Ricomporre Frammenti. Lavori in Corso Tra I Papiri Del Museo Egizio Di Torino

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Ricomporre Frammenti. Lavori in Corso Tra I Papiri Del Museo Egizio Di Torino Acc. Sc. Torino Memorie Sc. Mor. 40 (2016), 25 fi gg., 3-44 FILOLOGIA ORIENTALE Ricomporre frammenti. Lavori in corso tra i papiri del Museo Egizio di Torino Memoria di SARA D EMICHELIS* presentata dal Socio corrispondente ALESSANDRO R OCCATI nell’adunanza del 9 febbraio 2016 e approvata nell’adunanza del 10 maggio 2016 Riassunto. In questo saggio sono illustrati i risultati preliminari delle atti- vità di restauro e ricostruzione di manoscritti geroglifi ci e ieratici conservati presso il Museo Egizio di Torino. Nuove identifi cazioni sono state operate tra migliaia di frammenti: tra gli altri sono stati riconosciuti testi amministrativi dell’Antico Regno pro- venienti da Gebelein, un vero e proprio corpus di Libri dei Morti di età ramesside da Deir el-Medina, oltre a nuovi frammenti di progetti di tombe regali, tra cui quello della tomba KV9. PAROLE CHIAVE : Amenhotep; Deir el-Medina; Gebelein; Libro dei Morti; Museo Egizio di Torino; Nefertari; papiri; Papiro delle Miniere; Schiaparelli; tomba KV9; Valle dei Re. Abstract. Preliminary results of restoration and reconstruction of hiero- glyphic and hieratic manuscripts held in the Egyptian Museum of Turin. New texts were identifi ed amongst thousands of fragments, such as Old Kingdom administrative texts from Gebelein, a Book of the Dead corpus of the Ramesside period from Deir el-Medina, and new fragments of the projects of royal tombs, amid others those of the tomb KV9. KEYWORDS: Amenhotep; Book of the Dead; Deir el Medineh; Egyptian Museum of Turin; Gebelein; Mine papyrus; Nefertari; papyri; Schiaparelli; Tomb KV9; Valley of the Kings. Le immagini riprodotte sono pubblicate su gentile concessione della Soprintendenza archeologia, belle arti e paesaggio per la città metropolitana di Torino. È vietata ogni riproduzione o duplica- zione con qualsiasi mezzo. * Archeologo. Soprintendenza archeologia, belle arti e paesaggio per la città metropolitana di Torino, 4 Sara Demichelis Nell’ambito delle attività di catalogazione che la Soprintendenza per l’Ar- cheologia del Piemonte ha condotto sui materiali conservati nei magazzini del Museo Egizio di Torino, negli anni 2014-15 si è proceduto al riordino di diverse migliaia di frammenti di papiri ieratici e geroglifi ci 1, appartenenti sia al vecchio fondo, la collezione riunita dal console Bernardino Drovetti, sia alle successive acquisizioni derivanti dagli scavi in Egitto di Ernesto Schiaparelli e di Giulio Farina2. Si sono in tal modo potuti recuperare manoscritti di cui si era persa la memoria, si sono identifi cati nuovi papiri di cui si è avviata la ricostruzione, si sono corretti vecchi errori di catalogazione3, si sono infi ne scoperti nuovi tasselli di manoscritti già noti, in alcuni casi celebri, come il Papiro delle Miniere (Cat. 1879+1969+1899). Questo papiro, considerato la più antica mappa ad oggi tramandata, riproduce una zona mineraria sita in una dira- mazione dell’attuale Uadi Hammamat4; e sarebbe stato confezionato ai fi ni di commemorare una delle spedizioni ivi mandate dal faraone Ramesse IV 5, per reperire pietra-bekhen da destinarsi a monumenti nella Valle dei Re. Un complesso intervento di restauro, eseguito presso l’Archivio di Stato di Torino 6, ha reso possibile una diversa ricostruzione del papiro, fondata sulle più recenti ipotesi di ricollocazione dei frammenti, migliorate dall’a- nalisi della struttura del manufatto e implementate dalle ultime scoperte e integrazioni. Due frammenti, già identifi cati da R. Demarée 7, sono stati ri- 1 Ringrazio i restauratori della Soprintendenza Cristina Meli e Angelo Carlone e la collega Elisa Fiore Marochetti, per l’aiuto e il sostegno che mi hanno sempre generosamente offerto. 2 Per una descrizione di insieme della collezione di papiri si rimanda a A. Roccati, Les papyrus de Turin, in «BSFE», 99, 1984, pp. 9-27. 3 Risalenti al catalogo di A. Fabretti, F. Rossi e R.V. Lanzone, Regio Museo di Torino, Antichità Egizie, Stamperia Reale della ditta G.B. Paravia E.C., Torino, 1888 e all’inventario manoscrit- to di E. Schiaparelli, relativamente ai reperti provenienti da scavo. 4 Si tratta nello specifi co dello Uadi Umm Fawakhir, zona di estrazione dell’oro sfruttata già a partire dall’Antico Regno, cfr. D. Klemm, R. Klemm, Gold and Gold Mining in Ancient Egypt and Nubia, Springer, Heidelberg, 2013, pp. 132 ss. 5 J.A. Harrell, V.M. Brown, The Oldest Surviving Topographical Map from Ancient Egypt (Turin Papyri 1879, 1899 and 1969) , in «JARCE», 29, 1992, pp. 81-105. 6 Il restauro è stato eseguito su progetto di S. Demichelis, nell’ambito di una convenzione tra la Fondazione Museo Antichità Egizie e Archivio di Stato di Torino, ed è stato effettuato presso il laboratorio delle Sezioni Riunite diretto dalla dott.ssa Cecilia Laurora. Sul manu- fatto sono intervenuti i restauratori: Véronique Cachia, Rosetta Granziero, Silvia Perona e Battista Pittari. 7 R. Demarée, News from the Turin Archives of Ramesside Papyri , in «L’Impero Ramesside . Convegno internazionale in onore di Sergio Donadoni», Università di Roma «La Sapienza», Roma, 1997, pp. 67-69. Ricomporre frammenti. Lavori in corso tra i papiri del Museo Egizio di Torino 5 Fig. 1. Scatola con frammenti di papiro ancora da riordinare. Foto © Archivio Soprintendenza Archeologia del Piemonte. Fig. 2. Papiro delle miniere (Cat. 1879 +1969+1899), sezione fi nale, dopo il restauro. Foto © Archivio di Stato di Torino. 6 Sara Demichelis messi a posto in modo da completare la parte fi nale del rotolo, mentre un nuovo frammento, riconosciuto come parte integrante della raffi gurazione delle montagne della zona aurifera, è stato sistemato nell’insieme, in modo tale da completare il testo del verso col. 2, 7-10 8. Infi ne numerose «briciole» di papiro, non riposizionate nel precedente restauro eseguito negli anni 30 del secolo scorso, hanno trovato una loro collocazione nell’insieme ricostru- ito9. La ormai quasi bicentenaria opera di ricomposizione del Papiro delle Miniere rappresenta quindi il caso emblematico del lungo lavoro di ricostru- zione su cui si fonda il recupero dei manoscritti della collezione torinese. Tra i manoscritti di cui si è avviata la ricomposizione si devono anno- verare i centocinquantaquattro frammenti di una contabilità facente parte dell’insieme di papiri rinvenuti nel 1935 a Gebelein dalla missione arche- ologica italiana, guidata da Giulio Farina10 . I rotoli frammentari rinvenuti costituiscono un archivio di documenti di carattere amministrativo e sono tra i più antichi papiri scoperti in Egitto: la datazione attribuita dagli editori al regno di Micerino potrebbe essere infatti anticipata secondo A. Roccati al regno di Cheope o addirittura di Snefru 11 . Purtroppo le notizie relative alle circostanze del ritrovamento sono scarne. Il Farina ne diede resoconti sommari in articoli destinati a riviste non specialistiche 12 e non pubblicò mai in modo scientifi co la sua scoperta. I manoscritti furono rinvenuti in una tomba anonima13 dell’Antico Regno situata presso il villaggio di el-Gherira. Si trovavano all’interno di una cassetta lignea deposta a fi anco di un sarcofa- go a facciata di palazzo. La cassetta, di forma rettangolare con il coperchio 8 Per il testo già noto si rimanda a W. Hovestreydt, A Letter to the King Relating to the Foundation of a Statue, in «Lingua Aegyptia», 5, 1997, pp. 107-121. 9 Restauro eseguito da Erminia Caudana, per cui si veda G. Farina, Come si restaura un papi- ro , in «Sapere», n. 105, 1939, Ulrico Hoepli Editore. 10 P. Posener-Kriéger, I Papiri di Gebelein, Scavi G. Farina 1935 , a cura di S. Demichelis. Studi del Museo Egizio di Torino. Gebelein 1. Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali, Torino, 2004. A. Roccati, A chi servivano i papiri di Gebelein? , in «L’Uffi cio e il documento. I luoghi, i modi, gli strumenti dell’amministrazione in Egitto e nel Vicino Oriente Antico. Atti delle giornate di studio degli Egittologi e degli Orientalisti italiani», a cura di C. Mora e P. Piacentini, Cisalpino, Milano, 2005, pp. 87-91. 11 A. Roccati, Una miniera di turchese di epoca faraonica nel deserto occidentale egiziano, in «Atti Accademia delle Scienze di Torino. Classe di scienze morali, storiche e fi lologiche », 104, 2012, p. 50. 12 G. Farina, in «Oriente Moderno», luglio 1937, pp. 53-59 e Id., Come si restaura un papiro , cit. In quest’ultimo articolo descrive sommariamente il contenuto della cassetta. 13 Il Farina non indica il nome del titolare della sepoltura. Ricomporre frammenti. Lavori in corso tra i papiri del Museo Egizio di Torino 7 piatto14 , conteneva diversi rotoli di papiro 15 , dei pani d’inchiostro rosso e nero, una manciata di pennelli, una coppa in diorite frammentaria e due frammenti di una coppa in breccia chiara16 . La parte interna del coperchio era coperta di testi di natura contabile e di prove di scrittura, era pertanto stata utilizzata come tavoletta dallo scriba che la possedeva; da questo dato deriva la conclusione che la cassetta fosse un elemento di arredo privato e non appartenesse a un archivio uffi ciale 17 . Non necessariamente poi si deve immaginare che lo scriba proprietario della cassetta fosse anche l’autore dei rotoli in essa contenuti: i testi infatti sono stati redatti da mani diverse. La deposizione dei papiri in un contesto tombale potrebbe anche avere valenza di offerta rituale18 . I manoscritti al momento della scoperta erano in pessime condizioni di conservazione, si rese pertanto necessario nel 1937 trasferirli a Torino ove furono sottoposti a un intervento di restauro 19 . Il verso dei pa- piri fu consolidato mediante un velo di organza di seta fi ssato con una colla verosimilmente a base di amido, il cui degrado nel tempo ha determinato lo scurimento dei papiri, compromettendone in parte la leggibilità. I rotoli riposti nella cassetta non erano tutti completi: in alcuni casi (vedi Gebelein IX, X, XI) si trattava di frammenti di grandi dimensioni, recanti porzioni di testo, o annotazioni rimaste incompiute, in altri casi invece ma- noscritti ora separati potevano essere parte di un unico rotolo (Gebelein III e VIII) 20 .
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