DOCSLIB.ORG

The Impact of Silicon Fertilisation on the Chemical Ecology of Grapevine

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Impact of Silicon Fertilisation on the Chemical Ecology of Grapevine The impact of silicon fertilisation on the chemical ecology of grapevine, Vitis vinifera; constitutive and induced chemical defences against arthropod pests and their natural enemies Vanessa J. Connick A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy Faculty of Science School of Agriculture and Wine Sciences July 2011 1 Table of Contents Certificate of Authorship ............................................................................. 7 Certificate of Authorship ............................................................................. 7 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................... 8 Editorial Note ............................................................................................. 11 Publications associated with this thesis .................................................... 12 Abbreviations used in this thesis ............................................................... 13 Abstract ....................................................................................................... 14 Chapter 1 Literature Review .................................................................. 21 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................... 22 1.2 Chemical ecology of silicon–plant interactions ............................ 26 1.2.1 Silicon and soil ......................................................................... 26 1.2.2 Silicon and water ...................................................................... 28 1.2.3 Silicon and plants ...................................................................... 28 1.2.4 Silicon uptake by grapevines .................................................... 35 1.3 Role of silicon in plant defences ................................................... 36 1.3.1 Role of silicon in constitutive plant defences ........................ 37 1.3.2 Role of silicon in induced plant defences .............................. 38 1.4 Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) ................................... 42 1.4.1 Plant volatiles and herbivore-induced plant volatiles ............... 42 1.5 Metabolic pathways that drive induced plant defences ................. 47 1.5.1 Isoprenoids (terpenoids) ......................................................... 47 1.5.2 Oxylipins ................................................................................ 49 1.5.3 Volatile aromatic compounds ................................................ 49 1.5.4 Interactions between the metabolic pathways ........................ 50 1.6 Use of herbivore-induced plant volatiles as an integrated pest management strategy ................................................................................ 51 1.7 Link between silicon and induced chemical defences ................... 53 1.8 Specific benefits of silicon fertilisation to grapevines .................. 55 1.9 Agricultural and commercial uses for silicon ................................ 57 1.9.1 Forms of silicon ........................................................................ 57 1.9.2 Soil versus foliar application of silicon .................................... 58 1.9.3 Adverse effects of silicon fertilisation on beneficial arthropods ............................................................................................................ 60 1.10 Grapevine pests of Australia and their natural enemies ............ 60 1.10.1 Arthropod pests ....................................................................... 61 1.10.2 Beneficial arthropods (predators and parasitoids) .................. 64 1.11 Aims and scope of this research study .......................................... 67 Chapter 2 Effects of silicon fertilisation of grapevines on feeding damage of the pest, light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)........................................................ 69 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................... 70 2.2 Materials and methods ................................................................... 75 2.2.1 Site ......................................................................................... 75 2.2.2 Plant culture ........................................................................... 75 2.2.3 Insect culture .......................................................................... 77 2.2.4 Treatments .............................................................................. 78 2.2.5 Experimental design ............................................................... 78 2.2.6 Statistical analysis .................................................................. 79 2.3 Results ........................................................................................... 80 3 2.3.1 Area of leaf consumed ........................................................... 80 2.3.2 Larval weight gain/loss .......................................................... 81 2.3.3 Relationship between leaf area consumed and larval weight . 81 2.4 Discussion ..................................................................................... 83 Chapter 3 Silicon enhances induced plant defence, attracting the predatory beetle, Dicranolaius bellulus (Guérin-Méneville) (Coleoptera: Melyridae) to grapevine plants infested with Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) larvae ............................................ 89 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................... 90 3.2 Materials and methods ................................................................... 92 3.2.1 Insect culture .......................................................................... 92 3.2.2 Treatment ............................................................................... 92 3.2.3 Experimental Design ............................................................... 93 3.2.4 Plant and potting medium analysis ........................................ 95 3.2.5 Statistical analysis .................................................................. 96 3.3 Results ........................................................................................... 96 3.4 Discussion ..................................................................................... 98 Chapter 4 The effects of silicon fertilisation on the induced defences of grapevine to grapevine moth, Phalaenoides glycinae (Lewin) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): HIPV emission and attraction to the predatory green lacewing, Mallada signata (Schneider) (Neuroptera: Crysopidae) ............................................................................................... 102 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................. 103 4.2 Materials and methods ................................................................. 106 4.2.1 Site ....................................................................................... 106 4.2.2 Plant culture ......................................................................... 107 4 4.2.3 Insect cultures....................................................................... 109 4.2.4 Treatment ............................................................................. 109 4.2.5 Experimental design ............................................................. 110 4.2.6 Statistical analysis ................................................................ 114 4.3 Results ......................................................................................... 115 4.3.1 Climate conditions experienced in glasshouse ................. 115 4.3.2 Si content in deionised water, potting medium and plant tissue 115 4.3.3 SPME/GC-MS analysis of volatiles ..................................... 115 4.3.4 Olfactometer bioassays ........................................................ 117 4.4 Discussion ................................................................................... 118 Chapter 5 Response of the green lacewing, Mallada signata (Schneider) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) to synthetic herbivore-induced plant volatiles ............................................................................................ 124 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................. 125 5.2 Materials and methods ................................................................. 129 5.2.1 Experimental design ............................................................. 129 5.2.2 Statistical analysis ................................................................ 131 5.3 Results ......................................................................................... 131 5.4 Discussion ................................................................................... 132 Chapter 6 General Discussion ............................................................ 139 6.1 Direct effects of silicon fertilisation of grapevines on the pest, Epiphyas postvittana .............................................................................. 141 6.2 Tri-trophic effects of silicon fertilisation of grapevines on the beneficial insects, Dicranolaius bellulus and Mallada signata ............. 142 5 6.3 Response of Mallada signata to HIPVs ...................................... 144 6.4 Silicon content in grapevine leaf tissue ....................................... 147 6.5 Plant-available silicon content in
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Grape Insects +6134
    Ann. Rev. Entomo! 1976. 22:355-76 Copyright © 1976 by Annual Reviews Inc. All rights reserved GRAPE INSECTS +6134 Alexandre Bournier Chaire de Zoologie, Ecole Nationale Superieure Agronornique, 9 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier-Cedex, France The world's vineyards cover 10 million hectares and produce 250 million hectolitres of wine, 70 million hundredweight of table grapes, 9 million hundredweight of dried grapes, and 2.5 million hundredweight of concentrate. Thus, both in terms of quantities produced and the value of its products, the vine constitutes a particularly important cultivation. THE HOST PLANT AND ITS CULTIVATION The original area of distribution of the genus Vitis was broken up by the separation of the continents; although numerous species developed, Vitis vinifera has been cultivated from the beginning for its fruit and wine producing qualities (43, 75, 184). This cultivation commenced in Transcaucasia about 6000 B.C. Subsequent human migration spread its cultivation, at firstaround the Mediterranean coast; the Roman conquest led to the plant's progressive establishment in Europe, almost to its present extent. Much later, the WesternEuropeans planted the grape vine wherever cultiva­ tion was possible, i.e. throughout the temperate and warm temperate regions of the by NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY on 02/01/10. For personal use only. world: North America, particularly California;South America,North Africa, South Annu. Rev. Entomol. 1977.22:355-376. Downloaded from arjournals.annualreviews.org Africa, Australia, etc. Since the commencement of vine cultivation, man has attempted to increase its production, both in terms of quality and quantity, by various means including selection of mutations or hybridization.
    [Show full text]
  • Insects and Molluscs, According to the Procedures Outlined Below
    Bush Blitz – ACT Expedition 26 Nov – 6 Dec 2018 ACT Expedition Bush Blitz Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, Terrestrial molluscs 26 Nov – 6 Dec 2018 Submitted: 5 April 2019 Debbie Jennings and Olivia Evangelista Nomenclature and taxonomy used in this report is consistent with: The Australian Faunal Directory (AFD) http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/online-resources/fauna/afd/home Page 1 of 43 Bush Blitz – ACT Expedition 26 Nov – 6 Dec 2018 Contents Contents .................................................................................................................................. 2 List of contributors ................................................................................................................... 3 Abstract ................................................................................................................................... 4 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 4 2. Methods .......................................................................................................................... 6 2.1 Site selection ............................................................................................................. 6 2.2 Survey techniques ..................................................................................................... 6 2.2.1 Methods used at standard survey sites ................................................................... 7 2.3 Identifying
    [Show full text]
  • VINEYARD BIODIVERSITY and INSECT INTERACTIONS! ! - Establishing and Monitoring Insectariums! !
    ! VINEYARD BIODIVERSITY AND INSECT INTERACTIONS! ! - Establishing and monitoring insectariums! ! Prepared for : GWRDC Regional - SA Central (Adelaide Hills, Currency Creek, Kangaroo Island, Langhorne Creek, McLaren Vale and Southern Fleurieu Wine Regions) By : Mary Retallack Date : August 2011 ! ! ! !"#$%&'(&)'*!%*!+& ,- .*!/'01)!.'*&----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&2 3-! "&(')1+&'*&4.*%5"/0&#.'0.4%/+.!5&-----------------------------------------------------------------------------&6! ! &ABA <%5%+3!C0-72D0E2!AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA!F! &A&A! ;D,!*2!G*0.*1%-2*3,!*HE0-3#+3I!AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA!J! &AKA! ;#,2!0L!%+D#+5*+$!G*0.*1%-2*3,!*+!3D%!1*+%,#-.!AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA!B&! 7- .*+%)!"/.18+&--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&,2! ! ! KABA ;D#3!#-%!*+2%53#-*MH2I!AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA!BN! KA&A! O3D%-!C#,2!0L!L0-H*+$!#!2M*3#G8%!D#G*3#3!L0-!G%+%L*5*#82!AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA!&P! KAKA! ?%8%53*+$!3D%!-*$D3!2E%5*%2!30!E8#+3!AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA!&B! 9- :$"*!.*;&5'1/&.*+%)!"/.18&-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&3<!
    [Show full text]
  • Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) in a Coastal Plain Area in the State of Paraná, Brazil
    62 TROP. LEPID. RES., 26(2): 62-67, 2016 LEVISKI ET AL.: Butterflies in Paraná Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) in a coastal plain area in the state of Paraná, Brazil Gabriela Lourenço Leviski¹*, Luziany Queiroz-Santos¹, Ricardo Russo Siewert¹, Lucy Mila Garcia Salik¹, Mirna Martins Casagrande¹ and Olaf Hermann Hendrik Mielke¹ ¹ Laboratório de Estudos de Lepidoptera Neotropical, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 19.020, 81.531-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]٭ Abstract: The coastal plain environments of southern Brazil are neglected and poorly represented in Conservation Units. In view of the importance of sampling these areas, the present study conducted the first butterfly inventory of a coastal area in the state of Paraná. Samples were taken in the Floresta Estadual do Palmito, from February 2014 through January 2015, using insect nets and traps for fruit-feeding butterfly species. A total of 200 species were recorded, in the families Hesperiidae (77), Nymphalidae (73), Riodinidae (20), Lycaenidae (19), Pieridae (7) and Papilionidae (4). Particularly notable records included the rare and vulnerable Pseudotinea hemis (Schaus, 1927), representing the lowest elevation record for this species, and Temenis huebneri korallion Fruhstorfer, 1912, a new record for Paraná. These results reinforce the need to direct sampling efforts to poorly inventoried areas, to increase knowledge of the distribution and occurrence patterns of butterflies in Brazil. Key words: Atlantic Forest, Biodiversity, conservation, inventory, species richness. INTRODUCTION the importance of inventories to knowledge of the fauna and its conservation, the present study inventoried the species of Faunal inventories are important for providing knowledge butterflies of the Floresta Estadual do Palmito.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Padil Species Factsheet Scientific Name: Common Name Image
    1. PaDIL Species Factsheet Scientific Name: Phalaenoides glycinae Lewin (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Agaristinae) Common Name grapevine moth Live link: http://www.padil.gov.au/pests-and-diseases/Pest/Main/136336 Image Library Australian Biosecurity Live link: http://www.padil.gov.au/pests-and-diseases/ Partners for Australian Biosecurity image library Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment https://www.awe.gov.au/ Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Western Australia https://dpird.wa.gov.au/ Plant Health Australia https://www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/ Museums Victoria https://museumsvictoria.com.au/ 2. Species Information 2.1. Details Specimen Contact: Museum Victoria - [email protected] Author: Walker, K. Citation: Walker, K. (2007) grapevine moth(Phalaenoides glycinae)Updated on 1/4/2011 Available online: PaDIL - http://www.padil.gov.au Image Use: Free for use under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY- NC 4.0) 2.2. URL Live link: http://www.padil.gov.au/pests-and-diseases/Pest/Main/136336 2.3. Facets Status: Native Australian Pest Species Group: Moths Commodity Overview: Horticulture Commodity Type: Ornamentals, Leaves, Viticulture Distribution: Australasian - Oceanian 2.4. Diagnostic Notes Adult forewing span 40-50mm; forewings black with cream markings, hindwings black; abdomen black with orange stripes on the underside. 2.5. Web Links CSIRO Australian Moths Online: http://www.ento.csiro.au/gallery/moths/Phalaenoidesglycinae Fact sheet: http://www.faunanet.gov.au/wos/factfile.cfm?Fact_ID=209 3. Diagnostic Images Australia: Victoria, Moe, Dec 1944, C. Australia: Victoria, Melbourne Gooding Dorsal view - male: Lucinda Gibson & Ken Dorsal view - female: Lucinda Gibson & Ken Walker Museums Victoria Walker Museums Victoria Australia: Victoria, Moe, Dec 1944, C.
    [Show full text]
  • TAXON:Epilobium Billardierianum SCORE:7.0 RATING:High Risk
    TAXON: Epilobium billardierianum SCORE: 7.0 RATING: High Risk Taxon: Epilobium billardierianum Family: Onagraceae Common Name(s): Aboriginal willowherb Synonym(s): E. b. subsp. cinereum (A. Rich.) Raven & Engelhorn smooth willow herb E. cinereum A. Rich. variable willow herb E. junceum G. Forster ex Spreng. var. cinereum (A . Rich.) T. Kirk Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 18 Nov 2015 WRA Score: 7.0 Designation: H(Hawai'i) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Perennial Herb, Naturalized, Weedy, Palatable, Wind-Dispersed Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) Intermediate tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 n outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix
    [Show full text]
  • 1 © Australian Museum. This Material May Not Be Reproduced, Distributed
    AMS564/002 – Scott sister’s second notebook, 1840-1862 © Australian Museum. This material may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used without permission from the Australian Museum. Text was transcribed by volunteers at the Biodiversity Volunteer Portal, a collaboration between the Australian Museum and the Atlas of Living Australia This is a formatted version of the transcript file from the second Scott Sisters’ notebook Page numbers in this document do not correspond to the notebook page numbers. The notebook was started from both ends at different times, so the transcript pages have been shuffled into approximately date order. Text in square brackets may indicate the following: - Misspellings, with the correct spelling in square brackets preceded by an asterisk rendersveu*[rendezvous] - Tags for types of content [newspaper cutting] - Spelled out abbreviations or short form words F[ield[. Nat[uralists] 1 AMS564/002 – Scott sister’s second notebook, 1840-1862 [Front cover] nulie(?) [start of page 130] [Scott Sisters’ page 169] Note Book No 2 Continued from first notebook No. 253. Larva (Noctua /Bombyx Festiva , Don n 2) found on the Crinum - 16 April 1840. Length 2 1/2 Incs. Ground color ^ very light blue, with numerous dark longitudinal stripes. 3 bright yellow bands, one on each side and one down the middle back - Head lightish red - a black velvet band, transverse, on the segment behind the front legs - but broken by the yellows This larva had a very offensive smell, and its habits were disgusting - living in the stem or in the thick part of the leaves near it, in considerable numbers, & surrounded by their accumulated filth - so that any touch of the Larva would soil the fingers.- It chiefly eat the thicker & juicier parts of the Crinum - On the 17 April made a very slight nest, underground, & some amongst the filth & leaves, by forming a cavity with agglutinated earth - This larva is showy - Drawing of exact size & appearance.
    [Show full text]
  • ARTHROPODA Subphylum Hexapoda Protura, Springtails, Diplura, and Insects
    NINE Phylum ARTHROPODA SUBPHYLUM HEXAPODA Protura, springtails, Diplura, and insects ROD P. MACFARLANE, PETER A. MADDISON, IAN G. ANDREW, JOCELYN A. BERRY, PETER M. JOHNS, ROBERT J. B. HOARE, MARIE-CLAUDE LARIVIÈRE, PENELOPE GREENSLADE, ROSA C. HENDERSON, COURTenaY N. SMITHERS, RicarDO L. PALMA, JOHN B. WARD, ROBERT L. C. PILGRIM, DaVID R. TOWNS, IAN McLELLAN, DAVID A. J. TEULON, TERRY R. HITCHINGS, VICTOR F. EASTOP, NICHOLAS A. MARTIN, MURRAY J. FLETCHER, MARLON A. W. STUFKENS, PAMELA J. DALE, Daniel BURCKHARDT, THOMAS R. BUCKLEY, STEVEN A. TREWICK defining feature of the Hexapoda, as the name suggests, is six legs. Also, the body comprises a head, thorax, and abdomen. The number A of abdominal segments varies, however; there are only six in the Collembola (springtails), 9–12 in the Protura, and 10 in the Diplura, whereas in all other hexapods there are strictly 11. Insects are now regarded as comprising only those hexapods with 11 abdominal segments. Whereas crustaceans are the dominant group of arthropods in the sea, hexapods prevail on land, in numbers and biomass. Altogether, the Hexapoda constitutes the most diverse group of animals – the estimated number of described species worldwide is just over 900,000, with the beetles (order Coleoptera) comprising more than a third of these. Today, the Hexapoda is considered to contain four classes – the Insecta, and the Protura, Collembola, and Diplura. The latter three classes were formerly allied with the insect orders Archaeognatha (jumping bristletails) and Thysanura (silverfish) as the insect subclass Apterygota (‘wingless’). The Apterygota is now regarded as an artificial assemblage (Bitsch & Bitsch 2000).
    [Show full text]
  • The Diversity and Ecology of Mites (Acari) in Vineyards
    The Diversity and Ecology of Mites (Acari) in Vineyards Mia Vermaak Thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master in Conservation Ecology at the Stellenbosch University Supervisors: Dr Pia Addison Department of Conservation Ecology & Entomology Stellenbosch University Dr Ruan Veldtman South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) South Africa Prof Eddie Ueckermann Retired Acarologist South Africa April 2019 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za DECLARATION By submitting this thesis, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third- party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. Date: December 2018 Copyright © 2019 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved i Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za ABSTRACT The common grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is the main species used for wine making, with South Africa being one of the top wine exporting countries. Grapevine is vulnerable to a range of pests, one of these being mites. Plant-parasitic mites are extremely damaging pests with a rapid generation time, high fecundity and a tendency to over-exploit their hosts. Disconcertingly, the diversity of mites in vineyards in South Africa is virtually unknown. Surveys have been done with predatory mites and phytophagous mites being recorded, but no recent studies focussing on their ecology, pest status and seasonal cycles have been collected. The aim of this study was to survey phytophagous and predatory mite diversity and to investigate pest status of the plant feeding mites of South African grapevine, including the recently introduced, invasive Brevipalpus lewisi.
    [Show full text]
  • Of the World
    OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES No. 147, 94 pages. December 2, 1991 GENUS-GROUP NAMES OF THE NEUROPTERA, MEGALOPTERA AND RAPHIDIOPTERA OF THE WORLD By John D. Oswald Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-0999 and Norman D. Penny Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California 94118-4599 Abstract: Alphabetical listings of the genus-group names of extant Megaluptcra, Raphidioptera, and = Neuroptera (s. str. Planipennia) are presented. Taxonomic and nomenclatural data for each name are given. Summaries of new genus-group synonyms, unreplaced junior homonyms, names without valid type species fixations, and names based on misidentified type species are given. Complete bibliographic references are given for all names and nomenclatural acts. Contents Introduction Inlroduciion (1) The last worldwide species-level catalog of Scope (2) the order str. = Nomenclature (2) Neuroptera (s. Planipennia), and Format Arrangement of Entries (2) Hermann Hagen's 1866 Hemerobidarum Syn- General Arrangement (2) opsis Synonymica, has long been obsolete, as Subgenera (2) are the most recent revisions Synonymy (2) comprehensive Character Formals (3) of the orders Megaloptera (i.e.. Van dcr Publication Dates (3) Weele 1910) and Raphidioptera (i.e., Navas Type Species (3) [1919e] 1918). In the 120+ years since 1866, Unavailable Names (3) the number of available Homonymy (4) nomenclaturally Family-Group Taxa (4) genus-group names in the order Neuroptera Selected Taxonomic References
    [Show full text]
  • 67-76 Issn 2077-4605
    Middle East Journal of Agriculture Volume : 4 | Issue : 01 | Jan-Mar. | 2015 Research Pages: 67-76 ISSN 2077-4605 Taxonomical Revision of the Genus Colomerus Newkirk & Keifer (Acari: Eriophyidae) in Egypt 1Halawa, A. M., 1Ebrahim, A. A., 1Abdallah A. A. M. and 2Azza, A. Mohamed 1Fruit Acarology Department, Plant Protection Research Institute (PPRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Egypt. 2Cotton and Field Crop Acarology Department, Plant Protection Research Institute (PPRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Egypt. ABSTRACT To re-evaluate Columerus spp. in Egypt, mites were collected from vineyard orchards Vitis vinifera L. throughout all provinces of Egypt during years (2012 - 2014). Collected samples were examined microscopically by two methods, light microscopy using a Carl Zeiss compound and Analytical Scanning Electron Microscope. Twenty specimens were selected and divided into two sets based on the number of empodial rays (5 rays or 6 rays). The examined specimens showed that 95% from total specimens collected were found to belong to 5 empodial rays and only 5% to 6 empodial rays, either Colomerus vitis and Colomerus oculivitis separated from the same bud. In addition, three types of microtubercles were recorded, type I; elongate and more compact, type II; rounded and more wide spaced and type III; gradation from elongate to rounded. These types were observed randomly on the specimens that were identified (based on number of empodial rays only) as Co. oculivitis or (Co. cf. oculivitis) and Co. vitis or (Co. cf. vitis). Moreover, more than 50% of type I were associated with the specimens that has six empodial rays. The results also showed that the specimens with rounded microtubercles showed their absence from the beginning of the posterior seventh annuli, where eighth and ninth annuli were sparsely microtuberculate, while the specimens with elongate microtubercles were without microtubercles on the posterior sixth dorsal annuli.
    [Show full text]
  • Variation in the Proportion of Flower Visitors Ofarum Maculatum Along Its Distributional Range in Relation with Community-Based Climatic Niche Analyses
    Published in Oikos, 2010 1 which should be used for any reference to this work Variation in the proportion of flower visitors of Arum maculatum along its distributional range in relation with community-based climatic niche analyses Anahí Espíndola, Loïc Pellissier and Nadir Alvarez A. Espíndola ([email protected]), Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology, Inst. of Biology, Univ. of Neuchâtel, Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland. L. Pellissier and N. Alvarez, Dept of Ecology and Evolution, Univ. of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. Because species–specific interactions between plants and insects require considerable physiological adaptations to establish and be maintained through time and space, highly specialized interactions are rare in nature. Consequently, even if some one-to-one interactions might appear locally specialized, additional partners may be involved at a wider scale. Here, we investigate the geographical constancy in the specificity level of the specialized lure-and-trap pollination antagonism involving the widespread European Arum maculatum and its associated Psychodid pollinators. Until now, studies concurred in demonstrating that one single insect species, Psychoda phalaenoides, efficiently cross-pollinated plants; researches were, however, performed locally in western Europe. In this study we characterize for the first time the flower visitors’ composition at the scale of the distribution range of A. maculatum by intensively collecting plants and insects throughout the European continent. We further correlate local climatic characteristics with the community composition of visiting arthropods. Our results show that flowers are generally visited by P. phalaenoides females, but not over the whole distribution range of the plant. In some regions this fly species is less frequent or even absent and another species, Psycha grisescens, becomes the prevailing visitor.
    [Show full text]