname-iSelîm Hân Studies on Istanbuland Beyond: The Freely 1566-1617 246 Sokollu was depicted was Sokollu , Selim II appears in only , 83 Õ , “The Productionof (The CEU eTD Collection of his master. supervise the production of the illustrated version of his own narrative on the Georgian campaign Pasha’s rival,battlefield of factionsopposing of rulingthe Mustafa elite. Ali, scribe the of Mehmed Sokollu Lala a often was histories Mustafa court of illumination and writing the hand, other the On Muslim. devoted Pasha, was calligraphers employed andilluminators sent toprofile him anas grand illustrious vizier anda to the office Lokman teamconsisting hadand hisassistant of mainalarge patron, Mehmed Pasha,Lokman’s of the Ottomanposition appointto his and assistants influence their careers. court historiancorps (the elite tocorps notthose composed by himbut his assistants. of imperial servants)aspects of production,the bringinghis own intocreative responsibility every manuscript, even and in complete control of his office. He was in a ù Süleymânnâme III -- fifteen works produced by fifteen produced works all the much1596/97, meaningfor Seyyid existence, its composed Lokman, was of who ten the of 252 251 250 Selîm Hân 249 Historian,” 8. 248 247 Campaign), Szigetvár the of Chronicle Joyful ehnâme-i Selîm Ibid., 10. Ibid., 9, 12. Ibid., 8-9. Fetvac Woodhead, “AnExperiment inOfficial Historiography” 164; 161, Fetvac Ibid., 92-93. ù ehname-i Selim The major parts of Lokman’s first two illuminated manuscripts -- manuscripts illuminated two first Lokman’s of parts major The The most prolific among prolific most The Õ , “The Office of the Ottoman Court Historian,” 15. Historian,” Court Ottoman the of Office “The , (The Book of Kings of Sultan Selim). 252 (History of Sultan Süleyman) Sultan of (History Hân -- were produced with the aim of promoting the virtues of Sokollu Han and Sehinsehname ú ehnâmeci ú ehnâmeci s and the occupant of this office from 1569 until from office this of the occupant s and and chronicles on the reigns of Selim II and Murad 250 Zafernâme 69 -- are outstanding. are -- s. 247 Lokman was both a member of the of member a both was Lokman 248 Amongmanuscripts he the the produced, (The Book of Victory), and 251 Õ , “The Office of the Ottoman Court 249 This implies that Sokollu that implies This He was responsible for all for responsible was He Süleymânnâme müteferrika ù ehnâme-i and CEU eTD Collection historical pieces, some of historical pieces,some toSokolluwere connected of lifewhom Pashahis Mehmed or during was transmitted. marginalized grandvizier whom office of to powerof the the of Murad III, court persons the at features the chief black eunuch Mehmed Aga he prominently; was one of mostthe powerful Book ofFestivities) thatdepicts scenesthe from imperial the festivalcircumcision of 1582, the reign of Murad III, seeTezcan, III, ofMurad reign the 256 255 254 The century. sixteenth the of decades two last in the power of structure changed Selim II (present in both instance, the scenes of Sokollu playing the key role in the battle of Szigetvár and the accession of political resulted opponents in removal the episodes some of dominated by grandthe vizier. For itsignificantly when comes Sokollu to MehmedPasha.Theeditions by undertaken Sokollu’s is well reflectedSokollu Mehmed Pasha. This period, which witnessed a redistributionin of power among the elites, this manuscript. of death the years after two andencompassing andIII Murad II Selim sultans reigns of the over The two extant versions of 253 from production Selim Themanuscript1571until wasin 1581, MuradIII. II and second part is dedicated to the viziers Sinan Pasha and Lala Mustafa Pasha, powerful courtiers of The manuscript, second II. Selim Prince to Süleyman from throne the of transition smooth the enabled vizier grand the year -- the battle key year –1566 of when tothe of tenure dedicated the Szigetvar of Sokollu’s Mehmed Pasha and his Feridun scribe, Bey. Fetvac Ibid., 275. Ibid., 264, 289. Fetvac Besides Some other manuscriptsSome produced during other reign clearly the of Murad III Sultan show the Õ Õ , ‘The Production of Production ‘The , , “The Office of the Ottoman Court Historian,” 19. On rise of the office of the chief black eunuch during eunuch black chief the of office the of rise On 19. Historian,” Court Ottoman the of Office “The , 256 ú ehnâmcei ù History ofSultan Süleyman ehname-i Selim ù s, there were individuals who wrote chronicles or other kinds of ehname-i Selîm Hân The Second Ottoman Empire Han ,” 265. , begins with Sokollu’s merits and virtues, but the but virtues, and merits Sokollu’s with begins , 70 253 Almost two thirds of the and , 100-104. ù ehname-i Selim ù ehname-i Selim ) were edited out. were ) Süleymânnâme Surname 254 Han sweeping differ 255 (The is CEU eTD Collection known today -- a person larger than life. Selaniki,and Mustafa Bey, Feridun of Lala Mehmed manyfor Pasha. yearsasaconfidantempire andserved different administrativeofficeshis the around all with kinship Heoccupied Sokollus. the blood history of the Ottoman Empire, covering the period between 1520 and 1640, he often emphasizes in hishistory. sultan’sthe infavorably death 1566.Selaniki all wrote about members the family Sokolluthe of concealing in role important an played who agent, Sokollu’s was he Bey, Feridun with Together Szigetvár history anOttoman between and 1563 authored covering the period and 1600. were headings.Sokollu presentedthis work to MuradIII inin toplease1575 order new the sultan. 250 than more under I Osman of time the from chancery imperial in the preserved documents imperial missives, victory andof other Bey Feridun letters, Sultans), royal the compiled decrees, (Chronicle of the Szigetvár Campaign). Szigetvár the of (Chronicle entitled illuminated work Feridun Bey’s positions council) same yearin (the family tohigher members whichsome Sokollu werepromoted 259 258 257 re’îsü’l-küttâb Sokollu’s secretary and one ofhis most reliable In confidants. 1570 Sokollu Feridun appointed later, asyoungermembers ofhis family and clientsof his Feridun descendants. Bey was Börekçi,“Factions and Favourites,” 167-168. Fetvac See Chapter II. ø brahim and Selaniki.participated in Mustafa Peçevi (d. 1600) Selaniki battlethe of Other two historians/chroniclers who were part of the Sokollu family patronage network family patronage of Sokollu the were part who historians/chroniclers two Other Õ , “Viziers to Eunuchs,” 257 ). The ultimate glorification of Mehmed Pasha’s accomplishments in 1566 is seen in is seen in1566 accomplishments Pasha’s Mehmed of glorification ). Theultimate ø brahimfor theimage were“responsible” is Peçevi of Pashathat Mehmed Sokollu (chief secretary)ingovernment and 1574 ø brahim brahim Peçevi (1572-1650)washimself a of part Sokolluthe In his family. 1566-1617 , 97-106. 258 Nüzhet In his work entitled In his work 71 -i Esrârü'l-Ahyâr derAhbâr- ni ú Mün ânc Õ ú (chancellor of the imperial eâtü’s-Selâtîn Õ Sefer-i Sigetvar Sefer-i (The Writings 259 CEU eTD Collection the Magnificent,the Selim andII, MuradIII,from 1539-1588. occupant of this office was the famous Mimar Sinan, whomost The prolific intheconquered areas. name sultan inmosques of new the the designing served under three sultans: Süleyman immortalizing victories Ottoman over the infidels by mosques churchesintoconverting or campaigns forof building army,with the task the bridges and fortresses, repairing conquered the during follow ruler the whowould often office architects, for separate imperial hada palace of buildingthe pursued activities bythe dynasty is and elites inwell reflected factthe the importance The official. just and apowerful as self-promotion for and piety his of sign asa both most mosques and provincesmarked with distant of the empire the even of period this sacred edifices became a hallmark of the ruling elite more than before. Almost every grand vizier Ottomanthe Empirein secondthe half of sixteenth the century, buildingmosques andother Ottoman hierarchy. With the growing importance of religious orthodoxy and consciousness in in and the position status social their which expressed followa pattern to she wasobliged 260 Solomon. Second the – established by the sultan himself, especially Sultan Süleyman, who saw himself as a great builder from the sultan on buildingthe projects of Ottoman dignitaries? top to significancemerchant their discussing and Empire Ottoman and the on imprint symbolic architectural clan’s family Sokollu representatives meaning, one questionbuilding deserves projects attention:allmanuscripts, andscience. with hisfamily membershenumber Together of commissioned a overand the What Ottoman actuallywas theEmpire aim of – fromthe Buda followed to Hejaz. Before enumerating the thepattern Necipo Sokollu Mehmed aprolific of wasnotonly Pasha illuminated patron expeditions, Self-promotion through Self-promotion erectingthrough edifices of purposes differentpervaded Ottoman society ÷ lu, “A Kânûn for the State,” 212. 260 However, as mentioned above, whoever the commissioner was, he or was, commissioner the whoever above, mentioned as However, 72 mecid s CEU eTD Collection 264 263 least andfive (Lüleburgaz), at fountains, bridges. apavedroad Mecca, numerous in hospital a hospices, three monasteries, dervish three caravanserais, five schools, elementary 201-211, Necipo and most of structuresthe commissioned by grandthe vizier. the built who Mimar Sinan, notbleartist, most the employed Sokollu patronage architectural footnote how youto know thisbe would good]Asin his ofillustrated patronage histories,in in still are wereor Istanbul.[a fountains andsix caravanserais, two dervishmonastery, one total number mosques, of edifices, two Sokollu’s two built seven Friday mosques, seven the four palaces four grandvizierowned, the that Besides in holy the city Hejaz. of to Hungary from left Szigetvár He family traces clan. Sokollu the reign of Selim II. hememorials commissioned when wasat during apexof Sokollu’s were architectural the power, 262 time,of the architectural patron foremost was the However, according to mostthe authoritative on historians issue,Sokolluthe MehmedPasha 261 can beprojects seenfrom their and II.Theirof MehmedPasha andIsmihan,daughter Vizier Grand Selim Sokollu architectural Mihrimah, daughter, Süleyman’s and Pasha Rüstem Vizier Grand of couples imperial the commissions were their for famous Especially mosques. monumental commission to them enabled Ibid., 345. Necipo On Sokollu’s palaces, see: Artan, “The Kad “The Artan, see: palaces, Sokollu’s On Necipo Sokollu Mehmed Pasha was the most distinguished architectural commissioner of the of commissioner architectural distinguished most the was Pasha Mehmed Sokollu The wealth of the grand viziers of Sultan Süleyman and their wives, the royal princesses, ÷ ÷ lu, lu, The Age of Sinan of Age The The Age of Sinan of Age The ÷ lu, The Age of Sinan of Age The , 331-368. , 331-368. vakfiye mescid , 333. Õ rga Palace: An Architectural Reconstruction,” Architectural An Palace: rga s (endowment charters, lists of immovable property). immovable of lists charters, s (endowment s, two 262 according tohis 73 medrese 261 which isfrom apparent his medrese 264 s, one school for Koran recitation, eight vakfiye s, a school for Koran recitation, s , Sokollu MehmedPasha Muqarnas vakfiye 263 Out of the of Out 10(1993): . Most of CEU eTD Collection was built in a style between the imperial and vizierial forms, showing Sokollu’s connection with connection forms, Sokollu’s showing imperial vizierial in and between the a style was built his Kad 272 271 270 ø hiswithin the complex, Effendi celebrated nextto tomb (d.1574),the Ebu’s-Su‘ûd of of Sokolluthe couple’s reputation andstatus. Sokollu himself was buried atthis in site a 269 childhood was built. 268 in 1453. followers of the Prophet, whose tomb under the walls of Istanbul was discovered during the siege of contribution to the complex of the holy acropolis of Abu Ayyüb al-Ansari, one of the Ayyüb. of holy inacropolis the wasconstructed medrese afunerary newpalace, of the building with Festivalof 1582: An Interpretation,” at the Hippodrome -- the first was that of Süleyman’s favorite, favorite, Süleyman’s of was that firstthe -- Hippodrome at the 267 Suleyman. reign Hippodrome,the of revivedduring 266 265 with his wife,Mehmed Pashaabandonedhis old of palace overlooking port the Kad place elite. 1574, grandvizier Ottoman this the around of Somewhere among slam Ibid., 331. Necipo ù Necipo See the sectionon On Atmeydan On On Sokollu’s Kad Sokollu’s On Ibid., 332. ahin, “Constantinople and Endthe Time,” 327. whowas his friend and contemporary. 269 Sokollu’s mosques in Istanbul are alsonoting. worth mosque first His was guiltnext to The sites of Sokollu’s architectural structures can reveal much with regard to the special the canreveal regardto with much structures architectural of The sites Sokollu’s Õ 270 rga Palace; itisrga Palace; one of Sinan’s most distinguished mosque complexes. ÷ ÷ lu, lu, It must have been a matter of prestige and honor for every Muslim to give some kind some give to Muslim every for honor and prestige of matter a been have must It Along with medrese,the afunerary forplace enshrining Sokollu’s infants who died in The Age of Sinan of Age The The Age of Sinan of Age The Õ , its importance and festivities held there, see Derin Terzio Derin see there, held festivities and importance its , ø smihan, moved to a new palace built on the site of the former Byzantine Õ rga Palace, see: Artan, “The Kad “The Artan, see: Palace, rga ø brahim Pasha in ChapterI. 271 Burying in their children this prestigious sacrdcsite wasquite indicative , 332. , 335. Muqarnas 12 (1995): 84-100, and Nutku, “Festivities Atmeydanin Õ rga Palace.” rga 74 267 This was the second vizierial palace built palace vizierial second the was This ø brahim Pasha. ÷ lu, “The Imperial Circumcision Imperial “The lu, Õ rgalimani 268 272 266 Simultaneously This mosque and, together and, 265 Õ .” Sokollu ú eyh’ül- türbe CEU eTD Collection Mehmed Pasha with their good governmentin various provinces of the empire. Like their patron, Žepa, and the one in called one Žepa, andthe Sarajevo River,mistakenly called the Arslanagi of Bridge Rumeli: in in Podgoricabridges more four least at commissioned himself Pasha Mehmed Sokollu Drina, river the – the Bridge of the Vizierfamily, even those who did not occupy ( a high post, built atleast one bridge. this of Besidesmembers the thisall one almost on patronage; family’s Sokollu the of hallmark a were bridges that It could be center. to the said importance provinceconnect strategic beenborder builtof this to only This bridge seeming attachmentit not Bosnia,maysymbolizes but Sokollu’s to have (also) by Mimar Sinan Mimar by immediatethe proximity his birthplace.of Thefamous bridge on Riverthe wasdesigned Drina 276 family members but also through building mosques, thebattle1574 after of Lepanto. tenure as the grand admiral (kapudan- admiral grand asthe tenure life,intention of people with his possibly the the Istanbul of reminding meritsof during his as acontinuation Kasim mosqueof end built towards Pashaarsenal. Sokollu the the this his of mosque on the other side of the Golden Horn. The mosque was clearly visible from the city side 275 274 273 Azapkap hiswife. through family royal the Ibid., 178. ý Ibid., 362. Ibid., 339. eli ü and Mujezinovi and Other members Other backed position Sokollu notonly Sokolluthe the family clan of Sokollu Mehmed maintained Pasha a with relationship notonlyBosnia his through Õ . It is located next to the sea coast outside of the walls of Galata facing Rustem Pasha’s 275 and eternalized in the novel of the Yugoslav Yugoslav and intheNobel winnerIvoAndri novel the eternalized Prize of ü , Stari mostovi u BiH 274 273 Kozja Sokollu commissioned a second mosque in Istanbul at , 178. Õ derya) ü uprija , whenin he the fleet 1572and refitted Ottoman 75 ü . 276 ( Vezirov most Arslanagi mescid s, bridges, and caravanserais in or in ü a most ), the bridge on bridge), the Trebišnjicathe on ), the bridge on River on the bridgethe ), ü . CEU eTD Collection my mentor, Tijana Krsti 280 Elek Benko Gyöngyiand Kovács (Budapest:Magyar Tudományos Akadémia RégészetiIntézet,2010), 207-220. újkor régészeteújkor Magyarországon Museum,2003), 184;AdriennPapp, “Archeologicalat research the Rudas Rác and baths,” in Hungarianat the National Museum, ed. Ibolya Gyöngyi Gerelyes and Kovács (Budapest: Hungarian National in Hungary,” in Architecture Mosque 279 provincial patronage that probably was modeled on imperial modeled on probably was that provincial patronage The manuscript is writtenand its the entire family Sokollu with supreme Grandthe patron, Sokollu Vizier Pasha. Mehmed in Persianized Ottoman panegyric wascomposed with aimofextollingthe the deeds and personality Mustafaandof Pasha it is worth examining as an example of and Tovarnik. Mohács, Vukovar, Szigetvár, Tolna,Földvár, Vác, Srem, Fülek, Koppány, Simontornya, Szeged, Osjek, Szécsény, Hatvan, Esztergom, Güssing(Németújvár/Novigrad), Szekesfehervar, inBuda,Pest, endowments 278 called was amanuscript Pasha’s patronage commissioning River, Mustafa also build the one in Goražde. shops. and amill, numerous baths, Lim River, bridge onthe Pasha spent a fortune onmosques, fortune a spent Pasha building heThereraisingby mosque, started theof Rudo, one town one a 277 Pasha a gave Mustafa powerful family prolificof patrons Muslims.and devoted governors in Bosnia and Hungary.they undertook They all thusextensive contributed building to the imageactivities, of the Sokollus especially as a those who were provincial and district For the scanned Forthe copy of manuscriptthis (Istanbul, Süleymaniye Library, MSEsad Efendi,2583) I am thankful to Kaldy-Nagy,“BudinBeylerbeyi Mustafa Pa ý Leyla Gazi eli ü and Mujezinovi and Mustafa Pasha left architectural traces all over Bosnia and Hungary. In 1558, the sultan the In 1558, andHungary. Bosnia over all traces architectural leftMustafa Pasha ü , ed., Vakufname iz Bosne i Hercegovine ü ü . , Stari mostovi u BiH mülkname ; Archaeology ofthe Middle and Ages the EarlyModern PeriodinHungary Archeology theOttomanof Period in Hungary whichentitled him a pieceto oflandin calledRudo Bosnia. , 25. ú mescid a (1566-1578),” 661-663;a (1566-1578),” Gyözó Gyeró,Influences “Balkan onthe 278 (Sarajevo: Orijentalni institut uSarajevu,1985), 105-110. 279 s, 76 While in holding the governorate Buda, Mustafa Another very significant aspect of of Mustafa aspect significant very Another medrese s, caravanserais, and bath ( 277 Besides the bridge over the Lim Besidesthe bridge overthe ú ehnâme Cevâhir’ül-Menâk , Papers of the conference held conference ofthe Papers , s. The manuscript was manuscript s. The mekteb A középkor és akora , large Õ b . 280 hamam han This , ed. , a ) CEU eTD Collection 286 285 vijeku,” 284 Menak 283 the JanjinaRiver. the within the empire itself.Keeping inthis mind,oneunderstands channelswhy and bridges were withorganized beyond communicationnetwork communitiesdifferent aswellamong those bedenominations This power wassupposed borders. realized its within through a well- soft to entire Muslimpopulation of worldthe andrespecting trade routes, meanwhile all religious the the over power ‘soft’ or direct either with anempire create to efforts Pasha’s Mehmed Sokollu promoted by allitsmembers,its but aim was more thanself-promotion. Thisisclear from Banja Luka -- Šemsa, Sokollu Mehmed Pasha’s sister. the author mentions this manuscript in the list of works of the same kind penned during the reign of Murad III. of Murad reign the during penned kind same of the ofworks 282 list the in manuscript this mentions author the Kritizasyonu,” MA Thesis (AfyonKocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2006), city. famousthe mosque, afortress, abridge, Ferhadiyye and public manyother in buildings this He built there. governor and provincial district the he was while Bosnia of center administrative modernfar. so of scholars attention the was probably an official lowerof rank. he Mehmedand andthat Pasha Mustafa known excepthewasacontemporary that Sokollu of andstarted ended --1574and 1578.Theauthor is a certain 281 Pasha’s assassination. composed during reign the of Sultan Murad III Ibid., 165-166. ý Alija Bejti Abdurrahman Hasan Dündar, Hasan“Rahîmîzâde Cevâhir’ül-Menâk eli 284 Õ ü b Sinan Bey Boljani Bey Sinan and Mujezinovi and Naše starine ,” What emerges from all of this is that the Sokollu family had a vision that was shared and shared was that vision a had family Sokollu the that is this of all from emerges What Ferhad Pasha was meritorious for developing Banja Lukainto animportant Tarih-iOsmanî Encümeni Mecmuas ü , “Banja Luka pod turskom vladavinom: arhitektura i teritorijalni razvitak grada uXVI iXVII ù eref,“Sokollu Mehmed Pa 1 (1953): 91-119; Õ 285 b , folio 187. ü Even one woman from Sokollu family is remembered for her bridge in bridge her for isremembered family Sokollu from woman one Even , 282 Stari mostovi u BiH This makes it possible to date the earliest years when composition years the date when earliest the to possible it This makes ü built two bridges: one in Priboj over the Lim River and another over another and River Lim the over Priboj in one bridges: two built ø brahim (Harîmî)Çavu ý eli ü and Mujezinovi and , 25. ú Õ a’nin Evail Ahvâli ve Ailesi hakkinda Baz 29 (1902), 257. 283 Unfortunately, 77 ú ’un Gence Fetihnâmesi Adl 281 ü , andit ended with episodethe of Mustafa Stari mostovi u BiH 286 Cevâhir’ül-Menâk ù efik whom Effendi nothingabout is , 163-164. Õ Eserinin Transkripsiyonu ve Õ 22-24. Inthis MAthesis, Malumat – Õ b has not attracted hasnot Cevahirü’l- CEU eTD Collection different experiences in the power of of indifferentexperiences the power explain accountof changesinOttoman the andstructure politics for governmentthe that such ( aspiring to be the virtual sultan and the fall of the latter who was openly called the virtual sultan markedviziers werebuiltrise the former, of was accusedthe who for of and reportedly executed reign the Süleyman. of importance during ceremonial Ibrahim’sbuilt Atmeydan the newclose to palace at the port of Kad city.the Some timearound 1574Sokollu Mehmed Pasha abandonedhis old palaceoverlooking 289 1582: An Interpretation;” Nutku, “Festivities in Atmeydan Atmeydan former1521/22 on Byzantinea symbolic inIstanbul site the Hippodrome orOttoman – 288 287 lies the uniqueness of Sokollu Mehmed Pasha and his clan. among the major projects of Sokollu Mehmed Pasha and his family members. Exactly therein pâdisâh- Fetvac OnAtmeydan Turan, Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent built a palace for his favorite, Õ The Sultan’s Favorite , “The Production of the Õ manevî Õ . 287 More than fifty years later, another grand vizier exploited this site in of the heart site this vizier exploited another grand later, fifty than years More Õ , itsimportance and festivities held onit, see: Terzio Õ rgaliman ) by his contemporaries it.and admiredfor Õ and, together with his wife, , 143. ù ehnâme-i Selîm Hân ø brahim Pasha and Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, the two grand brahimMehmed thetwo Pashaand Pasha, Sokollu Conclusion 78 ,” 264. Õ .” Õ , which was revived as a space of imperial asaspaceof wasrevived , which ø smihan, daughter of Selim II, moved to a 288 The years when these palaces of the ÷ 289 lu, “The Imperial CircumcisionFestival of In this thesis Ihave attempted to ø brahim Pasha, in CEU eTD Collection II asmuchit as dominated the andhisUnlike between period 1574 father,MuradIIIwas 1579. “Factions and Favorites,” 159-172. 291 290 their own favorites. and monopoly his on governmentpreventedSelim the II andfrom MuradIII forward putting both sultans of in accessions the His merits and 1574. --1566 throne Ottoman tothe accessions the vizier who survived two clashes of the households in the years of Selim II’s and Murad III’s governorship in Manisa and culminated within followingthe five years. Namely, Sokollu was Sokollu animosity hadMehmed Pasha, former’stoward the which developed already during thishehad occasion. on suffered humiliation from thegrandvizierthe stemmed toward hatred newsultan’s the that Peçevi instead. remarks down to kiss hand. Sokollu’s Thegrand vizierprevented him and kissed the sultan’s hand Murad bowed grand depended vizier, onthe all that butknowing certainly hisbefore arrival, throne the taken already had brothers his of one whether knowing Not him. welcomed Pasha long sea the voyage,after Exhausted him. before enthroned be would brothers five Murad his of one that afraid Istanbul, disembarked near the Muradleft where hethrone, since inhaste, headed toward Manisa hadbeen 1565,and governor city, where the GrandAfter the death of VizierSelim II and upon Sokollu’s invitation to come to theSokollu capital to take over the Mehmeddescend. to when hisstarted career moment and the power of asSokollu’s capstone the both interpreted can be that event describes the that account a second-hand Peçevinarrates power. scene. political Ottoman the for consequences viziers of Süleyman’s era. What is left to explain is the end of Sokollu’s career and its On the struggle among Onthe court factions during Sokollu Mehmed Pasha’s vizierate underMuradsee III, Börekçi, Peçevi, This humiliating event, however, only enhanced rather than gave rise to Murad III’s Murad to rise gave than rather enhanced only however, event, humiliating This wastheapex Pasha’s (1574) Sokollu Mehmed of The yearof enthronement Murad III’s Ta’rîh , vol. 1, 21. 291 However, the clash of the households did not dominate the reign of Selim 290 79 CEU eTD Collection clients one by one. underminestarted to the position of grandthe vizier byfirst eliminatinghis relatives and other This who campaign administration, the of members elite powerful most the of consisted that himself against of the anti-Sokollu alliance lasted for five years and was Rumelia, Kad Rumelia, judgeof chief the and Sultan, mother, Nurbanu Aga,thequeen palace,Cafer eunuch of the chief the Pasha, Mustafa Lala Vizier being prominent most the as well, courtiers influential other Mehmed Pasha. appointed to be chief royal counselor. He thus came into a position to plot against Sokollu accession when accession being governor-generalsultan’s originatedthus during thereign Sultan of Selim II. of Rumelia.Pasha from the governorate of RumeliaSivas to in 1569. The animosity between the two of them The turning point in Sokollu’s career was Murad III’s 293 292 1551), Sivas, Anatolia,had and actually It Rumelia. been Sokollu whomoved ù wasrelentless. campaign their Nevertheless, grand vizier. to having astrong idea of the was opposed policy centralizing since MuradIII’s grand vizierate, power of the grand vizier to his favorites. The sultan’s favorites were not Sokollu’s rivals for the transmitroleSokollu’sand to the government putan endto inthe paramount determined to emsi Ahmed Pasha, who had previously been governor-general of in been governor-general (appointed emsiDamascus of hadpreviously who AhmedPasha, Ibid., 167. Börekçi,“Factions and Favorites” 164-166. Murad IIIand Murad III’s most prominent favorite, a sworn enemy of Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, was Pasha, Mehmed Sokollu of enemy a sworn favorite, prominent most III’s Murad musâhib Õ zade Ahmed zade Ahmed Effendi. 292 (royal companion) -- a post of as importantinfluence of as significant (royal companion) butnot --apost ù emsi, after serving again as sultan’s again the serving after emsi, ù emsi Ahmed Pasha were backedin their anti-Sokollu propaganda by 293 As Sokollu hadafaction onecannote, Mehmed Pasha 80 ù emsi Ahmed was Pasha appointed the soon musâhib for a certain for acertain time, was ù emsi Ahmed CEU eTD Collection affiliated officials suffered demotion or worse. demotion or suffered officials affiliated general of Algeria and Cyprus Arab Ahmed Pasha, Feridun Bey’s Algeria AhmedPasha, general Arab Cyprus and of Cantacuzenos, Sokollu’s Cantacuzenos, wereremovedby high posts Ç one head the the of one: troops, Janissary Sokollu of the strongest node in his family network. Soon, Sokollu’s supporters in the capital and in1578 deprived assassination Buda. His of governor provincial Mustafanephew, Pasha, Buda council.imperial of chancellor the reappointed from Istanbul. graces.inlonger In not only thegood sultan’s 1576, Feridun was butalsodismissed Bey exiled Ay marrying by capital in the power of constellation new the to allegiance showed Bey Feridun Bey married Princess Ay it,evenMurad III,the looked hadnot at sultan 294 Asimperial council. early Feridun’sas 1575,when Sokollu presented the of of from chancellor the office the was eliminated Bey, who Feridun secretary, personal government. gradual, since Sokollu in MehmedPashahad faction hisown and waswellrooted Ottoman the 296 295 298 297 299 Selaniki, Selaniki, Peçevi, ɋɚɦɚɪʇɢʄ On this episode,see Chapter II. Börekçi, “Factions and Favorites,” 170. ú e Hatun. beylerbeyi As I argued in Chapter II, the key supporter and his the keysupporter right-hand II,the Pashawas Mehmed of As IarguedinChapter The first who felt the consequences of the anti-Sokollu campaign was Mehmed Pasha’s Ta’rîh Ta’rîh Ta’rîh , Ɇɟɯɦɟɞɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɢʄ 295 , vol. 1, 20, vol. 2, 6; Börekçi, “Factions and Favorites,” 167-169. , vol. 1, 110. , vol. 1, 130-131. 1, , vol. Mustafa Pasha, who lostmarry hislife Mustafa Pasha, who duetohis a royal refusal princess, to However, two years after the assassination of Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, Feridun Mehmed Pasha, Sokollu years assassination of the after two However, ú e Hatun, the daughter of Mihrimah Sultan and Rüstem Pasha, and was kethüda , 532-535. Hüsrev, and Hüsrev, 294 299 81 kap thus demonstrating that Mehmed Pasha wasno 296 The final person from the Sokollu’s clan to be Unlike Sokollu Pasha’s nephew, Mehmed ÕFÕ bas Õ Sinan. 298 More than thirty than thirty Sokollu- More Õ galazade, the governor- the galazade, Mün kethüda ú eâtü’s-Selâtîn , Michael to 297 CEU eTD Collection 304 303 filologiju Mustafa Pasha was assassinatedGrand Vizier bySokollu imperial Mehmedorder sincePasha; power,unlike absolute sultan’s grandviziers. the he didthey not diedobey onthe battlefields appeared onthepolitical of scene, especiallytheeunuchs agentsof palace whowerethe the the will of the new or years.fourteen Newfigures forpowerful alone heldthisoffice fourteen while persons, Sokollu from natural causes.andhis Mehmed(1595-1603), successor, the III grand went vizierate through handsthe of Only of quarter sixteenththe century.inyears, following Namely, under twenty-four the MuradIII assassination are a good indicator of the in centralizing policy change last of century. sixteenth the quarter the in the Ottoman of meansthe used in between struggle the factionscourt structure and by imperial itself court the in its of power in the last 302 301 300 Sokollu’s execution. who it ordered was actuallyMuradIII in that it was widely that rumored Istanbul recorded sect. Hamzevi heterodox of the prosecutors of the since hewasone on Sokollu it taken was revenge arguethat Some historians palace. audience inhis stabbed Sokollu during afternoon the Hamzevisect Peçevi, adervish the of his elaborately built “ and his power of demise gradual witnessed the himself, who vizier grand assassinated wasthe Fetvac Börekçi, “Factions and Favorites,” 170. Adem Handži Adem Peçevi, See his by Fleischer. devised Aterm 301 As was discussed in Chapter II, almost all the members of Sokollu family clan outlived clan family Sokollu of members the all almost II, Chapter in discussed was As The tenures andinfluence of grandthe viziers in ashortperiod following Sokollu’s 20-21 (1970/1971), 64-65. Õ , “Viziers, to Eunuchs,” 134; Tezcan, The Second Ottoman Empire,” 101-104. Ta’rîh However, the assassination of Sokollu is an event that requires further investigation. further requires that event an is Sokollu of assassination the However, , vol. 1, 20. ü and Muhamed and Hadžijahi 303 intisab- If this is true, Sokollu’s assassination can serve as an illustrative example illustrative an as serve can assassination Sokollu’s true, is this If empire” (power based on patron-clientnetwork). Bureaucratand Intellectual 302 A Protestant preacher in Istanbul, Salomon Schweigger, ü , “O progonu hamzevijagodine,” uBosni 1573. 82 304 , 47. Prilozi za orijentalnu 300 According to CEU eTD Collection TarihKurumu: Ankara, 2002), Vol. 3. Part 3, 1877-1886. ø Crimea or a member of amember of Crimea or decidegathered to whowould bethe nextsultan. Some rebels enthroning suggested of the 1703 when peoplethe Istanbul of Sultan againstrebelled II(1695-1703), Mustafa the itsmembers. of lives the respect to obliged were sultans andthe throne to the 333; Tezcan, these rumors, if the Ottoman dynasty were to die out, the composed by Istanbul bazaar-painters or acity-based artist based upon city rumors. According to seventeenth century to is dedicated seventeenth century mecmû‘a Seventeenth-Century OttomanPainting,” example of of example the from clear is well as century seventeenth in the also but sixteenth the in only not scene politics. in Ottoman influence family’s fewapparently to removeenough only major nodes. as the main supporter Sokolluof family were not seenSokollu as a significant threat; Mustafa Pasha, on the other hand, was seenMehmed Pasha. In order to destroy a social network, it was 307 ( Regional 305 vizier in Ferhad1604 and Pashabecame the thegrand thegrandvizier; LalaMehmedPashabecame death only of the after their patron, but intheir careers, of them advanced even Some werespared. Pasha Mustafa powerful than lessmemberswere who lives of Sultan The around other cliqueMurad III. created power 306 brahimhanzadelerörne Tülün De Tülün See example the of Köprülü Mehmed Pasha prior tohis appointment to grandthe vizierate: Kunt, “Ethnic- AfterSokollu’s death, To what extent some of Sokollu’s descendants still dominated the Ottoman political Cins (a manuscript that includes variety of narratives) from around the middle of the of middle the around from narratives) of variety includes that manuscript (a ÷ ø irmenci,“An Illustrated ) Solidarity,”263. brahim Hanzade, Sokollu and and Sokollu Hanzade, brahim TheSecondOttoman Empire ÷ i,” ø smihan remarried. See Chapter II. XIII. TürkTarih Kongresi, Ankara, 4-8 Ekim 1999: Kongreyesunulan bildiriler ø brahim Hanzade’s lineageas alternative. brahim Hanzade’s Mecmua Ars Orientalis , 95; Feridun Emecen, “Osmanl Emecen, Feridun 95; , ø brahim and hisprogeny. The Hanzade : The Commoner’s Voice theIconography and Courtof inthethe ø smihan’s son, and his descendants. his and son, smihan’s * * beylerbeyi 41(2011), 207-208. See also Necipo 83 305 However, this was not the end of Sokollu of Buda in members 1588. Other of the ø brahim Hanzade family would succeed Õ hanedan Õ na alternatif aray alternatif na ÷ 306 lu, 307 A segment of a The Age ofThe SinanAge mecmû‘a Similarly, in Similarly, divan han , (Turk was was Õú lar: of , CEU eTD Collection separate branch of Sokollu family, is an interesting topic for future research. future is branchtopic for family,an interesting of separate Sokollu other archives. Furthermore, probably bestill waiting revealed to Spanish, inOttoman, Venetian, Ragusan Habsburg, and the destinyOttoman foreign manydiplomacy, secrets tohisrelative policy and networking strategies are of inthe sultans Ottoman Mehmed longunder andhiskey Pasha’s three successive tenure role was network only many one amongcame existence into that in Sokollu period.this Dueto family Pasha’s Mehmed Sokollu since century, sixteenth the of half second inthe networks elites. and sultan other the expenseof atthe prestige operated in networks these how understanding to itcomes when examples representative most) the (if not the contextgovernment, initiated by SokolluSüleyman’s familyreforms. Mehmed his Pasha and are one of of the changing imperial of the center very atthe power restructuring of the to related directly century and were sixteenth the in even politics constellationOttoman to central became strategies household and networks family argued, has thesis this as However, century. seventeenth the of context the in mostly of power and farhavethey beenanalyzed so but Ottoman Empire, onthe literature in secondary the underlined how they accumulated areaphenomenon already networks “virtual sultan.” Social a Mehmed Pasha called Sokollu thisbuild familyemployed to in order upan“ Grand Vizier Sokollu Mehmed Pasha andhis clan.Further, Ihave demonstrated the mechanisms the of example the through century sixteenth the of half second the in operated network, social Through all the chapters above, I have described the way the family network, one type of I hope that this thesis will encourage further research intothe subject of social and family ø 84 intisâb brahim Hanzade’s descendants, who represent a empire” to the extent that contemporaries that extent the to empire” CEU eTD Collection MuvekkitHadžihuseinovi Ibn Khaldun, Gerlach, Stephan. Gerlach, Gerlach, Stephan. Gerlach, De Busbecq, Ogier. De Busbecq, Ali, Mustafa. sources Published primary ù Unpublished primary sources efik Efendi. efik Sarajevo: El-Kalem, 1998. comments Abdulah LamijaHadžiosmanovi Polimac, Princeton: Princeton University Princeton Princeton: Press, 1967. Trans. Türkis Noyan. Kemal Ed. Beydilli. Kitap Yay Istanbul: Trans. Türkis Noyan. Kemal Ed. Beydilli. Kitap Yay Istanbul: (facsimile)], Ankara:(facsimile)], Tarih Türk Kurumu, 2009. The Muqaddimah. An Introduction toThe Muqaddimah.AnIntroduction History Cevâhirü’l-Menâk Künhü’l-Ahbâr --DördüncüRükn Künhü’l-Ahbâr Türkiye Günlü Türkiye Günlü Turkish Letters Turkish ü , Salih , Salih Sidki. : : Õ b ÷ ÷ . MS Esad . MSEsad Efendi 2583. Süleymaniye Library (Istanbul). ü ü . Trans. E. S. Forster. London: Eland, 2001. 1577-1578, 2. Cilt 1577-1578, 2. 1573-1576, 1. Cilt 1573-1576, 1. Povijest Bosne Bibliography 85 (t Õ pk Õ bas [History of Bosnia]. 2 Vols. Trans. with [Turkish Diary Volume1577-1578, 2]. 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