THE 72ND ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN RESEARCH CENTER IN EGYPT

APRIL 22-25 2021 VIRTUAL ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN RESEARCH CENTER IN EGYPT

APRIL 22-25, 2021 VIRTUAL

U.S. Office 909 North Washington Street 320 Alexandria, Virginia, 22314 703.721.3479 United States

Cairo Center 2 Midan Simón Bolívar Garden City, Cairo, 11461 20.2.2794.8239 Egypt

[email protected] ARCE EGYPT STAFF CAIRO Dr. Louise Bertini, Executive Director Dr. Yasmin El Shazly, Deputy Director for Research and Programs Dr. Nicholas Warner, Director of Cultural Heritage Projects Mary Sadek, Deputy Director for Government Affiliations Rania Radwan, Human Resources & Office Manager Djodi Deutsch, Academic Programs Manager Zakaria Yacoub, IT Manager Dania Younis, Communications Manager Miriam Ibrahim, Communications Associate Andreas Kostopoulos, Project Archives Specialist Mariam Foum, AEF Grant & Membership Administrator Sally El Sabbahy, Site Management and Planning Manager Noha Atef Halim, Finance Manager Yasser Tharwat, Financial & Reporting Manager Doaa Adel, Accountant Salah Metwally, Associate for Governmental Affairs Amira Gamal, Cataloging Librarian Usama Mahgoub, Supervising Librarian Reda Anwar, Administrative Assistance to Office Manager Doha Fathy, Digitization and Data Specialist Helmy Samir, Associate for Governmental Affairs Salah Rawash, Security & Reception Coordinator Abd Rabo Ali Hassan, Assistant to OM for Maintenance Affairs & Director’s Driver Ahmed Hassan, Senior Traffic Department Officer & Driver Ramadan Khalil Abdou, ARCE Representative Mohamed Hassan Mohamed, Transportation Assistant & Messenger Eid Fawzy, Technical Clerk & Messenger Noor Ibrahim, Messenger

LUXOR Shaaban Mohamed, Office Manager Ahmed Badry Abdallah Ahmed, Messenger Mohamed Salah Hemed Salh, Driver

ARCE U.S. STAFF

Liska Radachi, US Director Dr. Fatma Ismail, Director for US Outreach & Programs Michael Wiles, Chief Financial Officer Kristen Ferretti, Senior Financial Coordinator Rebekah Atol, Development & Membership Associate Qurat Ul Ain, Development Associate Jeanned’Arc Sanbar, Communications Associate Courtney Marx, Administrative & Board Associate Freddy Feliz, IT Manager (Consultant) Megan Allday, Annual Meeting4 Coordinator (Consultant) BOARD OF GOVERNORS

Betsy Bryan, President Janice Kamrin Johns Hopkins University The Metropolitan Museum of Art Department of Near Eastern Studies Department of Egyptian Art

David A. Anderson, Vice President Rita Lucarelli University of Wisconsin – La Crosse University of California, Berkeley Department of Archaeology and Anthropology Nadine Moeller Paul Stanwick, Treasurer Yale University New York University Nicholas Picardo Nicola Aravecchia Harvard University Washington University in St. Louis Departments of Classics and of Art History and Archaeology Robert Ritner University of Chicago, Yekaterina Barbash Oriental Institute Brooklyn Museum Arts of Ancient Egypt Adam Sabra University of California, Santa Barbara Stephanie Denkowicz Manatt, Phelps & Phillips, LLC Adina Savin Disney Branded Television Denise Doxey Museum of Fine Arts, Boston Ed Snow Burr + Forman, LLP Melinda Hartwig Michael C. Carlos Museum at Emory University Deborah Vischak Princeton University Salima Ikram American University in Cairo Josef Wegner Department of Sociology, Egyptology and Anthropology University of Pennsylvania Egyptian Section William Inglee Inglee Sauer Market Strategies, LLC EX-OFFICIO

Louise Bertini, Executive Director Courtney Marx, Board Clerk

5 TABLE OF CONTENTS

7 Itinerary

Presentation 19 Abstracts Itinerary Subject to change

THURSDAY, APRIL 22, 2021

TIME (US Eastern Time) EVENT

9:00 a.m. – 10:00 a.m. New Students/Attendees Welcome

10:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m. Paper Sessions (three concurrent tracks)

12:00 p.m. – 1:00 p.m. Lunch Break

12:15 p.m. – 1:00 p.m. Expedition Leaders Meeting (by invitation only)

1:00 p.m. – 2:30 p.m. Paper Sessions (three concurrent tracks)

2:30 p.m. – 2:45 p.m. Coffee/Tea Break

2:45 p.m. – 4:15 p.m. Paper Sessions (three concurrent tracks)

7 FRIDAY, APRIL 23, 2021

TIME (US Eastern Time) EVENT

9:00 a.m. – 10:00 a.m. Fellowship Information Session

10:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m. Paper Sessions (three concurrent tracks)

12:00 p.m. – 1:00 p.m. Lunch Break

Keynote Lecture/Chapter Council 12:00 p.m. – 1:00 p.m. Fundraiser featuring Dr. Ramadan Hussein, sponsored by National Geographic

1:00 p.m. – 2:30 p.m. Paper Sessions (three concurrent tracks)

2:30 p.m. – 2:45 p.m. Coffee/Tea Break

2:45 p.m. – 4:15 p.m. Paper Sessions (three concurrent tracks)

8 SATURDAY, APRIL 24, 2021

TIME (US Eastern Time) EVENT

10:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m. Paper Sessions (three concurrent tracks)

12:00 p.m. – 1:00 p.m. Lunch Break

Speaking Our Futures: Career and Professional Goal Planning Workshop with Dr. John Paulas 12:00 p.m. – 1:00 p.m. (registration limited to 50 early career and graduate student participants for an extra registration fee of $10)

1:00 p.m. – 2:30 p.m. Paper Sessions (three concurrent tracks)

2:30 p.m. – 2:45 p.m. Coffee/Tea Break

2:45 p.m. – 3:45 p.m. Paper Sessions (three concurrent tracks)

4:30 p.m. – 5:00 p.m. General Members Meeting

9 SUNDAY, APRIL 25, 2021

TIME (US Eastern Time) EVENT

10:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m. Paper Sessions (three concurrent tracks)

12:00 p.m. – 1:00 p.m. Lunch Break

12:00 p.m. – 1:00 p.m. TBD Special Session

1:00 p.m. – 2:00 p.m. Paper Sessions (three concurrent tracks)

2:00 p.m. – 2:15 p.m. Coffee/Tea Break

Wrap Up, Thank You, and Kickoff of the 2:30 p.m. – 2:45 p.m. 2022 Annual Meeting in Irvine, CA

10 SPONSORS Thanks From The Executive Director

DR. LOUISE BERTINI

This year marks the 72nd Annual Meeting of the American Research Center in Egypt, and our second Annual Meeting held virtually. When we moved to virtual delivery last year, none of us predicted the challenges that laid ahead. Though we all look forward to gathering again in person, the virtual format allows us to engage with our geographically diverse supporters, members, and research base. As our virtual year has progressed, so has our technology. We hope you enjoy this year’s enhanced platform and options.

As with our in-person meetings, we are honored to welcome leading scholars from the fields of Egyptology, Archaeology, and other specialties in Egyptian history who have made time to share, present, and discuss their research contributions and their passion for Egypt. I’m pleased to welcome our members, donors, and of course, enthusiasts of Egypt’s history and ancient culture! In a time of screen fatigue, your participation, energy, and dedication cement the importance of this meeting for our community. We are so glad to have you with us.

I’d like to express gratitude to the many people that worked through different time zones over the past several months to ensure that this installment of the Annual Meeting is seamless and successful. Our Annual Meeting Committee Chair, Denise Doxey, has led the way in navigating the continuation of our virtual format, as well as committee members Katherine Davis, Stephanie Denkowicz, Rita Lucarelli, Nicholas Picardo, Robert Ritner, JJ Shirley, Betsy Bryan, and David A. Anderson.

Hearty recognition and thanks to our Keynote Sponsor and new Research Supporting Member, National Geographic. We look forward to a dynamic partnership. I’d also like to extend thanks to our steadfast institutional partners, including the Council of American Overseas Research Centers, the U.S. Department of State’s Educational and Cultural Affairs Bureau, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the U.S. Embassy in Cairo, for supporting ARCE’s fellowship and academic programs, as well as our field work.

This year ARCE made student attendance and access to the Annual Meeting a top priority. Thanks to each of you who “supported a student” during registration, and our inaugural Student Access Council. This Council took a leap of faith in joining a new initiative and has generously demonstrated their commitment to our students in a time of need.

Last but certainly not least, thank you to our staff for their efforts in preparing every detail of this year’s Annual Meeting. They work incredibly hard to make sure each of you has a positive and memorable experience.

Thank you for joining us, and enjoy the meeting!

12 Student Access Council

The ARCE Student Access Council is a group of individuals committed to supporting student access and fostering talent through student participation in the ARCE 2021 Virtual Annual Meeting. Many thanks to our inaugural members of the 2021 Student Access Council.

Paige Brevick

Denise Doxey

Rita Freed

Sue Huffman

Fatma Ismail

Janet Johnson

Sid Kitchel

John Medveckis

Ann Mulla

Noor Family Foundation

Nick Picardo

Adam Sabra

Ed Snow

Matt Zolman

13

As we look towards the future and opportunities to resume travel and exploration, ARCE is pleased to announce our next ARCE Member Tour: In the Footsteps of the Holy Family.

This exclusive tour offers a once in a lifetime opportunity to visit numerous sites connected with the Holy Family’s stay in Egypt, in addition to the country’s most famous historic sites and previous ARCE projects, and provides direct access to scholars in the fields of Egyptology, Archaeology and Egyp- tian cultural heritage.

Please see the itinerary for full trip details, costs, accommo- dations, etc. Space is limited, and we anticipate this tour to fill quickly.

PRESENTATION ABSTRACTS

19 ALEXANDER NAGEL, Fashion Institute ALEXANDRA MORRIS, Teesside University of Technology, State University of New York And the Children Brooklyn’s First Shall Lead: Harpocrates Cancelled Museum. & Other Representations An Art Historiography of Cerebral Palsy from of an Odyssey from Egypt the Ptolemaic Period to the New World Harpocrates was a Greek-Egyptian god from the Egyptian idols, wooden fragments from Ptolemaic Period. He had many roles including pyramids, a mummy from Thebes, and cat representative of the newborn sun, protector of mummies from Memphis were only a few of the mothers and children, and more importantly for collected materials on display in the Brooklyn this study, was also a healing deity. He is described Navy Yard’s first museum in the 19th century. by the ancient historian Plutarch as being born Founded in 1833, the Lyceum was described in a prematurely with lame legs. A close examination of journal as an ‘olla podrida of queer things.’ What artifacts and artwork from the Ptolemaic Period in do we know about the fate of the dispersed the collections of the British Museum, Metropolitan collections from the Lyceum today? Based on Museum of Art, and Brooklyn Museum reveals that a new faculty-student collaborative Egypt- Harpocrates most likely was depicted artistically American research project, this contribution as having cerebral palsy. A further examination will follow the path of the materials from of these artifacts also helps illuminate other Egypt’s underground to New York, Washington, representations and the lives of disabled people D.C.’s Smithsonian Institution, and other art from this time period. Disability was incorporated institutions. The main part of the presentation into the religions of both the ancient Egyptians will introduce the separated fragments of a and ancient Greeks and was seen and accepted as cartonnage coffin lid from Dynasty 26 and a part of everyday life. This aspect of the ancient will digitally unify these dispersed materials. world has largely been ignored by modern-day New research on archival resources and the historians, for reasons which remain unclear, complex and problematic first owner George R. resulting in an entire minority group being erased Gliddon (1809-1857), his life in Alexandria, and from history. The disabled deserve to be seen, to the making of his “Memoir on the Cotton of see themselves reflected in, and to learn about their Egypt” (1841), proved to be of great pedagogic own history, including their own ancient history. value for students and classrooms in Brooklyn Disabled voices have always been evident if one and Manhattan in recent months and reveal the looks for them, and it is time to start recognizing potential of studying untapped collections in the this. This presentation will also start to examine digital world. the dangers of interpreting the past from a solely able-bodied perspective, and help elucidate these lost disability narratives.

20 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 , BEST STUDENT PAPER CONTESTANT ALI ABDELHALIM ALI Ain-Shams University and ARCE AMR KHALAF SHAHAT, The Chapel of Caracalla University of California Los Angeles at Kom Ombo Social History of Food in

The temple of Haroeris and Sobek-Re at Kom Ancient Egypt: Between Ombo is unique in its architectural design as Humanities and life sciences a double temple. It also has rare scenes, such The preservation of food remains from ancient as the scene of the surgical instruments. There Egypt is one of the unique aspects of the region’s are also small but important buildings around archaeology. While, the botanical materials this main temple, e.g. the birth house and the from the predynastic Nag ed-Deir gave rise chapel of Caracalla. The current research aims to to archaeobotany as a science, early Dynastic study the function and plan of this questionable botanical materials from Saqqara were the source chapel from the reign of Caracalla dedicated to data for Willard Libby to invent carbon dating the crocodile god Sobek-Re. It is located on the and win the Noble Prize. In this paper, I continue northeastern side next to the Byzantine church this interdisciplinary cross-link to contribute to and its presbytery. It was uncovered by Barsanti life science and Egyptology. First, I will present in February / March 1914 but has not yet been new unpublished food remains excavated by published. Unfortunately, it is severely destroyed. Reisner and Lythgoe in the early 1900s at Nag Its walls and consequently scenes are largely lost. ed Deir and Deir el Ballas, housed at the Hearst All what remains are: the floor, the base of the Museum University of California Berkeley. This sacred barque, the door jambs of the entrance study presents the results of interdisciplinary and a flight of five steps and three stone seats analyses applying archaeobotanical and isotopic on the right side of the stairs. In addition to the methods on plant-food from these sites. A new scenes and texts on the remaining door jambs, non-destructive Nano-archaeology method was there is also some secondary epigraphy, namely developed to analyze a beer mash to reconstruct some graffiti on the walls and on the floor of early beer ingredient compositions from Nag ed- this chapel, which in turn could refer to private Deir, revealing a regionally specific beer recipe. religious practices in the area of Kom Ombo. The result of a long stable isotope experiment Thus, the current research will include these by the author also introduces a new method to graffiti inside the study. identify the source region of food to differentiate between local versus imported species such as earliest evidence of pomegranate and domesticated watermelon confirmed by carbon dates. These interdisciplinary approaches enable us to reconstruct Egyptian foodways’ social history as related to regional identities and cross-

21 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 cultural interactions from non-elite contexts. will be discussed. Besides, the tomb’s decoration While these methods expand our theoretical will be presented. perspective from the humanities side, the isotopic data serve life sciences with exceptionally important deep-time data illuminating the ANDREAS GEORGIOS KOSTOPOULOS, anthropogenic impact of climate changes on the ARCE foodways and the social structure. Out of the Box and onto the Web-ARCE’s Conservation ANDREA PAULA ZINGARELLI, Faculty of Humanities and Educational Archives goes online Sciences. National University of La Plata Since 1994 ARCE has maintained an archive of 78 conservation and documentation projects Amenmose Project (TT318): funded by USAID. The archive comprises Preliminary Report important collections of images, reports, and on the 2020 season drawings documenting the conservation process for Egyptian cultural heritage sites spanning This paper will present the results from the virtually all of the country’s historical and cultural first work season in TT318, a tomb located at eras. Until 2016, original data and the majority the bottom of the hill of Sheikh Abd el-Qurna, of ARCE archival holdings remained inaccessible Luxor, Egypt. It belongs to Amenmose, who lived to anyone unable to visit ARCE’s office in Cairo. during Thutmose III, or maybe Hatshepsut reigns. In 2016, ARCE and the UCLA Library partnered Amenmose’s only title mentioned in his tomb is to launch two ARCE archival collections on Xrty-nTr n imn “stonemason/artisan of Amun”. UCLA’s Digital Library platform, the International The original access to the tomb is currently Digital Ephemera Project (IDEP). The successful covered. Therefore, the access is through the processing and publication of ARCE’s first archival door of the neighboring tomb TT129, and then digital collection, in parallel with the knowledge by a small hole. Previous conservation works acquired by ARCE staff through this partnership, or specific studies have not been carried out inspired the organization to seek further in TT318. For this reason, in this project based funding opportunities to continue digitization at the Faculty of Humanities and Educational and publication of the invaluable Conservation Sciences of the University of La Plata (Argentina), Archives. In 2018, ARCE won an award from the the conservation of the monument is proposed. National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) to The project has set goals in the 2020 season, lay the foundations for digitizing and publishing which included the evaluation of the paintings more collections, including a processing and reliefs’ conditions and the tomb damage manual and foundational archival policies. The diagnosis. On that basis, the research, discussion, Archives team digitized and published three and formulation of strategies for the monument’s additional collections on ARCE’s newly published restoration and conservation have been planned. Conservation Archives website, developed in In this paper, the results and future perspectives partnership with the UCLA Digital Library. ARCE’s

22 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 digital collections fulfill an important obligation lessons learned along the way. It will also cover of scholarship by disseminating the research, and the details our revised system, some of the issues project documentation, thereby expanding public that we have come across, and the variety of tools access to richly diverse material in fields such that we have tried so far. Finally there will be a as Egyptology, anthropology, history, religious short discussion of our future plans for the use studies, etc.This paper, includes an overview of the of digital collation and our hopes for potential past five years’ digital efforts and challenges, as advancements in the technology. well as data for the projects currently available on ARCE Conservation Archives website. BAHAA ELDIN ABDEL GABER BADAWY MASOUD, Minya University ARIEL SINGER, The Epigraphic Survey, the University of Chicago The Scientific Publication Expanding Digital of the tomb TT247 in the Epigraphy: developing a Western Theban Necropolis digital collation process The study was divided into an introduction, preapprehension, three chapters and a The exponential development of tablet conclusion. The introduction dealt with a technology in the past few years has resulted presentation of the message and the most in a significant increase in the utility of these important previous studies of the topic, then devices for digital epigraphy. At the Epigraphic the preapprehension dealt with an overview Survey, we began integrating digital tools into of the Theban Necropolis and the tombs that our drawing and photographic methods over it contains, as well as a historical summary of ten years ago, however only recently has it the area of Al-Khawkha that contains the tomb. become possible to expand these into the actual The first chapter deals with An archaeological collation process. In 2017-2018, the first complete study of the tomb, the name of the owner of the digital case study was done for a drawing of a tomb, his titles and his family and description coronation scene of Amenhotep III from Luxor of the views of the tomb. Then the second Temple. This included a digital photograph chapter deals with the location of the tomb with (extracted as an orthomosaic image from a the work of an architectural lifting of the tomb 3D model), a drawing that was penciled and and their relationship to the surrounding tombs inked digitally, and two epigraphic checks and located in the same yard, The general planning a director’s check fully done on an iPad. Since statement for the tomb is (courtyard + entrance then, the Epigraphic Survey has continued to + rectangular room + well + small niche), then streamline our collation process while enhancing the study dealt with presenting a comparative our levels of accuracy and consistency. This study of the architectural planning of the tomb paper will review how we converted our analog with similar planning in the Theban Necropolis collation (using blueprinting paper, a glue-stick, as well as comparing it with tombs dating back and pencils) into a digital process, and the to the same period of time. As for the third

23 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 chapter, it dealt with an analytical study of the incorporation of non-royal beliefs (in particular, scenes and writings recorded on the walls of the the deity Osiris) into royal mortuary practices — tomb, Linguistic study and analysis of some of the mainly that the royal conception of the afterlife words that appeared in the roofs and walls of the was itself influenced and shaped in part by tomb, their meaning, method of writing, and their specifically non-royal beliefs. development during different historical eras, and important words appeared in them. BRIAN MUHS, University of Chicago

BRENDAN HAINLINE, University of Chicago Textual Variants in Kushite The Non-Royal Afterlife and Napatan Mortuary Texts in the Pyramid Texts and their Significance

The Pyramid Texts were originally believed The royal families of Kushite and Napatan Nubia to reflect specifically royal rituals and afterlife (c. 750-250 BCE) employed a variety of Egyptian beliefs, due to their first appearance in the later language mortuary texts in their burials. Some Old Kingdom exclusively in the royal pyramids. previous studies (Doll 1978 and 2014) have It is the royal exclusivity of these religious examined the inscriptions on royal sarcophagi texts in the Old Kingdom that gave rise to the and funerary stelae, which disappeared after theory of the “democratization of the afterlife”. the early Napatan Period, and have suggested a This theory has since largely been dismantled gradual disengagement with Egyptian mortuary by scholars such as Harold Hays and Mark literature. Other studies (such as Petacchi 2018) Smith (among others), in part because it is now have studied the inscriptions on royal offering known that several of the spells in the Pyramid tables, which continued to be used into the Texts actually have a clear non-royal origin. In late Napatan Period, and suggest an ongoing addition to problematizing the “democratization engagement with Egyptian mortuary literature. of the afterlife” theory, the existence of these This paper will examine some of the inscriptions specifically non-royal spells in the Pyramid Texts on royal heart scarabs and shabties, which also provides a textual window into the afterlife beliefs continued to be used into the late Napatan of non-royal Egyptians during the Old Kingdom. In Period. Textual variations in these mortuary texts this paper, I will summarize the methods that have support the hypothesis that the Kushite and been previously used to identify non-royal spells Napatan Nubians had access to multiple textual within the Pyramid Texts corpus, and additionally traditions, and that they continued to select will offer two new non-royal markers: (1.) the from these textual traditions, and in some cases deceased being the beneficiary of a tp- j-nj-swt; ḥ ḏ combine or modify them, up to the end of the and (2.) placeholder text referring to the deceased’s Napatan Period. ‘local god’. I will then highlight what these spells can reveal about non-royal afterlife beliefs and how these beliefs relate to those in markedly royal spells. Finally, I will discuss the implications of the

24 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 Ramesside Period, it is possible to determine when the festival in question was celebrated in , BRYAN KRAEMER Robert and Frances the Gregorian calendar. This and other calendrical Fullerton Museum of Art, CSUSB evidence points to a possible reason for the Minmose’s Prayer: The divergent dates in the evidence for the festivals of Osiris that exacerbated over time. Secret Form of Osiris over Abydos and the Timing for Osiris’s Festivals CARL ROBERT WALSH, The Barnes Foundation When was the festival of Osiris at Abydos celebrated? There is a discrepancy in the dates Ensembles and Assemblages: apparent in the evidence. Evidence from the The Egyptian Collection at Middle Kingdom to Saite Period shows that the festival occurred in the first month of the The Barnes Foundation Egyptian calendar: I Akhet 12-24. In contrast, Nestled and dispersed amongst the myriad works evidence from after the Saite Period shows of art in The Barnes Foundation in Philadelphia, that it was celebrated in the fourth month of are a collection of roughly 27 Egyptian objects. the calendar IV Akhet 12-26, the month named Almost none of these objects have been Khoiak. From the later body of evidence comes researched or published. Their authenticity and the name for the festivals of Osiris often found provenance are largely unknown, and purchase in the Egyptological literature, the Khoiak- details are hazy. Most of the objects have flown festival. Although scholars have noticed this under the radar of scholars, perhaps due to calendrical discrepancy and believe a change the disparate way they are displayed in Albert occurred over time, my research is the first to Barnes’s ‘ensembles,’ display compositions offer an explanation for why and when it actually that mix early modern paintings, sculpture, and happened. This talk presents an important text furniture, ethnographic material from Africa, from Abydos for the chronology of the festivals, North America, and Southeast Asia, and objects an inscription from the Ramesside tomb of High from a variety of ancient cultures. Since 2019, Priest of Shu, Minmose. It describes a vision of an ongoing project at the Barnes Foundation Osiris as the constellation Orion rising over a has focused on uncovering the hidden stories specific spot on the cliffs at Abydos. This vision of these Egyptian objects, in considering their happens during a nighttime event which is likely authenticity, their archaeological contexts, part of the festivals of Osiris. By calculating when and their historical biographies. In addition this alignment of Orion with the cliffs at Abydos to presenting some of the initial results of this was visible in the Egyptian calendar during the project, I consider how this small but dynamic collection can be used as a multifaceted assemblage to engage scholars, students, and the public.

25 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 pharaonic features were formed during the Old Kingdom and why. CHANA ALGARVIO, University of Toronto The Evolution of Royal CHARLOTTE ROSE, Independent Scholar Iconography in the Old Kingdom: The King Place of Birth, Place of and His Insignia Worship: Childbirth in

The image of the king is an important subject Ancient Egypt in ancient Egyptian art as it reflects royal and Within scholarship discussing Egyptian birth divine ideology, cultural beliefs, and the evolving practices, there is a larger debate on where narrative of kingship. A key period for examining birth took place and whether certain equipment the development of the king’s image in pharaonic were used for that purpose. Previous research has art is the Old Kingdom (c.2686-2181), yet few discussed specific remains concerning the location studies focus on royal iconography from this of birth, namely birth bricks, stools, New Kingdom period (or in general for that matter). The bulk royal birth scenes, birth arbors, and box-beds. of work on royal art instead concentrates on Likewise, others have focused on textual sources technicalities of royal sculpture and reliefs, and such as the birth story from Papyrus Westcar and how these art forms evolved between dynasties. various records from Deir el-Medina. However, Examining when the characteristic royal attire these approaches had not addressed the subject and motifs seen in the Middle and New Kingdom through a diachronic lens to examine the extent first appeared in the artistic record is vital in of change and continuity of practices through understanding the progression of Egyptian royal time. Given that the period from the Middle (and even divine) ideology, and of equal importance Kingdom (2000-1650 BCE) through the New is understanding the socio-cultural context from Kingdom (1550-1070 BCE) is roughly a thousand which royal insignias were formed to explain years, with significant religious transformations, why they exist. Just as the term ‘multiplicity of a chronological focus is necessary to understand approaches’ was coined to better comprehend the development of popular religion. This Egyptian religion, so too can it be applied to work addresses the location of childbirth in royal iconography as the wide array of symbols ancient Egypt in light of the social and religious associated with the king all collaborate in nature changes during the Middle Kingdom through to reflect the different aspects of kingship, rather the New Kingdom. The imagery associated with than working as mutually exclusive items where childbirth itself contained a mixture of continuity one takes supremacy over the other. This paper and changes built upon previous concepts. In therefore seeks to chronologically examine the particular, the relationship between the bedroom royal iconography of the Old Kingdom by focusing and birth and fertility magic present in Middle on the evolution of royal markers and motifs from Kingdom objects became more pronounced in the sculptures and reliefs of kings from the Third to the fertility iconography of the New Kingdom. the Sixth Dynasty, determining which characteristic Overall, there was a shift away from the apotropaic

26 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 imagery characteristic of Middle Kingdom elites to sound when played and where that sound falls in a less elite female-oriented birth-bed iconography. the spectral field. Simultaneously, since multi- This development may reflect the extent of cultural component design of the instrument would disruption during the Second Intermediate Period, have necessitated more than one production with the lives of regular people less affected than methodology to produce, we aim to demonstrate the elite. how the intended function of an object guides the choices made during the manufacturing process and uncover the hidden aspects of the materials BEST STUDENT PAPER CONTESTANT and production technologies against a social and

CHELSEA KAUFMAN, Johns Hopkins cultural background. University | BENJAMIN DODDY, Loyola University Maryland COURTNEY MARX, ARCE An Experimental Approach Sisters, Sistra, and Sidelocks: to Ancient Egyptian The Religious Role of the Metalworking Amarna Princesses A great deal of attention has been paid to The six daughters of Akhenaten, known ancient Egyptian metal works for their beauty, elegance, and refinery. Serious discussions of collectively as the Amarna princesses, have metal production processes, however, have been received little attention in the academic literature. largely overlooked, perhaps in part because While their representations were ubiquitous the ancient Egyptians leave us with very limited amongst art of the Amarna period, their imagery direct explanations of their metal production has been categorized as merely illustrative of processes beyond sparse, elusory tomb imagery their young age. Our modern understanding and intermittent and enigmatic mythological of the role and category of “children” has allusions. Our research represents a case study unwittingly limited the scope of academic inquiry focusing on loop sistra, or ritual rattles, to illuminate about these young women. While none of the the challenges, processes, and both human and Amarna princesses were older than their mid to material agency behind such works that are only late teenage years at the time of Akhenaten’s accessible through experimental archaeology aided death, the ages of the princesses did not by modern technology. Our experiments mark the invalidate them from performing a vital role within early stages of our ongoing investigations into the Akhenaten’s religious “heresy.” By exploring the materiality of metal production in ancient Egypt. We unique iconography of the Amarna princesses, will present our recreated ancient Egyptian copper- which includes sidelocks and the carrying of alloy loop sistrum alongside video documentation sistra, I argue that they were not mere symbolic illustrating our metalworking experiments and figures, but primary actors in Akhenaten’s investigations into the metallic properties of the religious revolution. My paper places the Amarna ancient instrument to reveal the ways in which the princesses within the context of the changing materials were manipulated to achieve the desired religious environment of the 18th Dynasty.

27 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 During the 18th Dynasty, royal women were Kingdom, is minimal during the Middle Kingdom. taking on religious roles that had traditionally This communication aims to discuss whether been fulfilled by priestesses. The Amarna royal Helck’s account can actually be deduced from women continued this trend during Akhenaten’s the texts of the tombs of the highest officials of reign. Furthermore, the princesses and queen the Oryx province in Beni Hassan since one of the Nefertiti represented the divine female element few instances of this title in the Middle Kingdom, that was lacking within Atenism since there were HAty-a n Mnat-#w=f-w(i), is attested here. Based no goddesses who were the equal of the Aten. on such approach, a re-examination of the The concept of the female duality of mother chronology of these officials will be proposed. and daughter, or more specifically, in the royal context, queen and princess, was comprised by Nefertiti and her daughters in the Amarna period. DANIELLE CANDELORA, SUNY Cortland Theban Bias & the DANIEL GONZÁLEZ LEÓN, “History” of the Second Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB) Intermediate Period The Early Middle Kingdom The history of the Second Intermediate Period, Title HAty-a of Menatkhufu and the Hyksos in particular, has largely

In 1958 W. Helck argued in his Zur Verwaltung been reconstructed from a small corpus of des Mittleren und Neuen Reichs that in the fragmentary texts. Indeed, the most foundational Middle Kingdom there was a process which understanding of Hyksos rule, territory, economic lead the provinces to cease being the territorial policy, and even literacy is founded upon almost administrative units in favour of small entities, two centuries of scholarly interpretation of which was rooted in the First Intermediate Period these same texts. Only in recent decades has due to the territorial fragmentation notable the archaeological record began to contradict during that “turbulent” time. The main authority this narrative, requiring a closer and more would no longer be designated by the title Hry- analytical look at these texts not necessarily as tp aA (n) PROVINCE NAME, but rather HAty-a historical, but as works of literature and biased (n/m) TOWN NAME. In Helck’s opinion, this title propaganda. The aim of this paper is to perform may be shortened to HAty-a and, in this case, that reanalysis employing several literary and always appears before the name of this official; social theories to help discern propaganda this would allow to distinguish it from the old from history. I will also consider the materiality HAty-a of Memphite tradition, which was still in of these texts, including their accessibility and use. He also finds cases where the term HAty-a visibility on the landscape, as well as the loaded is repeated twice in the very same string of implications of their physical settings. Literary titles, one at the beginning and the other before theories such as intertextuality will be used to the name. This interpretation may hardly be examine the influence and interactions of these ascertained because our knowledge of the title texts on one another, providing an explanation HAty-a (n/m) TOWN NAME, unlike for the New for why the textual and archaeological records of

28 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 the Hyksos Period deviate so strongly on certain elements that I will be discussing, in order to points. Finally, I will present reinterpretations clarify the misconception that the emphasis of the of some of this textual corpus – including the Book of Caverns is on punishment. In rectifying Kamose stelae and the Quarrel of Apepi and this misconception, I will be able to present the Seqenenre, which may be more in keeping with Book of Caverns in a new light and demonstrate its the archaeological evidence. emphasis on the Solar-Osirian unity and rebirth.

DAWN POWER, University of Toronto DOGA OZTURK, Independent Scholar The Solar-Osirian Kadriye Hüseyin: Unity and Rebirth in A Forgotten Ottoman- the Book of Caverns Egyptian Intellectual in th The Book of Caverns is classified amongst the Early-20 Century Egypt ‘so-called’ Underworld Books, which deal with the Kadriye Hüseyin was a member of the Egyptian sun god’s nocturnal journey in the Underworld. ruling family and a prolific intellectual whose It appears in the New Kingdom royal tombs of works ranged from history books, essays, and the Ramesside Kings and also in the Osireion of poems, to translations and travelogues, most Seti I at Abydos. The appearance of cauldrons of which she produced in Ottoman Turkish. in the lower registers has led this composition Until very recently, however, Kadriye Hüseyin to be associated with punishment. However, has been largely a forgotten figure within the upon examination of the text and iconography scholarship on both the Ottoman Empire and it became evident that the main emphasis is Egypt. This paper will introduce Kadriye Hüseyin the Solar-Osirian unity and rebirth. The Solar- as a clear representation of the Ottoman cultural Osirian unity requires Re and Osiris to unite in consciousness that continued to flourish in the Underworld, so that Re can be reborn each Egypt in the beginning of the 20th century. morning and Osiris can be rejuvenated each Based primarily on the books that she published night – the best iconographic example appears between 1909 and 1915, it will argue that while in the New Kingdom tomb of Nefertari. Although Kadriye Hüseyin wrote in Ottoman Turkish and this phenomenon is alluded to in religious texts was intellectually nurtured by Ottoman literary and Underworld Books that precede the Book of traditions, such as the genre of “advice literature” Caverns, it is not depicted in them. In the Book of and early Ottoman novels, she was also Caverns the most apparent image pertaining to influenced to a great extent by the intellectual the Solar-Osirian unity consists of an ithyphallic currents that were prevalent in Egypt at the time, Osiris with a sun disk above his erect phallus. most important of them being writing on the However, there are various other images in this biographies of famous women in Islamic history in composition, which allude to this phenomenon an attempt to encourage the advancement of the and contribute to the compositions association status of women in the early-20th century Egypt. with the Solar-Osirian unity and rebirth. It is these Through analyzing Kadriye Hüseyin’s works,

29 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 the paper will situate Egypt firmly within the of 3D photogrammetric daily-life objects inside Ottoman context and demonstrate the cultural the virtual house and the 3D reconstruction of ties that continued to exist between Istanbul furniture fragments from the Karanis collection and Cairo, at a time when Egypt was becoming at the Kelsey Museum of Archeology, Ann Arbor, more autonomous within the Ottoman Empire. Michigan. Incorporating furniture and daily- In so doing, the paper will contribute to the use objects in a spatial storytelling scenario understanding of the history of modern Egypt as helped create a sense of place inside the virtual well as the late Ottoman Empire. environment used for educational purposes. Karanis town, which suffered massive destruction, was excavated in the 1920s by the University EIMAN MOHAMED AHMED ELGEWELY, of Michigan expedition. Karanis finds were Virginia Tech University extensive; today, they are among the collections of different museums in Egypt and the U.S. Virtual Heritage as a Spatial Storyteller: The “Reviving Karanis in 3D” ELAINE SULLIVAN, University of California Santa Cruz Project Case Study Visibility and Ritual Digital technology has significantly contributed to cultural heritage research; its applications extend Landscape at Saqqara from the digitization and 3D documentation of in the New Kingdom existing heritage artifacts and archaeological sites to the 3D reconstruction of lost or damaged The study of ‘sacred landscapes’ asks scholars buildings. However, its role has never been limited to look beyond economic and demographic to being a savior and a revolutionary tool for aspects of the human relationship with the land, preserving cultural heritage. More importantly, and broach questions of how meaning and it helps discover new realities about the built significance were constructed by ancient people. environments. In this presentation, we discuss how An important focus of such studies centers on 3D virtual reconstructed heritage buildings could the material culture of ritual, and how material act as a spatial storyteller of social events and daily forms are especially effective at communicating life scenarios and reveal how the inhabitants used and actively shaping religious ideology. The to interact with the spaces over extended periods archaeological site of Saqqara offers a unique to foster our communication with cultural heritage opportunity to examine how ancient Egyptian and enhance our connection with the past. This royals and elites linked to state governance notion will be discussed through the case study created and perpetuated a sacred funerary of the “Reviving Karanis in 3D” project, which landscape through the built environment. I argue included the 3D virtual reconstruction of a house that royal and elite Egyptians used a number of from the Greco-Roman ancient town of Karanis common strategies to construct sacred landscapes (known today as Kom Aushim) in Fayum, Egypt. at Saqqara (and at other important funerary sites The study also included the re-contextualization across Egypt), and that distinct forms of visibility

30 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 were intentionally enacted or enhanced at Saqqara would have existed within a network of provincial to create a culturally-specific type of elite funerary population centers that were tied to the religio- landscape that reified elite power and connection political capital at Kerma. This Kerma settlement to state and royal cults. In this presentation, I site presents the opportunity to investigate how use a 3D Geographical Information System (GIS) factors of environmental, social, and political change reconstruction model of Saqqara in the New intersect to affect one of the provincial population Kingdom as a locus for hypothesis testing, virtually centers over the course of 1000 years. Our initial placing the scholar within a series of landscapes findings presented here are based on a preliminary no longer possible to experience, in order to site survey in March 2019 and the first survey season investigate specific questions of visibility at the site held in January 2020. ESR4 was first documented by in that time period I conclude visibility played a the Sudan Archaeological Research Society during key role in the formation and structuring of the site the Northern Dongola Reach Survey (Welsby 2001). in the New Kingdom, and that visual links between Our first site visit confirmed evidence of occupation monuments at Saqqara were purposefully from at least the Kerma Ancien (KA) Period (2500- developed because of contemporary religious 2050 BCE), into the Kerma Moyen (KM) Period concepts focused on the power of ritualized sight. (2000-1750 BCE), and through the Kerma Classique (KC) Period (1750-1500 BCE). Occupation may have continued into the period of New Kingdom ELIZABETH MINOR, Wellesley College | Egyptian colonization (1500-800 BCE) or beyond. SARAH M. SCHELLINGER, The Ohio State University BEST STUDENT PAPER CONTESTANT Introducing Es-Selim R4: A ELLA KAREV, University of Chicago Kerma Period Settlement in “Mark Them with My Mark”: the Northern Dongola Reach The Question of Slave The ancient Sudanese settlement site of Es- Branding in Egypt Selim R4 (ESR4) is located in the Northern Dongola Reach, in which the wide floodplain was This paper analyses the Aramaic and Egyptian braided with Nile palaeochannels, supporting (Demotic/Hieroglyphic) textual evidence related a dense network of Kerma Period settlements to the practice of branding slaves/servants in (Welsby 2001). The overall development of Late Period Egypt, ultimately concluding that Nubian settlements during the Kerma Period is the Aramaic terminology of the period refers currently known through limited archaeological to branding—not tattooing, as previously examples, concentrated in political centers in suggested. Aramaic documents from the Late the Dongola region. The longest sequence of Period in Egypt often refer to an enslaved Kerma settlement development is at the city individual being “marked”; in translation, there of Kerma, which captures the complexity of a is the choice to be made between “branding” religious and political capital along with residential and “tattooing”. Aramaic and Egyptian seem sectors (Bonnet 2014, 2006). The ESR4 residents to differ in the solutions they imply: Egyptian

31 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 Aramaic references to slaves marked with l- of Egyptian imperialism. Akhenaten constructed (‘belonging to’) and the owner’s name seem to temples at the sites of Soleb, Sesebi, Dokki Gel, be too complex for a branding iron, and support and Gebel Barkal. These temples are evidence the translation of ‘tattoo’, whereas Demotic of the rapid development and spread the Aten Egyptian cattle sale documents indicate that cult into Nubia during Akhenaten’s reign, aiding certain ones are marked (wš) and provide a imperialist policies. Akhenaten’s successors, description of some of these marks, parallel particularly Horemheb, went to great lengths to to the modern practice of cattle branding. destroy, deface, and disassemble his temples in Although contemporary evidence is sparse, Egypt after the Amarna Revolution. In contrast, archaeological and textual pharaonic evidence— the heretic king’s temples in Nubia survived including a visual depiction of human branding relatively intact until the Rameside period, and possible examples of branding irons— despite evidence of Horemheb’s building works suggests that branding is a well-known practice in the region. This paper argues that Akhenaten’s by the time of the Late Period. Bearing in mind temples in Nubia reinforced geopolitical the use of branding as an indication of ownership, boundaries of Egyptian imperial control while the evidence of tattooing as a cultic practice, and expanding the Amarna Revolution’s influence the etymology and usage of the Aramaic terms, outside of Egypt. By examining how Akhenaten’s this paper will propose that the body mutilation successors responded to his temples in Nubia practiced in Egypt on slaves, and therefore a more in the aftermath of the Amarna Revolution, this accurate translation of the Aramaic terminology, is paper also argues the continued significance of ‘brand’ rather than ‘tattoo’. these temples to Egyptian imperial control in Nubia during the collapse of the 18th dynasty.

ELLA MCCAFFERTY WRIGHT, University of Cambridge EMANUEL FIANO, Fordham University Akhenaten’s Temples Shenoute’s “Rhetorical in Nubia: Evidence for Ventriloquism:” Citational Revolution and Imperialism Practices in Discourses 4,6-9

On the Periphery of Empire This study focuses on the liberal use of citations Scholars have claimed that due to Akhenaten’s of himself and other contemporaneous characters intense focus on revolutionizing Egyptian made by Shenoute of Atripe in four of his state religion, he failed to maintain Egyptian homilies (Discourses 4, 6-9). These Discourses policies of imperialism. While Akhenaten may are collectively introduced by the section not have led a multitude of campaigns like heading “Discourses in the presence of some earlier warrior kings of the 18th dynasty, this dignitaries who came to him with their retinues”. trend in scholarship has failed to recognize that However, with one exception, the Discourses Akhenaten’s construction of temples in Egypt’s under this heading are not actually addressed periphery, particularly in Nubia, was another form to a dignitary. They constitute, rather, the

32 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 reporting to a different audience about words thrones of both statues appear to have been Shenoute allegedly pronounced in the presence uninscribed but for one royal name on the plinth of officials at previous times. Moreover, they beside the king’s right foot. Reisner also found contain in turn further citations from previous in the pyramid temple a group of inscribed verbal exchanges Shenoute had had with other alabaster fragments with royal titulary (again, in actors. The use of citations from oneself or others MFA) that in his 1931 publication, Mycerinus, the was a rhetorical figure long codified in rhetorical Temples of the Third Pyramid at Giza, he oddly manuals. Depending on the ancient taxonomy linked to the under life-size statue. This paper and conceptualization adopted, Shenoute’s – with the aid of digital drawings of the titulary insertion of reported dialogue into his homilies fragments’ worked surfaces – shows that most qualifies either as dialogism (sermocinatio, of the fragments, plus others with only a “Giza” διάλογος) or as impersonation (προσωποποιία). provenance, probably came from the front and But Shenoute’s “voice games” are particularly back panels of a throne that was part of, not an interesting, among other reasons, because of under life-size seated statue, as Reisner thought, his repeated thematization of the significance of but a lost colossus (or colossi) that, unlike the each situation of utterance (aimed at granting Boston example, was fully inscribed. An eye him control over the different addressees of his and nose, plus a toe and uraeus, had already allocution at different times) and of his tendency signalled the existence of at least one more to embed into the reports other literary devices colossus. These titulary fragments may clinch that such as “question-and-answer” riddles (allowing finding, while further demonstrating that seated him to pose as an expert). By elucidating colossi, like all of Menkaure’s major statue types – through rhetorical, stylistic, and narratological greywacke triads and dyads, and alabaster seated tools these and other features of Discourses 4, statues – were made in multiples. The original 6-9, this paper aims at furthering understanding plan for how the colossi were installed was of Shenoutian textuality. perhaps never realized, but I will suggest what that plan might have been “on paper”– and why.

FLORENCE FRIEDMAN, Brown University, Dept of Egyptology and Assyriology FRANCESCO IGNAZIO DE MAGISTRIS, Oxford University Evidence Suggesting an Inscribed Colossus Sumur and Kumidi for Menkaure as Egyptian Centres in the late 18th dynasty While excavating Menkaure’s Fourth Dynasty pyramid temple at Giza, George Andrew Reisner In the written sources dated at the late 18th identified remains of two alabaster seated statues dynasty the Egyptian presence in the Lebanon is of the king, one under life-size, whose torso is mainly represented by the two centres of Sumur in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, and one (Tell Kazel) and Kumidi (Kamid el-Loz), which colossal, now restored and also in the MFA. The appear to have had a convoluted and correlated

33 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 history. This presentation will argue that Kumidi with EMOTION as target domain in Egyptian was transformed into an Egyptian garrison and providing examples of linguistic and visual centre when Sumur was first lost to Abdi-Aširta actualization of these mappings, whether they of Amurru, and eventually replaced it when the are based on similarity (metaphor) or contiguity centre was lost again to Abdi-Aširta’s son Aziru. (metonymy/meronymy) relations; (3) addressing It will do so by analysing the Amarna and Kumidi the difficulties inherent to metaphor studies corpora in two ways. The history of each of the in the case of a dead language, coupled with two centres in the written documents at our consequent cultural and diachronic gaps; (4) disposal is first discussed, with the objective showing the relevance of a multidisciplinary study of finding a relative diachronic succession of from both the Egyptological and the linguistic the events and “hook” it to the known and perspective. The presentation will be structured documented northern chronology. Then, the as follows: after a brief theoretical introduction, “Proximity factors” of each of the two centres – I shall show how classifiers can be useful for their areas of influence inside the Egyptian Levant metaphor identification on a large corpus and, at – are discussed, to show that in both the later the same time, for the study of lexical semantics in Amarna and Kumidi corpora, Kumidi appears to diachrony. The second part of the presentation will have replaced Sumur as the main Egyptian centre be dedicated to compound expressions based on in the Lebanon. the personification of the heart (jb and HAty) and to translation issues.

GAELLE CHANTRAIN, Yale University GARY GREENBERG, Conceptual classification Biblical Archaeology Society of New York and figurative language in Towards a Theory of Egypt’s Ancient Egyptian: the case God-king Chronology of emotion expression Ancient Egypt’s only known multi-dynasty As in many world languages, the expression chronologies, the Turin Canon of Kings (c. 12th of abstract concepts in ancient Egyptian relies century B.C.E.) and Manetho’s Aegyptiaca (c. 3rd in a great degree on the use of figurative century B.C.E.), indicate that the First Dynasty language. The theoretical frame of this study is was preceded by a long list of god-kings with based on the conceptual metaphor theory. It assigned lengths of reign. Unfortunately, the Turin is conceived as a corpus-based study and aims Canon papyrus is very badly damaged in this at (1) demonstrating how the characteristics of section and many of the god names and much of the reorganized classifier system in the New the associated chronology are either damaged or Kingdom allow for its use as complementary missing. As to Manetho’s history, his original text tool to the MIPVU method (http://www.vismet. is lost and what we know about this time frame org/metcor/documentation/MIPVU.html) for a was preserved in wildly inconsistent versions systematic metaphor identification; (2) identifying preserved by several Christian scribes several cases of conceptual mappings that can be found centuries later who took great liberties with

34 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 Manetho’s chronology and who explained why Intermediate Period with the iconography from they made many changes to what Manetho wrote. contemporary tombs questions the original interpretation. The study of texts and images, This paper introduces the theory that behind as well as artefacts, all of the same period, these two chronological texts stands a systematic seems to confirm the unfunded reading of the unfolding of the Theban Creation theology with sign as a bandage. A new understanding of lengths of reign based on solar, lunar and stellar cycles, and that this data can be recovered by the determinative leads to a new interpretation tracing error patterns in the Manetho sources. of the word “wt” and, by extension, of the As an introduction to the thesis, this paper functions of the of the so-called embalmer in the will focus on the Manetho texts and (1) outline Old Kingdom. several arithmetic errors made by the scribes who passed on the manuscripts, (2) demonstrate several interpretive errors by the redactors that HALA MOSTAFA, Ain Shams University led to erroneous data being used in the various Manetho sources, and (3) offer one major new Unique Scenes on the Coffin insight as to what the redactors misunderstood, Set of Hori (21st Dynasty) which, when placed in context, will provide the key to unlocking the chronological and sequential The unpublished Coffin Set of Hori was found in arrays and explain the various inconsistencies in the Cache of Bab el-Gasus and it it exhibited in the Manetho sources. the Egyptian museum, Cairo, JE 29619. Hori is the son of the High Priest of Amun Menkheperre, thus he is a member of the ruling family in GAULTIER MOURON, Université de Genève Thebes during the 21st Dynasty, he held nine titles referring to his prestigious political and The determinative of the religious rank. The Coffin Set of Hori is unique wt-priest a “mummy-cloth”? as it is the only 21st Dynasty Coffin consisting of A band-aid solution! three coffins; the outer coffin, the inner coffin and innermost coffin replacing the usual mummy From its earliest attestations, the word for cover; imitating kings’ coffins, in addition to it is “embalmer” (wt) is usually determined by an the only coffin set showing the deceased holding oblong ellipse. For almost a century, it has been royal insignias; HeqA and Nekhekh scepters, generally accepted that the sign represents it is also unique in its layout as the elbows are a “bandage” or a “mummy-cloth”, after A. stretched out of the lids’ borders, and finally its Gardiner’s V38 sign. The wt-priest being mostly distinguished scenes with royal and deifications interpreted as the embalmer, the practitioner attributes, such as royal formulae, and the scene of the mummification, the reading of the are distributed as a narrative subsequence of his determinative makes perfect sense up to that journey starting by his embalming and followed point. Nevertheless, a confrontation of the sign’s by him passing the gates of the netherworld, then forms and its evolution from the earliest dynasties he is united with Osiris to be identified with him to the end of the Old Kingdom and the First later and finally his resurrection.

35 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 HANA NAVRATILOVA, HEATHER LEE MCCARTHY, University of Reading/University of Oxford New York University Epigraphical Expedition to the Ramesses II Temple at Abydos Pyramid of Senwosret The Mystery of the III, Dahshur, in the New Unnamed Princess in Kingdom - updates the Tomb of Bint-Anath New Kingdom finds in the pyramid precincts of Abusir (for instance Sahure, but also Niuserre QV 71, the tomb of Bint-Anath, the eldest and Khentkaus II), Saqqara (for instance Djoser, daughter and great royal wife of Ramesses II, is Djedkare, Pepi I, Pepi II), and Dahshur (Senwosret located on the north flank of the Valley of the III) include objects as well as inscriptions. They Queens. As with all other Ramesside queens’ indicate a complex interplay of intellectual and tombs in the valley, QV 71 is relatively large and possesses a rich, complex decorative program material interests in the Old and Middle Kingdom that reinforces the tomb’s cosmographic value monuments. Diverse categories of artefacts as the deceased royal woman’s netherworld (secondary epigraphy, pottery – comprising landscape. However, unlike these other tombs, wine jars –, ostraca, faience, and other small which are adorned with programs depicting finds) are attested in the precinct of Senwosret the tomb owner alone amongst the gods, QV III at Dahshur, making it a suitable case study. 71 represents another human being along The secondary epigraphy attests to changing with the deceased queen. This person is an perceptions and practices concerned with the unnamed princess, who is shown twice in QV site, and eventually to the commodification of the 71’s sarcophagus chamber. The presence of spaces and structures of the pyramid complex, this figure in the tomb has led some scholars whose multiple roles evidently included a place to speculate that she represents a daughter of cult, and of personal piety, alongside personal of Ramesses II and his daughter-wife Bint- commemoration. However, none of the New Anath, a notion that, while possible, is far from Kingdom conceptualizations had prevented the conclusively proven and not the only explanation ultimate depletion of the pyramid complex, and for her depiction in the decorative program. In its fine limestone. In the Ramesside period, the this paper, I will describe and present a critical once visited and venerated pyramid precinct analysis of the two scenes showing the unnamed turned into a convenient limestone quarry (as did princess in QV 71 with the aim of presenting other pyramid complexes in the Memphite area), alternative interpretations of the figure’s identity but without losing its exceptional status of a and function within the tomb’s netherworld culturally, and particularly devotionally, significant landscape. To this end, I will focus on scene location. The paper sketches a life of a pyramid content, composition, and layout; the texts complex, proposing the object biography as a associated with each scene, particularly captions functional approach. describing each royal woman’s titles and epithets; the royal regalia worn by the princess and by

36 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 Bint-Anath; and the relationship of the two figures diffraction analysis (XRD) were applied. Pigments to each other and to the deities in each scene. of Egyptian blue (cuprorivaite, CaCuSi4O10), a synthetic pigment was first appeared at ca. 2600 BC, green earth (Fe-rich clay minerals), red ocher, HUSSEIN HASSAN MAREY MAHMOUD, yellow ocher, and carbon black were identified. Department of Conservation, Faculty of Moreover, a darker green tone was produced Archaeology, Cairo University through mixing portions of green earth, Egyptian blue and carbon black. Unexpectedly, the results Pigments from Ptolemaic have identified the preparation layer as calcium mural paintings in Upper carbonate (calcite polymorph). The obtained results will provide a comprehensive data of some Egypt: archaeometric inorganic pigments used in the Ptolemaic era. remarks

In ancient Egypt, natural and synthetic pigments Eastern Kentucky University were used for decorating different monuments JACKIE JAY, and objects. In the Ptolemaic era (ca. 305–30 Resuscitating the BC), the ancient artists used almost the same pigments used during the Pharaonic periods. “Democratization of the However, moderate modifications in the Afterlife”: A Reevaluation chromatic palette were reported. This era witnessed the application of pigments that Once a truism in Egyptology, the concept of a were not common in ancient Egypt such as “democratization of the afterlife” has in recent cinnabar (mercury sulfide), basic lead carbonate years come under scrutiny. Mark Smith and (hydrocerussite) and green earth. Also, an Harold Hays have been among the most intense interesting feature of mixing pigments together critics to argue against the notion that prior to was used to produce green hues. Worthy to a “democratization” in the late Old Kingdom report that the analytical methods used to there was a sharp separation between royal and characterize the ancient materials should be non-royal conceptualizations of the afterlife. micro or non-destructive. Recently in some Their arguments have a great deal of value, archaeological sites Upper Egypt, a unique presenting a persuasive case that from the earliest Ptolemaic-era tomb was discovered. The periods both groups desired transfiguration into microscopic characteristics of fallen painted an akh (“effective spirit”) existing in a celestial fragments in the tomb were observed via digital afterlife, with both groups using the same spells optical microscope. The surface morphology to bring about this end. However, while belief and micro-analysis of pigment grains were and aspiration may not have changed, this paper tested using a field-emission scanning electron will emphasize the fact that important changes microscope-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry did occur in terms of what members of the Old (FE-SEM/EDX). For mineral identification, means Kingdom elite were permitted to display in their of micro-Raman spectroscopy (µ-Raman), Fourier funerary monuments. Where non-royal tomb transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray decoration of the Fourth Dynasty portrays an

37 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 afterlife existence exclusively in the tomb and possess the rare overlap of detailed ceramics and surrounding necropolis, tombs of the Fifth Dynasty small finds analyses, an archaeobotanical report, begin to make explicit reference to the deceased’s and substantial qualitative information about journey to the Field of Offerings/Reeds. I will culinary installations. Collectively, this data allows argue that this removal of the divide between for an extensive discussion of the nature of identity belief and display is a shift so significant it can expression during a particularly charged period of justifiably be labeled a “democratization of the Egyptian imperial history, when the disintegration afterlife.” of the New Kingdom empire made the expression of an Egyptian identity or cultural affiliation a significant–and potentially fraught–investment. JACOB C DAMM, University of California, Los Angeles JEAN REVEZ, Identity at Empire’s End: Université du Québec à Montréal Foodways and Cultural Making use of 19th Century Practice at a 12th Century photographs to relocate BCE Beth Shean columns inside the Hypostyle The presence of Egyptian material culture in the Hall at Karnak southern Levant during the Late Bronze Age (c. 1550 – 1125 BCE) has been interpreted either By the time the dust had settled in 1899, in the as signifying the presence of ethnic Egyptians immediate aftermath of the collapse of no fewer as part of the imperial apparatus or as evidence than eleven columns inside the northern half for local Canaanites emulating their Egyptian of the Hypostyle Hall at Karnak, close to a third overlords. Recent scholarship has tended to of the columns in this section of the monument highlight the large body of locally-produced, lay in pieces on the ground (if one adds the low-prestige Egyptian-style ceramics as direct nine other columns that had fallen prior to this evidence for the presence of ethnic Egyptians, with catastrophe). Georges Legrain, then director at the the proportional breakdown of Egyptian-style and site, courageously took on the task of re-erecting Levantine ceramics serving as the main metric for most of the fallen columns. Today, we are largely evaluating the presence and interactions of these indebted to him for clearing the Hall of the debris identity groups. However, these proportions are it contained and for consolidating the foundations subject to several quantitative and depositional of the columns. In a previous lecture given at caveats that problematize their utility as an index ARCE, we were able to show that incongruities into identity negotiation. This paper seeks to in the decoration on some of the columns meant nuance these figures by exploring foodways that some individual drums had not been put practices at the domestic level, which are regarded back in their original location. The work carried as a much more constructive lens into identity. The out during the past three seasons (2017-2019) domestic contexts from Beth Shean’s strata S-4 by the joint University of Québec in Montreal and S-3 will be examined in this capacity, as they and University of Memphis epigraphic mission at

38 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 Karnak has confirmed these findings. With the help and this Ibrim graffito was never mentioned in of photographic archives dating back to Legrain subsequent discussions of Taharqo’s “way of and sometimes even before his time, we can prove cattle.” The Ibrim graffito necessarily affects that three entire columns were rebuilt in the wrong interpretation of the other three: despite nearly place; one of them was built some forty meters identical content, it is located more than 100 km away from its original place, while two others were south of them and on the opposite side of the made up of blocks belonging to several columns river. Comparison of the four graffiti also reveals now standing elsewhere inside the Hall. some distinctive scribal practices that would characterize Kushite literacy throughout the Napatan period. JEREMY POPE, The College of William & Mary JESSICA ELISABET KAISER, University On the Road Again: of California Berkeley | NORA SHALABY, A New Inscription from Humboldt University Berlin | AYMAN MOHAMED DAMARANY, American Taharqo’s “Way of Cattle” Research Center Egypt | LISSETTE MARIE In the early twentieth century, Arthur Weigall JIMENEZ, San Francisco State University discovered two nearly identical graffiti carved Culture and Politics in into boulders near the Khor Hanush and Tafa on the west bank of the Lower Nubian Nile, Heritage Management: both containing five lines of hieroglyphic text The Abydos Temple with reference to a “way of cattle” and dated to the third month of Inundation in Taharqo’s Archives Ledgers nineteenth regnal year. In 1959, Fritz Hintze The Abydos Temple Paper Archives (ATPA), a published a third graffito from Ambarkab that UC Berkeley affiliated project, centers around a bore the same date and content. Subsequent recently discovered historical archive containing analyses by Wolf (1990), Dallibor (2005), and documents from the Egyptian Antiquities Pope (2014) have debated the purpose of Service related to the heritage management Taharqo’s three Lower Nubian graffiti: did they of the site of Abydos and surrounding areas, commemorate the movement of Kushite armies from approximately 1850 through the 1960s. in their conflicts with the Assyrians, or did the Our current line of research explores the effects graffiti simply mark a local footpath for the that growing Egyptian nationalism had on the transport of cattle? Yet it seems that discussions administration of cultural heritage. In the century of these three graffiti have missed a crucial leading up to independence, Egyptians struggled piece of evidence. During a 1988 regional survey with both political and cultural colonization. of Qasr Ibrim, Mark Horton’s team discovered, Starting in the first decade of the 20th century, photographed, and transcribed a fourth graffito they had resolved to use the spoils of the latter again mentioning Taharqo’s “way of cattle,” but to defeat the former. In 1912, a new set of no translation of the text was ever published, antiquities laws were unveiled, which tightened

39 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 the Service’s control over archaeological permits Wissahickon Valley of Philadelphia proclaiming and the antiquities trade and limited the reach Johannes Kelpius as “the Magister of the first of foreign interests in the realm of heritage Rosicrucian AMORC colony in America,” and management. To explore the impact these events included on the marker are the cartouches of had on the Sohag administration and beyond, we the 18th Dynasty king Thutmose III. This talk are currently analyzing antiquities office ledgers will examine why the Rosicrucians link their that record all the matters handled in the office “Mystery Schools” to Thutmose III, incorporating during the years 1900-1925, as well as several discussions with modern-day Rosicrucians, as well museum ledgers from the same time period. By as members of the Philadelphia-based Kelpius analyzing the broader categories of the ledger Society, whose 17th century founder Johannes entries over time, we can identify systemic Kelpius, is viewed as man who first brought changes in excavation, legal matters, personnel, Rosicrucianism to the U.S. and antiquities trade issues local inspectors and museum staff dealt with, and connect these changes to contemporary political and cultural JOVANA ZAGORAC, Yale University trends. This paper will present the latest results of ongoing research, and discuss the insights it In Search of Lost Time: can provide on the history of Egyptology from an An Astronomical View Egyptian perspective. of Ancient Egyptian Star Clocks JJ SHIRLEY, Journal of Egyptian History/ Though the Ancient Egyptians had a rich JARCE/Chapters Council relationship with the night sky, their use Exploring the connections of observational data remains shrouded in mystery. One common vestige of the Egyptians’ between Thutmose III, astronomical data is in diagonal star tables: painted Johannes Kelpius, and grids with an astronomical theme found in funerary Rosicrucianism contexts, dating primarily to the Middle Kingdom and containing names of stars and constellations, This talk will explore the relationship between called decans (Symons et al., 2013). According to such disparate persons as Thutmose III, a 17th the Book of Nut, these decans perform an annual century German pietist, and latter-day followers cycle of actions, which led Neugebauer and Parker of Rosicrucianism. While the connection (1960) to classify them as timekeeping devices, between the Rosicrucians and ancient Egypt is equation the action of being “born” (ms) with relatively well-known, and their museum in San heliacally rising (or rising at sunrise). This theory Jose holds a significant Egyptian collection, is not without observational challenges, however, less is understood about why the Rosicrucians and has not been successful in identifying the trace their origins back to ancient Egypt, majority of decans by their modern asterism. and particularly to Thutmose III. In 1964 the In 2003, Conman claimed to have ameliorated Rosicrucian Order erected a marker in the contradictions in the model by instead equating

40 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 “born” with the acronycal rise (or rise at sunset) in mortuary access, as evinced by the ubiquity of the decans; however, this model has not been of Coffin Texts in the First Intermediate Period widely accepted in the field. My aim is to test and Middle Kingdom. To the contrary, both Hays these interpretations by mapping the motion of (2011) and Smith (2009) argue that this “ubiquity” known decans using precise coordinates from my is reflective not of a change in religious belief, Python based-code, Decan-O.py, which relies but instead a change in fashion (Hays) or practice on the same stellar coordinate calculations as (Smith). Notably, both refute that this change is modern telescopes. By mapping known decans’ reflective of greater demographic access. I push motion and making reasonable assumptions back against this latter conclusion, arguing that about the actions the decans perform, we can there was an “opening” of mortuary benefaction begin to reconstruct the so-called “decanal in the late Old Kingdom concurrent to a decline in belt” of asterisms named in diagonal star tables, the king’s religious centrality, evinced though not and possibly even correlate Egyptian and Greek by Coffin Texts but by cults to distinguished and star names for a modern version of an ancient deified dead and a restructuring of mortuary access stargazing practice. communicated in part by the imakhu kher formula.

, JULIA TROCHE, Missouri State University JUSTINE GALAMBUS University of South Florida, Indiana, University | EDMUND Imakhu kher and MELTZER, Pacifica Graduate Institute the “Democratization Ebers Papyrus No. 200: of the Afterlife” A Case for Acute Pancreatitis In this paper, I assert the imakhu kher (jmAx.w and the Challenges of xr) formula (among other things) communicates the king’s centrality as mortuary benefactor in Ancient Medical Translation the early Old Kingdom. I further argue that this Ancient Egyptian medical texts pose unique same formula, in Dynasties V-VI, can be mobilized challenges to translation secondary to the as evidence in support of expanding mortuary ambiguity of anatomical terms, the alternate access. I show that non-royal dead in the Old application of otherwise well-defined words, and Kingdom had access to an afterlife, but that the use of words for which there is no accepted the full benefits and privileges of this afterlife definition, particularly medicines, herbs, and were restricted, and their granting was primarily specific disease names. Moreover, the text often recorded by various formulae, which elucidates limits or omits a full patient history and physical changes in mortuary access. In doing so, this exam, which are critical for diagnosis in modern paper offers updated insights into the refuted medicine. Thus, a definitive diagnosis can be phenomenon known as “democratization of the challenging to deduce and the limited translations afterlife.” The democratization of the afterlife of these texts lead to the propagation of erroneous theory relates the decline in Egyptian kingship at interpretations. The Ebers Papyrus is one of the end of the Old Kingdom with an expansion several ancient Egyptian texts detailing medical

41 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 knowledge and prescriptions. Within this text, an Chiefs/Elders” (wr.w MDAy.w) and enumerates example that captures the challenges of medical food given to them. In reinterpreting this text, translation is Ebers Papyrus No. 200, which was I argue that the Medjay were pastoral nomads suggested to describe tuberculous spondylitis per who came to the palace to receive a payment a 1937 translation. Unfortunately, this diagnosis is for work done as itinerant laborers. They likely often repeated without consideration of text or never met with the king nor had an impact on the likelihood of this condition. Upon review of a historic event. Scholars have overvalued the this prescription, with consideration to its context importance of this record because the ancient within the papyrus, an alternate diagnosis of acute scribe did something misleading: he used a pancreatitis is suggested. Namely, four relevant bureaucratically approved scribal format with diagnostic criteria are described in the case: pain titular terms and social labels that were standard in the abdomen or chest, pain referred to the for his bureaucratic mindset. As historians, we back, possible association with a bite or sting, and are seeing these Medjay through the Egyptian spontaneous resolution within a few days. These scribe’s eyes, but their real social organization criteria heavily favor a self-limited disease like and purpose were likely different. By parsing of acute pancreatitis over the chronic and debilitating texts and applying comparative knowledge of tuberculous spondylitis. the Medjay and palace practices at that time, we can more accurately understand the Medjay social organization and this particular encounter with the Egyptian palace bureaucracy. KATE LISZKA, California State University, San Bernardino

Eight Medjay Walk into KATHERINE DAVIS, University of Michigan a Palace: Bureaucratic Philology, Literacy and Categorization and Cultural Superiority: Cultural Mistranslation Attitudes toward Language of Peoples in Contact in Early Egyptology

Papyrus Boulaq 18 is a daybook account from the The disciplinary history of Egyptology is Egyptian palace of the 13th dynasty. Scattered deeply entwined with language and writing. among miscellaneous entries, it records an Yet as scholars have increasingly reexamined encounter between palace bureaucrats and the assumptions and intellectual aims of early peoples from the Eastern Desert called the Egyptology, the history of Egyptian philology has Medjay. Scholars have previously understood received less attention. During the nineteenth the interaction to be of the highest importance century, the field of philology established with an international delegation, perhaps in frameworks for analyzing the origins of preparation for upcoming wars. The scribe who languages, their development and their internal wrote Papyrus Boulaq 18 calls the leaders of structure while also linking such analyses to the people who come to the palace “Medjay notions of cultural superiority. Language—in

42 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 terms of its grammatical structure, as well as its Associations of the term with specific towns, perceived mastery by a particular society—acted such as Coptos and Heliopolis, do not fall into as a metric for classifying cultures and ancient either of these categories. Frequently translated Egypt was no exception. This paper looks at how as ‘district,’ the relationships between a waret of nineteenth and early twentieth century ideas a given town, the area around it, and its nome about the ancient Egyptian language tied into remains unresolved. Attestations are limited, larger arguments about “civilization,” intellectual geographically scattered, and date to both ability and race. I trace the linguistic relationships the early and late Middle Kingdom, presenting and boundaries that early Egyptologists like additional challenges. This paper will examine Richard Lepsius and Adolf Erman, as well as those “waret” in relation to settlements, its problematic outside of Egyptology, drew between Egypt and translation, and its administrative use. A better its neighbors (Greece, Mesopotamia, Libya and understanding of the term in these “local” Nubia). I also consider how script type (including contexts adds clarity to its use elsewhere and has the development of the alphabet) and the implications for the administration of labor and perception of scribal competence formed another geographic areas in both Egypt and Nubia. axis for situating ancient Egypt within the history of the written world. LAURA RANIERI, Ancient Egypt Alive Your Pharaoh’s Moustache: KATHRYN BANDY, Independent Scholar A Brief Discussion District Administration? of the Moustache in Warets in the Middle Kingdom Old Kingdom Art The translation of Egyptian administrative units has long complicated the study of the The ubiquitous appearance of small moustaches on some of the tomb reliefs and statuary of Middle Kingdom administrative system. the Old Kingdom have long been noticed, but Words for different types of districts, fields, seldom a subject of scholarly study. Although storehouses, and towns insert additional levels of clearly visible on representations of individuals administrative complexity. of different classes, from kings to workers, this Among these, waret (war.t) is particularly element of facial hair style, the moustache, has not intriguing. Its usage ranges from identifying received any in-depth analysis or publication to groups of specialized craftsmen to territorial date. Why do we find the moustache exclusively sections of the Nile Valley. Warets of craftsmen in the art of the Old Kingdom, mainly from 3rd include draftsmen, goldworkers, and stone through 6th dynasties? Can the moustache and its workers, and are often translated as ‘guild’ or different styles be categorized, and what does its ‘section.’ Warets of geographic areas can be well- appearance and evolution tell us about the kings, defined, the Waret of the Head of the South, or nobles, workers and art styles during this era of more relative, the Northern and Southern Warets, Egyptian history? This brief discussion seeks to and are often translated as ‘district’ or ‘section.’ show how the presence of moustaches in the Old

43 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 Kingdom is unique to this period, and can serve Karnak, with Amun and his syncretized forms as an important window into the artistic styles, accounting for the vast majority of erasable terms socio-economic climate, personal care practices, in this catalogue. It appears that Amun was the beliefs, technologies, and virile character of unambiguous target of the erasure campaign, the era. Based on research conducted for a while divine plurality faced marginal persecution. University of Toronto graduate paper in 2016, I My analysis of Amarna Period name changes cite statuary itself and reference scholarly works suggests that the Atenist iconoclasm began of Reisner, Tassie, Russman and others. My aim before the Aten’s final didactic name change, is to document where moustaches appear, how most likely between Akhenaten’s years 5 and 9. the style changes, how they are used by different Lastly, I consider who the Atenists might have classes of individuals, and what their appearance been and what skills they needed to carry out might say about the art, life and beliefs in Old their agenda. This project aims to provide a Kingdom Egypt. better understanding of the erasure campaign and to dispel some of the old misconceptions of Akhenaten’s iconoclasm. LAURA TARONAS, Harvard University The Amarna Period and LINDA EVANS, Macquarie University | the Politics of Iconoclasm PHILIP WEINSTEIN, University of Adelaide in Ancient Egypt Dragonflies in Old Kingdom The campaign to erase the names and images art? Interpretations of some of Egypt’s traditional deities during and implications Akhenaten’s reign is one of the few key elements of the Amarna Period that Egyptologists have yet The Egyptology literature often refers to the to treat on depth in order to better understand presence of ‘dragonflies’ in Egyptian tomb the phenomenon. This paper is the product scenes, but is this identification accurate? of my dissertation research, which explores Many of the creatures labelled as such are which elements are erased — and with what morphologically incorrect, displaying antennae frequency — from portable objects that are now and/or legs that are too long, bulbous abdomens, housed in museums and private collections. and/or extra wings. Despite these anomalies, The objects in the resulting catalogue range in some images do indeed resemble dragonflies, date from the First Intermediate Period to the especially those found in tomb scenes in later early years of Akhenaten’s reign and come from periods. Here we present the first known thirty-seven different sites from Egypt, Nubia, identification of a dragonfly nymph (the insects’ and the Sinai Peninsula (with of course several pre-adult, larval stage) in an Old Kingdom objects of unknown provenance). I recorded the scene at Saqqara, which reveals Egyptian erasure of twenty-two separate terms including knowledge and close observation of the insects. the names and images of various deities, Furthermore, while butterflies appear early in the references to divine plurality, and references to artistic record, ‘dragonflies’ are not represented

44 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 in marsh scenes until the late 5th Dynasty, thus A full textual study of the ostracon came to corresponding with a period of environmental a halt with the unfortunate passing of Polish change in Egypt that was marked by unusually Egyptologist, Jan Winnicki. Demoticists who low Nile floods. The warm, stagnant backwaters aspire to continue Winnicki’s work face many that resulted from the changed river conditions challenges. As COVID-19 made it impossible to will have encouraged a substantial increase in the collate the ostracon in-person, we employed two range and quantity of common marsh insects, black-and-white photographs (Wysocki, 1985, pl. II) such as mayflies, damselflies, mosquitoes, for deciphering the text. Our reading confirms that and dragonflies. We propose that heightened the letter was sent by a woman regarding issues awareness of these insects in the late 5th Dynasty of pregnancy and birth. However, our translation led to the introduction of the ‘dragonfly’ motif challenges a number of previous assumptions. We and that it likely represents a composite image then compare the Polish ostracon with three other that incorporates the features of a range of Theban ostraca dated to the Ptolemaic period, hovering, fast-moving insects that are reliably which are oracular cures issued by Amenhotep, found near water. The humble ‘dragonfly’ thus son of Hapu. The textual differences between the offers us unexpected insights into changing Polish ostracon and these other Theban ostraca environmental conditions during the Old further suggest that the former is unlikely to be a Kingdom period and the impact of animals on letter to Amenhotep, son of Hapu. Egyptian cultural expression.

LORELEI H CORCORAN, LINGXIN ZHANG, Johns Hopkins University | University of Memphis , RICHARD JASNOW Johns Hopkins University “Got Pearls?” Costume A fertility petition to as an Indicator of Elite Amenhotep, son of Hapu? Status in Mummy Portraits —Reconsidering the polish from Roman Egypt ostracon from Deir el-Bahari The subjects of the mummy portraits from Roman This presentation re-examines a limestone Egypt display the elaborate hairstyles, luxurious ostracon with a lengthy Demotic text discovered clothing and ostentatious jewelry (specifically by the Polish-Egyptian mission in the 1980s. for the women, necklaces and earrings adorned The ostracon was found in the niche of the bark with precious “gems”) popular among the room at Hatshepsut’s temple at Deir el-Bahari. well-to-do throughout the Roman Empire. A It was first described as a woman’s letter to common characterization of the patrons of Amenhotep, son of Hapu, beseeching the saint these paintings, therefore, has been that they to cure her infertility (Karkowski and Winnicki, represent “the elite” stratum of Roman Egyptian 1983, p. 102). The intriguing content of this society, a core of first-class, Hellenized citizens letter attracted the attention of scholars and it that inhabited a second-class world of hybridized has been widely quoted in various publications. religious beliefs and artistic aesthetics. This

45 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 interpretation is widely accepted although an This distinction is clear enough to identify the enumeration of formal criteria for identifying characters when the murals are preserved this “elite” class in Roman Egypt has never been in a very fragmentary state. Let us take into systematically articulated. By comparing the consideration an image of a brown human clothing and jewelry shown in these portraits with hand holding a crown. One can identify the evidence from recent archeological finds, this whole character as a king (especially when it paper critically examines whether the sartorial is painted in the middle of the apse). Did this selections of these individuals accurately portray division concern only the saints or death as their economic and social status and/or their well? This question demands a more profound ethnic identity. The conclusions will contribute study, supported by specific examples of toward a new dialog of investigation grounded Nubian paintings. In turn, in Egypt, this rule in material culture and the patrons’ access to was not so strictly followed, and higher levels luxury goods such as dyed and embellished of diversity were accepted. However, the saints textiles and, in particular, the jewelry elements predominantly were shown with white faces. Our that document the trans-Asiatic trade network of paper aims to present a certain system according the Roman world. Such data will not only enable to which diversity between the Holy Beings us to categorize the status of the subject group and the mortals was followed, using the chosen objectively but also aid in determining whether examples of Egyptian and Nubian paintings. This the portraits record a truly assimilated Roman system is evidence of a specific tolerance among identity, a reconciled, multi-layer ethnicity, or a Nubians and Egyptians towards Otherness. contemporary version of an idealized image that Although the Nubians represented themselves continued a native Egyptian funerary tradition of realistically, with dark skin colors, they tolerated preservation and self-presentation. a white skin color, which was determinative of the holiness for them. One may take into consideration a beautiful painting presenting dark-brown bishop Petros under the protection MAGDALENA LAPTAS, Cardinal Stefan of white Apostle Peter from the Faras, currently Wyszyński University; NAGMELDIN housed in the National Museum in Warsaw. KARAMALLA GAIBALLA, College of Commerce and Services in Poznan, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University MANON Y. SCHUTZ, University of Oxford Holy Beings and Mortals. Creeping Creature: Skin color in the paintings of Taweret on all fours Mediaeval Egypt and Sudan The composite goddess Taweret is a well- Holy Beings were represented with white skin known member of the Egyptian pantheon. In color in Medieval Sudanese wall paintings. At her typical appearance, she is depicted as an the same time, the mortals – historical figures, upright standing hippopotamus with leonine including founders of the paintings – were extremities, and a crocodile back and tail. Yet, shown with a dark brown, or olive skin color. one of Tutankhamun’s ritual beds portrays

46 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 Taweret walking on all fours. Of course, this piece ostraca from the village bearing excerpts of furniture—and hence the goddess represented of the poem. These ostraca, along with the by it—needs to stand on four legs because of majority of surviving Ramesside manuscripts its very nature as a bed. However, the depiction of “Amenemhat,” have often been dismissed on a headrest in the Museo Archeologico in by philologists as unreliable and error-ridden Florence likewise shows Taweret—identifiable copies of the poem. This paper argues that as such on several grounds—walking on all the “Amenemhat” ostraca of Deir el-Medina fours; in this case, there was no necessity, as the provide valuable evidence of the poem’s craftsman could have depicted her in any way he transmission and reception history, as well as wanted. Thus, this paper aims to analyze whether insight into the social contexts of literature in there is a difference in meaning between the the village. The paper first focuses on notable two- and four-legged goddess and, if so, what textual features in the Deir el-Medina ostraca, this distinction might be. Taweret on all fours which are contextualized within the full corpus is further reminiscent of Ammit who assists in of surviving copies of the poem. I identify the weighing of the heart scenes since Dynasty evidence of editorial interventions made in 18. This similarity is not surprising, considering response to linguistic change and to Deir el- that the two beings are in fact opposites in Medina readers’ particular literary tastes, as appearance, the devouress having a crocodile well as evidence of changes in understanding head, a leonine front, and a hippopotamus behind. of “Amenemhat,” which suggest that some Moreover, they fulfill contrasting roles: Taweret of the ambiguities that perplex Egyptologists swallows to give life, Ammit devours to take life. today also posed interpretative challenges Hence, this paper will also look closely at the for the poem’s ancient readers. Next, the relationship between the so-called hippopotamus- paper discusses the identity of readers of goddess and the devouress. Could the latter have “Amenemhat” in Deir el-Medina, investigating emerged from Taweret as her alter ego, reversed several individuals named in colophons and in appearance as well as function, the Florence how their backgrounds could have impacted headrest being a missing link? their encounters with the poem. Finally, the paper places the “Amenemhat” ostraca within the broader context of Middle Egyptian MARGARET GEOGA, Brown University literature and wisdom instructions in Deir “Senwosret, my son!”: el-Medina and the Ramesside period more broadly, arguing that the poem played an Transmission and Reception increasingly important role in the formation of of “The Teaching of scribal identities. Amenemhat” in Ramesside Deir el-Medina

“The Teaching of Amenemhat” was highly popular in Deir el-Medina, with over 150

47 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 museums are constrained by the collecting practices of the 19th and early 20th centuries, , MARGARET MAITLAND digital technologies can re-contextualize National Museums Scotland objects in a variety of ways, such as sharing the Rediscovering Ancient perspectives of excavators, providing access to archival material, and bringing ancient and Egypt at National Museums contemporary experiences to life. Scotland: A history of collecting and display MARIA BELEN CASTRO, in Edinburgh National University of La Plata In 2019, 200 years after the first objects entered A fishing and fowling the collection, a new permanent ancient Egyptian gallery opened at the National Museum of scene in the tomb of Scotland in Edinburgh. This paper will present Amenmose (TT318): research on the history of collecting and display composition and meaning in Edinburgh and discuss how this informed decisions in developing the new gallery. The The tomb of Amenmose (TT318) belongs to collection was compiled by both archaeologists the stonemason of Amun who lived during and curators, positions which sometimes Thutmose III -or maybe Hatshepsut- reign and overlapped to the benefit of the objects’ study it is located at the bottom of the hill of Sheikh and display. Pioneering excavator Alexander Abd el-Qurna. The decorative program of this Henry Rhind was possibly the first to include funerary monument has been not published archaeological plans in his displays of an nor comprehensively studied yet. Amenmose important Theban tomb group in 1859. Later, the Project has begun developing fieldwork in 2020 Museum sent curator Edwin Ward to excavate and set as its main objectives the conservation, with Petrie, seeking ‘more intimate’ contact study, and publication of the tomb. This paper with archaeological processes, resulting in the is part of this Project and presents the fishing acquisition of a Seventeenth Dynasty royal burial. and fowling scene depicted in the north wall An emphasis on aesthetics brought extensive of the transversal hall of the tomb. Since the deaccessioning under famed art historian image is fragmentarily preserved, the current Cyril Aldred, as well as an increased focus on research aims to identify the elements that may education, for which he designed dioramas and compose the whole representation -images replicas that promoted an idealised, Western- and texts- through comparison with the group centric vision of ancient Egypt. Today, the gallery of Theban tombs from the same period. The aims to present an accessible version of ancient meaning of the scene will be studied taking into Egyptian history that foregrounds the stories consideration the inscriptions that usually frame of individual people, while also addressing this kind of depiction. Since these usually include complex collecting histories and bringing the sxmx-ib expression, it is also our purpose Egyptian perspectives into the displays. Although to reflect on the scope of entertainment in a

48 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 funerary context. This presentation will reveal a scene hitherto unknown in the corpus of fishing BEST STUDENT PAPER CONTESTANT and fowling scenes, as well as seeks to enrich our understanding of them by integrating new MARTIN UILDRIKS, Brown University perspectives linked to the emotional sphere. Where did all the skulls go? Tradition, feasting MARIO BEATTY, Howard University and ‘feeding the Ka’ at Predynastic Mesa’eed An Examination of Akhenaten’s Torso in Little has been said about practices, values, and functions expressed by dis- and re-articulating Relationship to his human remains in Predynastic burials. In this Theology of Light paper, I investigate past interactions with Predynastic human remains at the mostly The dynamic, incremental evolution of the unpublished cemetery of Mesa’eed to balance theological rupture and deviation from some existing studies on social aspects of life and major established Pharaonic and spiritual norms death in Predynastic Egypt. Social aspects initiated by Akhenaten was accompanied by mediated through human remains have been an equally important artistic rupture. However, overlooked at Mesa’eed since its excavations the question of if or how Akhenaten’s theology in 1910 and 1913, but even Predynastic studies cohered to artistic representations of his nowadays still often limit themselves in explaining body is very much an ongoing, open-ended special treatment of human skulls and other debate. This paper seeks to bring further clarity skeletal elements. However, an in-depth to this debate by examining and explaining analysis of contexts at Mesa’eed suggest that Akhenaten’s torso, a major artistic feature the rearrangement and displacement of human of his body that radically departs from the remains, and particularly skulls, occupied a traditional cannon of proportion and has not special space in the experiences of Predynastic been systematically investigated in the existing peoples there. This paper provides a first brief literature. Through an examination of both appreciation of the spatial organization of the visual and written texts during Akhenaten’s cemetery, which allows me to highlight different reign, I will demonstrate that the torso was spatial groups. I then focus on one such group not a manifestation of any physical deformity, to closely examine the locations, positions and but was conceptualized as the main site of the inventories of its constituent contexts as well as body for activating Akhenaten’s theology of some of the contents recorded for some finds light and his resulting unique conception of belonging to this group. I conclude that these Kingship which extended some of the ideas of contents highlight aspects of ritualized celebration his father Amenhotep III and incorporated them and that food was consumed at Mesa’eed before into his own sovereign theological and artistic and with the dead, effectively merging Predynastic innovations. food-ways with traditions of death to nourish the

49 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 deceased. This in turn enables me to develop a new as ordinary gates which not only guaranteed understanding of how the Predynastic ideological further protection to the celestial realm, but also landscape imprinted itself on the architectural designates the idea of the Doors of Heaven in the layout of graves for practices eventually geared ancient Egyptian thought. towards feeding the deceased’s Ka.

BEST STUDENT PAPER CONTESTANT

MENNAH ALY, Helwan University MICHAEL ROBERT TRITSCH, Yale University Iconography of the Doors A Domestic Horizon: of Heaven in the Ancient Household Niches and Egyptian Book of the Dead Private Religious Practices The life of the ancient Egyptians had revolved This paper focuses on the analysis of niche around the solar cycle which defined their emplacements in domestic contexts during vision about the cosmos. Based on this view, the New Kingdom, with a goal of shedding new the main aspects of the universe were the sky, light on their significance and function within the the earth and the netherworld through which sphere of private religious practices. Appearing the sun god passes during his diurnal and throughout New Kingdom settlements, such nocturnal voyages. As early as the Old and niches share significant similarities in design, Middle Kingdoms, textual evidence from the with their function linked to a need to achieve Pyramid and Coffin texts mention the Doors of architectural balance and to serve as a location Heaven that separated between the two realms for cultic acts. To investigate this topic further, of paradise and hereafter as well as protected the an in-depth examination of previous research celestial terrains from the enemies of the solar and archaeological data together with relevant deity who threaten the world’s order. For these ritual texts employing both an emic and etic reasons, the Doors of Heaven are believed to perspective in the analysis has facilitated a have only opened and closed to the sun god and reconstruction of their role in ritual performance. his retinue to give them admission to the eastern From an etic perspective, the location of niches in and the western horizons of the sky during their houses seems to correlate with the configuration recurring daily journey. With exception to the map of “reception rooms” consistent with the concept of the netherworld given in the Book of the Two of architectural balance, although this does not Ways which shows gates of different territories in reflect their function. The function of niches the hereafter, the iconographic attestation of the within domestic structures emerges when viewed Doors of Heaven is not completely attained before from an emic perspective, which reveals that the appearance of the vignettes of the Book of the these emplacements formed a locus for ancestor Dead. The research aims to study the iconography, worship, while also exhibiting the lineage of the religious significance and conception of Doors of household and serving as a mode of conspicuous Heaven through the vignettes of the Book of the consumption. Through a stylistic and philological Dead, since these doors were not just represented evaluation, the evidence indicates that the niche

50 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 design becomes a microcosm reflective of the Egyptian history, also a lot of artifacts comprised macrocosm of the solar circuit, functioning as (Sarcophagi, wooden coffins, canopic jars, jewelry, the akhet-shrine, a representation of the akhet- amulets, and a big quantity of Ushabtie figurine in horizon and the proper receptacle to house the addition to small artifacts. akh-spirit. Used not only to “akhify” a deceased relative but also as a place to leave regular offerings, niches attest to the significance of MOHAMED ZOHAIR, University of Vienna private religion in daily life. Unversehrt ist derjenige im Sarge: The Larva “dmA” MOHAMED WAHBALLA, of Coleoptera Beetles Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities Certain species of necrophages and the El-Ghorifa burial methods dangerous effect they cause have been recorded

El-Ghorifa is a name given to an archaeological in particular Coffin Texts’ spells and chapters site located 3km north of Tuna al-Gebel- Mina, from Book of the Dead. These species were the This site was used as cemetery consists of a main problem that faced and threatened the work large number of tombs dated from the late of the embalmers in Ancient Egypt. One of these period onwards to the early Ptolemaic, belongs species is the dmA “worm”. Comparing with to the high priests of the ancient Egyptian God other words that designate insects, the history Tuth,` the main Deity of the ancient Egyptian of this dmA is not that long. It is recorded from 15th Nome and its capital was Al-Ashmounein. the New Kingdom onwards. These occurrences The mission headed by the Secretary General reflect its hostile and negative connotations. In of the SCA Dr. Mostafa Waziri and comprised medical texts, this dmA is the origin of tm.yt that archeologists from the area, started excavations specifies a demonic affliction linked with Seth, at the end of 2017 and still work till now, whereas in funerary texts, it is the maggot of a the excavations revealed a big part of the specific necrophages. For the better preservation Necropolis, which was used for long time from of the corpse, these maggots must be repelled. the Sait period and resulted a number of hewn Accordingly, this paper examines the occurrences underground tombs in the limestone cliff of of dmA maggot in both medical and funerary the eastern mountain, reachable through deep texts on which one can stand to link it directly shafts, these tombs were belongs to the elite to the corpse-feeding organisms. Based on the of the 15th Nome mostly the high priests and emanating odor and food preference, corpse their family members. The burial method were fauna can be divided into different successive varied between, people who had limestone waves over the different stages of decomposition. sarcophagi inscribed and not inscribed, Adopting archaeological and forensic medicinal Anthropoid, and rectangular, and people approaches, this work tries, therefore, to allocate buried in wooden coffins, and others buried in dmA to the larva of a specific order of the ground burial cuts. A lot of historical information faunal successive waves on the cadaver, namely, resulted from these excavations will add to the Coleoptera beetle.

51 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 evidence-. *Several items from this tomb have the same accession number. MOHGA RAMADAN ELLAIMONY, Egyptian ministry of Tourism and Antiquities

BEST STUDENT PAPER CONTESTANT Two tattooed female offering-bearers from MORGAN E MORONEY, Johns Hopkins University Middle Kingdom at Cairo Museum JE 37564 “Pregnant with Wine”:

The ancient Egyptians practiced tattooing since The Role of Wine in the the Predynastic period at latest. Two naturally Tomb Chapel of Itet mummified bodies of a male and female from The early 4th Dynasty tomb of Nefermaat and Gebelein were tattooed and now they are kept Itet at Meidum includes the oldest preserved at the British Museum. Their tattoos resemble winemaking image within a tomb’s decorative the motifs that decorated some Predynastic program. This fragmented scene was located in female truncated figurines. During the earliest Itet’s funerary chapel. Her chapel also included dynasties and the Old Kingdom, there were few a unique scene depicting a wine and fig offering traces of the continues of this practice, while in the related to the ab-rA (mouth-washing) ritual. This First Intermediate Period there were no traces of paper examines the meaning of the ab-rA within this practice -based on present evidence-. In the Itet’s chapel, as well as the significance of wine and Middle Kingdom variety of evidence of tattooing fig offerings in women’s funerary monuments in exist, as there were three female mummies the early Old Kingdom. The wine, ab-rA, and figs discovered at Deir El Bahari, who were tattooed. in Itet’s tomb are a direct reference to rejuvenation The tattoos applied on their skins resembled the and the Opening of the Mouth ceremony (wine), motifs that were decorated some of the Middle purification (ab-rA), and the first, and perpetual, Kingdome truncated female figurines and the funerary meal (figs) of the deceased as a divine paddle dolls. The distribution of these motifs ka. In Itet’s tomb, this scene’s hieroglyphs and on the female mummies and also on the female imagery are signifiers for spoken recitations and figurines and paddle dolls had a fertility overtone rituals performed for the deceased, but not yet fully which led some scholars to suggest the association memorialized in stone. This ritualized sequence of applying tattoo for enhancing the fertility of of wine, ab-rA, and figs mirrors the ordering of women. This paper presents two wooden figures spells and offerings included in later offering lists of female offering-bearers that were tattooed; and extensively expressed in the Pyramid Texts. they were amongst the funerary collection from Wine performed a meaningful role in Itet’s chapel, the tomb of T3wy/anti-m-HAt from Beni Hassan activating the deceased, initiating her ka’s rebirth, dated to the eleventh dynasty, now kept at Cairo and potentially acting as blood to revitalize as a life Museum *JE 37564. They are the only example force. Wine and figs seem to have been meaningful of female offering bearers who were presented offerings within the chapels of elite women in tattooed in ancient Egypt -based on present general during this period, helping to create and

52 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 maintain effectiveness. The goddess Hathor, who Islam, non-religious structures like the nāʿūra, was developing into an anthropomorphized deity sometimes go blatantly unnoticed. Besides during this period, arguably absorbed some of the nāʿūra, al-Amīr Tamīm’s poems elucidate a these aspects related to wine and figs. number of creative and stimulating descriptions of non-religious spaces, that not only widen the scope of our understanding of Islamic art, but MURTAZA MUSTAFA SHAKIR, also provide new insights of how a non-religious Columbia University structure could also be observed through a universal perspective, which definitely embodies, A Fāṭimī-era Nāʿūrah but is not limited to, the Islamic philosophy. (Waterwheel), as experienced by the poet NANCY ARTHUR HOSKINS, Al-Amīr Tamīm (d. 984 CE) Independent Scholar Recollecting memories of a person or event The Attire of the related to a specific place has been a recurring theme in Arabic poetry from pre-Islamic times. Asmu of Shu: Imaginary An enlivening description (wa f) of such a Apparel or Real? memorialized place serves as an interesting ṣ source for contemplating upon its intricate The unique Beni Hassan tomb painting of evocations and visual symbolisms that aim to a procession of Asiatics bearing gifts for immortalize precise historical figures or events, Khnumhotep II is considered an “artistic gem.” subsequently providing a two-layered narrative: The Middle Kingdom event was important of the actual place, and the manner in which it enough to be recorded in the tomb during was beheld by a certain individual. One can find a the reign of Sensuret II (circa 1890 BC). The substantial amount of evidence for reconstructing extraordinary, colorful, patterned garments the description of a particular memorial space worn by the Aamu men and women in the from this kind of literary tribute. This paper caravan must have seemed startling to the endeavours to present a similar reconstruction Egyptians dressed in their ordinary garments of of the “dynamics between the text and the natural linen. The artist of the painting captured object”, from a few verses of an Arabic poem the costumes of the Aamu, and meticulously composed by a Fāṭimī-era prince, better known differentiated the patterns on the leader’s robe, as al-Amīr Tamīm (337 AH-374 AH/ 949-984 CE), the men’s tunics, the women’s dresses, the in his multisensory experience of the nāʿūrah donkey’s saddle bag and blanket. European (waterwheel), a common presence in Egyptian explorers recorded the tomb paintings during gardens, and the connotational representation the 19 th century when the colors were still vivid. by which he desires to behold its architectural They thought them “remarkable for their delicacy beauty in the relaxing environment of a garden. and beauty.” Recent researchers have published Although art historians and observers have Beni Hassan photographs and video tours on the written much about the religious structures of web. The colors and patterns on the costumes

53 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 of the Aamu men and women in both the of archival material and objects (e.g. pottery, antique paintings and modern photographs are scarabs, jewelry, metal tools, and stone vessels) consistent. The consensus among scholars is that currently housed in European museums. This the fabrics were made of wool. A better breed paper will focus primarily on how the intact and of sheep, that was useful for spinning, dyeing, minimally disturbed burials reveal chronological and weaving, became a plentiful product during developments in the burial equipment and a Mesopotamia’s ‘Wool Age’. The woolen patterns more complicated and varied development in on the costumes of the Aamu, which can all body position than has previously been put forth. be woven on a primitive loom with the same Additionally, discussion of burials with Nubian- method, were the subject of my ‘experimental style material culture and burial practices will archaeological’ project. I believe that the fabrics demonstrate how intercultural contacts manifest were not imaginary, but real. differently across the wider Qau-Badari area.

BEST STUDENT PAPER CONTESTANT NATASHA AYERS, Austrian Archaeological Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences NICHOLAS R BROWN, UCLA Egyptology Qau el-Kebir: Elucidating Ms. Andrew’s “Coffin”: the Second Millennium from the Valley of the BCE in Middle Egypt Kings to Boston, MA

The cemeteries at Qau el-Kebir are crucial Over the past 150 years, the Museum of Fine for gaining a clearer picture of developments Arts, Boston has built an extensive collection of in material culture from the Middle Kingdom Egyptian art and artifacts. While the majority through the early New Kingdom in Middle of their holdings come from the excavations of Egypt. The continuous archaeological sequence the Harvard-Boston Expedition, many items within at Qau el-Kebir makes the site a linchpin for the museum’s collection were acquired through linking sequences from sites in other regions of purchases or as gifts. Included within this latter Egypt and Nubia. Although these burials were group is a set of glass and carnelian inlays (MFA excavated in the early 20th century, the material 05.300), which were given to the museum in 1905 did not receive a modern scholarly study until by Emma B. Andrews. Ms. Andrews was the female Janine Bourriau began re-documenting many companion to Theodore M. Davis, an American of the Qau el-Kebir tombs in the 1960’s. Other lawyer turned archaeologist who excavated studies have focused on the large rock-cut extensively in the Valley of the Kings. Nicholas tombs of 12th Dynasty governors or specific Reeves first proposed that MFA 05.300 came from artifact classes, such as the deposit of New Davis’ 1902 excavation season in the Valley, and Kingdom ivories. A new study systematically that they were found in association with wooden approaches the hundreds of burials of the coffin fragments inscribed for Amenhotep III Middle Kingdom through early New Kingdom at (Egyptian Museum JE 36400). This study examines Qau el-Kebir via meticulous re-documentation the exact provenance of these glass and carnelian

54 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 inlays, through archival research, to confirm Reeves’ its conservation up to and including the work hypothesis. Then, the author aims to correctly initiated at the site by ARCE in 2004. identify these inlays as having originally come from an embellished coffin of the 18th Dynasty. This is accomplished by means of studying the wooden NICOLA ARAVECCHIA, coffin fragments of Amenhotep III at the Egyptian Washington University in St. Louis Museum, Cairo, along with comparisons to other royal coffins of the 18th Dynasty. Finally, the find- A Space for Whom? The spot of MFA 05.300 within the Valley of the Kings Gathering Hall of a Fourth- is studied in detail, to elucidate the use of the area during the 21st Dynasty dismantling and systematic Century Church in Dakhla looting of earlier funerary assemblages. This paper will assess the archaeological evidence of a large hall that was part of a fourth-century church complex located at ʿAin el-Gedida, in NICHOLAS WARNER, Dakhla Oasis. The focus will be on the spatial and American Research Center functional relationship of the hall with the church and the other rooms of the complex. The room, Conservation of the of a rectangular shape, was broadly identified as Red Monastery in Sohag: a gathering hall because of the existence of mud- the 2019 campaign brick mastabas (benches) running along three of its walls. It was also connected to the church via two In the fall of 2019, a documentation and passageways, one of which was sealed—at some conservation program was launched at the point in antiquity—with a partition wall that obscured historic church of the Red Monastery in Sohag. the remains of a stepped podium between the two This included the conservation of the 5th-6th spaces. The location of the podium suggests that it century carved limestone portals giving access was once used by someone—possibly a priest—who to the nave of the church as well as the last area needed to be seen and heard by people sitting in of untreated plaster lining the wall of a now- both the church and the gathering hall. Suggestions missing staircase that led to the roof - an area have been made that the latter was a room destined that was particularly rich in painted inscriptions. to catechumens, who were allowed only partial Documentation was carried out in the form of participation to the Eucharist, or women. In its latest 3D laser scanning, giving a complete record of phase, the gathering hall may have instead been the post-conservation condition of the church, used for the eating of common meals. The paper as well as using more traditional methods that will discuss comparative evidence for gathering halls revealed the existence of a hitherto unknown in church complexes from other sites in Egypt. The collection of pilgrims’ graffiti incised into the goal is to shed light on who might have congregated plaster of the north wall. Finally, the provision in the hall at ʿAin el-Gedida and—more broadly— of visitor information about the site was on the social composition of the community that extended with a new display of archival images inhabited this rural site of Egypt’s Western Desert presenting both the history of the building and in Late Antiquity.

55 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 epithets normally reserved for royalty. This suggests the shift of the power of the king to the , NOHA MOHAMED KAMEL MOUSSA men behind throne. Although high officials such University College London, Graduate as Horemheb, Ay, and Maya have been discussed The Transformation of by several scholars including myself, the general synthesis of the status and representations of pre-Islamic sacred places Tutankhamun’s officials has not been attempted. into mosques in Egypt This paper will attempt to investigate them to understand the political situation during The present study focuses on transformation Tutankhamun’s reign. in pre-Islamic sacred places (temple, monastery or church) into mosques in Egypt. The study presents historical, Archaeological data as well as OREN SIEGEL, Independent Scholar contemporary practices and rituals as a source for understanding how the sacred place was re-used The Practice of Political as a mosque. The study explores also the possible political, religious, and or economic intentions Border-making (tASw) in of re-using the sacred place, and tracing the Pharaonic Egypt continuation of pre-Islamic rituals and practices Egypt’s circumscribed geography and well- in the Muslim community’s habitus. The evidence known frontier fortresses have led scholars to here introduces three case studies in Egypt during draw extensive parallels between Egyptian Fatimid with as case study of Saint Catherine boundaries and border-making practices Monastery, Ayyubid with a case study of Abu el to modern counterparts. However, several Hajajj mosque and Ottoman with a case study of important differences distinguish aspects of Qasr Ibrim. The study aims to understand how ancient Egyptian conceptions of sovereignty Muslims in Egypt re-used places related to others and territoriality. This paper examines textual sacredness and how the pre-Islamic practices and archaeological evidence as it investigates affected the Muslim community’s habitus. the role of tASw and the practices employed by the state to claim and establish such political boundaries during the Middle and New Kingdom. NOZOMU KAWAI, Kanazawa University In particular, it emphasizes several important Tutankhamun and his men distinctions: first, Egyptian boundaries were defined by the capacity for royal action to and women: Status and alter them rather than permeability, and the Representations of the repercussions of this difference have not yet Officials under Tutankhamun been fully explored; second, boundaries posed distinct political challenges to pharaohs/kings During the reign of Tutankhamun, royal whose power was theoretically unlimited, prerogatives seems to have been taken by the but very much constrained in practice; third, high officials as some of them adopted the Egyptian tASw were often conceived of in

56 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 personal terms, required regular maintenance ago, let alone when the project was first conceived. from succeeding pharaohs, and unlike modern This paper uses the Survey’s first ever “digital political borders, did not aspire to a kind of native” publication – LD 177 in Luxor Temple: ahistorical eternality. Ultimately, most of the Amun-Re Establishes Amenhotep III’s Double practices deployed by Pharaonic rulers to Crown – to explore how the rapidly evolving field establish, fix, or reaffirm their tASw elaborately of digital and 3D publishing may work in concert performed or displayed the power and potency with print publication to further the original aims of of the Egyptian state in liminal spaces, but the the project. In particular it will look at preliminary wide variety of methods used to do so suggest work adapting for-print 3D data for online 3D that individual rulers had considerable flexibility presentation and reflect on questions of how, when when founding and maintaining their borders. and where these technologies can be used, and how such technologies intersect with the needs, aims and ethos of the Chicago House approach. OWEN MURRAY, OMM Photography/ The Epigraphic Survey (Chicago House) | ALEXIS PANTOS, Western Wadis of the PANSEE HANY ABOU ELATTA, Theban Necropolis Project Carleton University LD 177: From Model Tutankhamun’s tomb, Creation to Presentation anti-colonial contestation, The Chicago House method is rooted in an and the construction of Epigraphic tradition where attention to detail the ‘Treasures’ exhibition and the expertise of artists, photographers and Egyptologists work in concert to form the How have representations of iconic Pharaonic foundation of the documentation process. objects been shaped by modern Egyptian claims- The result is precise, accurate information-rich making processes? This paper examines the facsimile drawings that would be unobtainable anti-colonial efforts that led to Egypt’s retention if any of the constituent parties were removed. of the contents of Tutankhamun’s tomb, and the This methodology places greater emphasis on the way those efforts shaped popular conceptions process, skills and knowledge of those involved, of the discovery. Through a close analysis of than on tools and techniques that can, and have media coverage of Tutankhamun’s ‘treasures’, been, adapted as needed. From the outset, the this paper argues that Egypt’s retention of this publication of such results was envisioned as a find contributed its allure, controversy, and by series of large folio print publications presenting extension, perceived value. This allure underlay the facsimile drawings alongside other relevant the unprecedented success of the 1970s’ information. Recent developments in computing, Treasures of Tutankhamun exhibition tour, a new especially in the internet and 3D technologies have kind of blockbuster exhibition which defined its not only revolutionized documentation practices, genre. It sought to recreate for its audience the but continue to open up new publication mediums experience of ‘discovery’; that is, by catching a that would have been unimaginable a few decades glimpse of a heretofore-unseen treasure trove,

57 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 one could sympathetically access a sliver of the statue was referred to as a symbolic Howard Carter’s experience when he first saw representation of a jackal: “un animal symbolique those “wonderful things.” Egypt’s firm hold on resemblant à un chacal” (Miller, Journ. Sav. 1897, the objects until well past the 1952 revolution 473). The possible conflation of more than one contributed to Western museums’ fervent desire canine in the iconography leads to the question for these inaccessible ‘treasures’, so that the of the statue’s original location. Approximately retention of the Tutankhamun find – a defining 140 miles north of Luxor, which has been listed political success for the Egyptian nationalist for the statue’s provenance, is Asyut, known in movement – creeps into the artifacts’ discursive Graeco-Roman Egypt as Lykopolis. Its ancient framing as ‘treasures’ to be beheld for the first religious affiliations with Anubis, Wepwawet, and time by a rapt Western audience. Thus, the genre Osiris in his aspect as a wolf, were longstanding. of the ‘treasures’ exhibition – a staple of the Connections with Apollo Lykaios are better contemporary museum – comes to be shaped made at this site than anywhere else in Egypt. by indigenous contestation and claims-making The inscription becomes critical for specifically processes, thereby complicating the trajectories naming Apollo Lykaios, complete with solar of desire and valuation that underlie the artifact’s implications, not Zeus Lykaios as might have been role as a trophy of coloniality. expected in Greece. The statue’s significant move in 1938 to the Coptic Museum also supports a Lykopolis provenance. PATRICIA A BUTZ, Savannah College of Art and Design , Apollo Lykaios and the PAUL STANWICK New York University Egyptian Funerary Gods Jerome Robbins and Egypt in the Dedication of This talk will discuss Jerome Robbins’s engagement with the art and artifacts of ancient Theomnestos, Son of Nikias Egypt and how this interest was reflected This paper concentrates on the rare dedication in his work in the performing arts. Jerome of a black granite canine, usually described as a Robbins (1918-1998) is the well-known American wolf, inscribed by Theomnestos, son of Nikias, choreographer and director responsible for such to the Greek god Apollo Lykaios and dating to Broadway productions as West Side Story (1957) the Ptolemaic Period (CG 9276). This, however, is and Fiddler on the Roof (1964). He was also a no votive statuette. The combined height of the longtime resident choreographer for the New canine figure and rectangular base on which it York City Ballet (NYCB). The talk will focus on the sits is a full 53 cm. The eyes were clearly inlaid. early 1980s when Robbins visited Egypt (1981) The prominent inscription on the front end of and planned to direct the initial production of the platform is executed in finely cut letterforms the Philip Glass opera Akhnaten (1984) based over 1 cm in height.There is an issue in the on the life of the eighteenth dynasty pharaoh. identity of the canine, from the Egyptian as well Robbins kept an illustrated diary of his time in as the Greek point of view. In its first publication, Egypt now held in the collections of the New York

58 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 Public Library. He sketched objects in the Cairo in these suppressive works of scholarship and Museum. Robbins later worked with Philip Glass museum curation. This paper assembles a on the original libretto of the Akhnaten opera, corpus of some of these obfuscated works and but ultimately dropped out of the project after suggests that the circumstances surrounding the death of NYCB founder George Balanchine. these practices of concealment are indicative of Robbins nevertheless experimented with music the prevailing social mores at the time. These from the opera in his 1983 ballet entitled Glass acts have influenced a modern understanding Pieces and explored antiquity in his 1984 ballet of masculinity in Ancient Egypt. This corpus will called Antique Epigraphs. provide an entry point to argue for rethinking masculinity, one in which gender and biological sex, and its manifestation on the body, are BEST STUDENT PAPER CONTESTANT not synonymous. These traits, while mutually

constituted, are entangled with an Egyptian PETER MOORE JOHNSON, emphasis on fertility and importance of rebirth Institute of Fine Arts, NYU in the afterlife. Finding the Phallus in Ancient Egypt: RANIA MAHMOUD, University of Arkansas Queering Masculinity Naguib Mahfouz’s The ideal condition of being male in Ancient Egypt has been interpreted through textual Sugar Street: A Story of and art historical sources as one of dominance, Female Political Growth victory, hardness, and penetration. The phallus lies at the nexus of these readings through its use In narrating socio-political changes in Egypt as a hieroglyphic classifier, literary trope, and in between 1919 and 1957 Naguib Mahfouz’s ithyphallic images. Iconographic analyses have Cairo Trilogy (1956-57) chronicles the effects of expanded the symbolic significance of the phallus these developments on the life of the Abd al- by associating the motif to representations such Jawad family over three generations. Whether as fishing and fowling scenes. However, these it is the notorious family patriarch, Al-Sayyid analogous interpretations present the modern Ahmad Abd al-Jawad, and his son, Fahmy, in viewer with a conundrum: if the phallus is essential Palace Walk; or his youngest son, Kamal, in for understanding Egyptian masculinity, and Palace of Desire; or his grandsons in Sugar indeed omnipresent in representations, why are Street, the focus is male characters’ coming male figures depicted without this emphasized of age in an Egypt struggling under British sexual characteristic? This paper argues that that occupation. This paper traces a female journey there is a corpus of evidence which was, and on the margins of the last volume, Sugar Street to some extent continues to be, censored and (1957). I argue that through erasures in the obscured in the academic construction of ancient narrative, readers can piece together a female Egyptian masculinity. The phallus in Ancient subtext, which the novel neither centers nor Egyptian art was the primary offending member overtly acknowledges, but one that tells of the

59 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 intellectual and political formation of a modern Heads”. Tefnin already identified two ears (15- educated Egyptian working-class woman in 12-34 [G 4510]; 14-3-18 [G 4710]). Furthermore, 1930s and 1940s Egypt. On the seams of this I verified the existence of 6 more ears that were male-authored, male-centric text, is the story not yet studied, with four (MFA 13.445 and MFA of female growth and development – a female 13.446 [G 5190 = G 2300]; C482 NS [G 2041]; Bildungsroman, of journalist Sawsan Hammad. An 15-1-23 [G 5030]) indicate the presence of five editor of a journal, Sawsan evaluates pieces that more “Reserve Heads”. After the presentation amateur journalists such as Ahmad, the grandson of this new evidence, I will turn my attention to of Al-Sayyid Ahmad Abd al-Jawad, submit. She justify their inclusion in the corpus. Through the believes in a world where efforts are mobilized analysis of the titles of the owners of the “Reserve towards curing the nation’s ills; a world where art Heads” I aim to unveil the family relationships and is functional, and the artist involved. Although professional and informal interactions between it is Ahmad who emerges as a representative of the royal and non-royal elite and the pharaoh. the post-1919 Revolution national intellectual at And consequently, to prove their role in the social the conclusion of Sugar Street, his education is modeling of the Old Kingdom since they reflect unthinkable without Sawsan, who is instrumental individual emancipation. in his training and eventual maturation as an independent thinker. RICHARD MCGREGOR, Vanderbilt University RAQUEL LAVRADOR NOVAIS, NOVA FCSH - School of Social Religious Relics and the and Human Sciences (Portugal) Topograpy of Islamic Cairo New evidence on the Any survey of Egyptian Islamic relics of the “Reserve Heads” medieval period encounters a wide variety of objects. Records from the period show that The “Reserve Heads” date back to the Old believers’ contact with such objects took place Kingdom (4th – 6th Dynasties) and were found within a web of competing significations, with in the necropolis of Giza, Abusir, Saqqara, and relics regularly shifting location, adopting new Dahshur. Their enigmatic meaning and purpose identities, and evoking various devotional and confounded both the excavators and scholars ritual responses. From the tenth to the sixteenth leading to numerous theories since the 19th centuries, various political projects were launched century. This paper presents my master’s research to collect the most valuable relics of the region, results regarding the re-examination of this topic. and to engineer pilgrimage itineraries; while in The length of the corpus of “Reserve Heads” has Syria, a distinct practice associating Prophetic been updated since 1919 when Smith counted 31. relics with libraries and hadith study developed After Tefnin in 1991 claimed to be 34 it is currently (e.g. al-madrasa al-Ashrafiyya). In Mamluk Egypt, accepted that there are 35 models. However, relics gave birth to new institutions expressly after a thorough analysis of the archaeological intended for their display and promotion (e.g. records, I believe there is evidence of 40 “Reserve Ribat al-athar al-Nabi, or Shrine of Sayyidna

60 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 Husayn). Using sources such as al-Maqrizi, al- substantive construction, allowing the compound Sakhawi, and Ibn Taymiyya, this paper will explore to fit in grammatical roles (e.g. the object of the relationship between devotional objects and preposition) that only nominal elements, namely the engineering of religious urban space. substantive verbs, can play.

ROLLAND LONG, University of Pennsylvania ROSELYN A. CAMPBELL, Getty Research Institute The nfr-n negation: form and function Kill Thy Neighbor: Reassessing the Evidence The nfr-n negation is a rare negative construction that first appeared in the Egyptian language for Human Sacrifice in during the late-Old Kingdom and continued in First Dynasty Egypt use into the early Middle Kingdom, appearing sporadically thereafter in several archaizing The subsidiary burials surrounding the First passages from the New Kingdom and the Saite Dynasty royal tombs and enclosures at Abydos Renaissance. Whereas scholars of Egyptian have have excited much interest since their initial recognized the negativity that this construction discovery. The majority of these subsidiary signified, philologists that endeavor to analyze burials were disturbed in antiquity, but many the internal grammar of nfr-n have offered were intact enough to be excavated and a variety of explanations that rarely agree. recorded from the early 20th century onwards. Furthermore, few have attempted to rationalize The nature of the burials and disposition of the their usage in lieu of particles and verbs that human remains has led some archaeologists to appear more often than nfr-n. The main purpose conclude that the subsidiary burials represent of this paper is to elucidate both the grammatical the human sacrifice of members of the court purpose of nfr-n as well as its internal structure. to accompany the deceased king into the It considers all the attestations of the negatival afterlife. However, the apparent lack of skeletal nfr known from both of R. Hannig’s Wörterbücher trauma on the human remains, as reported by and analyzes each attestation of nfr-n in sections Petrie and others, has led to debate about the dedicated to the different grammatical functions nature of sacrificial rituals, and brought the that the construction may fulfill. Additionally, interpretation of sacrifice into question. The two short analyses on the grammatical character highly incomplete nature of the extant human of the other nfr-negations, namely nfr ꜣ, the remains has discouraged further analysis, and descendent of nfr-n in the early Middle Kingdom, arguments for or against interpretations of human and nfr pw B, the tripartite nominal construction sacrifice have relied instead on context and burial used as a negation in the Middle Kingdom assemblages.This paper presents the results of from the mid-12th Dynasty onwards, inform the bioarchaeological assessment of 48 crania the conclusions of the paper. This analysis from subsidiary burials associated with two kings ultimately finds that nfr-n is chiefly a way to and one queen of the First Dynasty. Advances in negate substantive verbs, and that nfr-n itself is a forensic and bioarchaeological methods made

61 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 it possible to gain new data about the lives of at the base of cliff about 100 meters above the these individuals and how they may have died. level of the river. These quarries were one of the By combining skeletal evidence of trauma, focuses of an Egypt Exploration Society survey overall health, and age at death with information expedition in the 1990s. Several, but not all, of about the burials of these individuals, this study these quarries were marked by dedicatory internal constructs a more nuanced and holistic picture inscriptions of the Ptolemaic Period, and a huge of the individuals within the subsidiary burials stela of Ramesses III which would have been easily and the context of First Dynasty royal power and visible from the valley floor. However, this is not funerary practice. the only way these quarries can be dated and, in fact, reliance only on these inscriptions can result in misleading interpretations. This paper will discuss the sequence of these quarries from , SAMEH ISKANDER New York University the early origins as natural and man-made cuts in The Abydos Temple the mountain through their utilization as source of building material to their post-quarrying occupation of Ramesses II Project during the Coptic Period. Sources for interpretation Field Reports include the inscriptions, quarry marks, chisel marks, and ceramic material. This analysis argues that the This paper will present the results of the most dramatic stela of Ramesses III served symbolically to recent seasons of fieldwork by the New York claim two previously-cut quarries on the mountain University-ISAW expedition to the temple of rather than exclusively to mark the beginning of a Ramesses II in Abydos. I will discuss the data sequence of quarrying at the site. related to the new discovery of the temple-palace type monument, foundation deposits, and other structures within the temple precinct. SARAH L. SYMONS, McMaster University Astronomical material in , Truman State University SARA E OREL the Theban Necropolis

Quarrying in Upper Egypt: Two locales are notably represented in the corpus The Sequence of Quarries of astronomical texts: the Asyut Necropolis at the Gebel el-Haridi during the early Middle Kingdom and, discussed here, the Theban Necropolis during the Middle Crossing the border between the ancient ninth and New Kingdoms. This talk will discuss the and tenth nomes as well as the modern border types and locations of astronomical material between the provinces of Asyut and Sohag is found on Luxor’s West Bank and the relationships the Gebel el-Haridi, a dramatic headland that between the types. The various traditions of at its base falls into a canal that runs along New Kingdom tomb and mortuary temple the east bank of the Nile. The Gebel features ceiling decoration that include star names will a series of quarries cut into the rock on both be described. The paper will also discuss rare the lower slopes and the top of the scree slopes New Kingdom instances of astronomical material

62 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 on vertical surfaces: one on a tomb wall and two settlement remains at Tell Edfu began in 2015. on architrave friezes, containing personifications While excavation of the Old Kingdom area is on- of named stars or star groups, planets, and going, a great deal of archaeozoological material circumpolar deities. All three are related to has already been uncovered from late 6th Dynasty the content of other Theban astronomical domestic contexts as well as contexts that appear material and provide perspectives on gaps in to have served administrative functions probably our understanding of the original astronomical related to a royal domain dating to the late 5th corpus on which Theban decorative programs Dynasty. This paper addresses the results of the drew. Among the artifacts related to astronomy diachronic analysis of faunal remains from the that have been found on the West Bank, three excavations of the Old Kingdom settlement area, are of particular interest for the chronology of and discusses the role of provisioning by the astronomical activity in ancient Egypt. One, a state versus a household economic system as it New Kingdom sundial found in 2013, strengthens pertains to animal production strategies at the our understanding of timekeeping in everyday site. The results of this study are pertinent not life. The others, star tables on the lids of Middle only to questions relating to the evolution of Kingdom coffins T3C and T3L, each make unique occupation and food production/consumption contributions to our understanding of star lists at the site, particularly as changes in its nature and tables as coffin decoration, and link the occurred prior to the First Intermediate Period, Theban Necropolis to the Asyut tradition of but also to how the animal economy at Tell Edfu astronomical tomb and coffin decoration. compares to other Old Kingdom settlement sites with administrative functions and showing varying degrees of urbanization and proximity to BEST STUDENT PAPER CONTESTANT centers of power. SASHA ROHRET, University of Chicago

Provisioning vs. Household SAYED MAMDOUH SOLIMAN, Economy at the Old Kingdom Ministry of Antiquities, Basel university Settlement of Tell Edfu A Rediscovered Tomb Textual and archaeological evidence have in Qurnet Marei: TT382 shown that the town of Edfu developed into (Usermontu) an important regional center during the 3rd millennium BCE serving as a provincial capital. Usermontu’s tomb (TT 382), which was re- But with the onset of the First Intermediate discovered in 2010, is located in Qurnet Marei, Period (2160-2055 BCE), which is often perceived tucked in among the burials of other high-ranking as a time of widespread famine and economic officials dating from the Eighteenth Dynasty crisis, limited textual evidence and a dearth through the Ptolemaic Period. Usermontu, who of archaeological material have obscured the is also known from his granite sarcophagus realities of daily life for the inhabitants of this (MMA 17.190.2042a-c), held multiple important influential site. Investigation of the oldest titles, including High Priest of Montu, Overseer

63 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 of Cattle, Overseer of the Two Granaries, interests of the time –such as elucidating the and Overseer of the Treasury. With these location of the Early Dynastic royal necropolis responsibilities, it is not surprising that his tomb or the location of the tomb of Imhotep– led is one of the largest in the area. A brief survey scholars to focus their efforts in the publication of the wall scenes in Usermontu’s tomb suggests of larger and more monumental structures, often that it was built during the Ramesside Period, overlooking those which were smaller and not which was confirmed during an initial clearing out relevant to their arguments. As a result, at least of the transverse hall which revealed a plaster 167 Early Dynastic tombs remain unpublished, fragment bearing the cartouches of Rameses II. which has prevented us from achieving a The decoration throughout Usermontu’s tomb is comprehensive understanding of the necropolis. different than other Ramesside tombs’ paintings Based on the available publications, together style—the quality of the painting and its unusual with unpublished archival material related to iconography is unique for the time period. The the archaeological works of C. M. Firth and W. tomb has been re-used during different periods: B. Emery in the 1930s and 40s, I will present from the initial investigation of the fallen plaster the process of reconstruction of the plan of the fragments, we found that the tomb was re-used necropolis. This endeavor is part of an early during the time of pharaoh SetNakht, the founder stage of my PhD dissertation, which aims to place of the Twentieth Dynasty, who is depicted and the well-known monumental structures of the identified by his cartouche inside the chapel cemetery in their broader context. adoring deities. TT 382 was occupied during the Late, Ptolemaic and Roman periods, as well as more recently by modern inhabitants of Qurna. SHAIMAA MAGDI EID, Director of the Scientific Archive Department at CEDAE at the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities SERGIO ALARCÓN ROBLEDO, Harvard University Tomb of Paser TT367: Reconstructing the New fieldwork Research plan of Early Dynastic and archeological excavation North Saqqara (three seasons 2017-2018, 2018-2019, 2020) The paper hereby presented provides a reconstruction of the plan of the archaic Paser was a military officer who lived in the reign necropolis of North Saqqara, which has long of Amenhotep II. He held some important titles been overdue. Since the time of J. E. Quibell in such as Hry pDt “captain of archers”. This title is the early 20th century, the site has received the considered one of the highest-ranking positions attention of numerous archaeologists, who have an officer could have. Paser also held other titles: revealed hundreds of funerary structures that Xrd n kAp “child of the nursery. The tomb (TT date all the way from the Early Dynastic down to 367) is located in western Thebes, Upper Egypt, the Greaco-Roman Period. The specific academic in the upper enclosure of the necropolis of Sheikh

64 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 Abdel Qurnah. The T- shaped plan of the tomb is the typical architectural type of the Eighteenth , University of Pennsylvania Dynasty. Aims and Objectives of Paser TT367 SHELBY JUSTL Fieldwork Research: Of quartz it’s important! - Digital documentation and publication - Art historical analysis of the painted decoration Amara West and the - Full conservation treatment Egyptian gemstone industry - Site management assessment Nubia served as a supplier of Egyptian mineral - Getting more information about the tomb wealth providing gold and sandstone as well as The three seasons of archeological excavation semiprecious stones such as amethyst, carnelian, (2017-2020): and jasper. This paper examines semiprecious - Excavate the new discovered shaft (H) stone distribution and centralized control within - Excavate and cleaning the main shaft (G) Nubia through a case study of Amara West, the - Excavate and clean the longitude hall (E) administrative capital of Upper Nubia during - Excavate and make a survey for the open court (A) part of the Ramesside Period and the seat of - Describe, measure, photograph, sketch, record the Deputy of Kush, an official appointed by all the finds and packed them in wooden and the pharaoh to oversee the location’s activity. plastic boxes. Examining carnelian and jasper artifacts from the - Analysis the pigments of the tomb 1939 and 1947-1950 EES excavations of Amara Archaeological finds: The excavation work at West revealed that of the 67 semiprecious stone tomb TT367 generated different archaeological items with recorded findspots, 48 cluster in three materials, comprised of human and animal bones, areas connected to either the local temple or the shabtis, coffin, mummy cases, pottery, textiles Deputy of Kush’s Residence. An analysis of the and other archaeological materials, which were distribution of objects, related finds, and building classified and identified to categories. architecture may indicate operation as storage magazines or treasuries for collecting Nubian Conclusion: We can conclude from the tribute on behalf of Egypt. Concentration excavation that the tomb has been reused more of storage facilities for semiprecious stone than once, from the New Kingdom until the Late materials suggests a closely supervised Roman period. gemstone industry under the direction of the Deputy of Kush. This case study illustrates a small aspect of the Egyptian gemstone industry with Amara West as a possible carnelian and jasper supplier for Egypt.

65 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 SHEROUK IBRAHIM SHEHADA, STEPHEN PHILLIP HARVEY, Helwan University Ahmose and Tetisheri Project Innovations in the Evidence for the Cult of Language of the Amarna Ahmose-Nefertary at Abydos

Period: An Analytic Study Situated adjacent to the pyramid temple of the Verbal System constructed by King Ahmose at south Abydos, two rectangular buildings composed largely of This research aimed to examine and appreciate bricks naming the “God’s wife, daughter of a king, the innovations introduced in the ancient wife and mother of a king” Ahmose-Nefertary were Egyptian language of the Amarna Period by discovered in excavations from 1993 to 2006. The focusing on an analysis of the verbal system. analysis of fragments of relief carving and statuary It showed that at that time, the innovations point to a decorative program featuring the image in the verbal system—among which the and identity of Ahmose-Nefertary, in contrast to sequential construction the ir(r).f sDm/ ir.f sDm the decoration in the adjacent temple of King and mtw.f sDm are one of the most significant, Ahmose which features her husband. Epigraphic participated in the development of the analytic evidence from the site (including the text of a royal (or periphrastic) system that is dominant in Late decree) demonstrates that her cult was active well Egyptian and therefore testified to the transitional into the reign of Ramesses II, a fact reflected in stage from Middle (or Classical) Egyptian to the apparent depiction of her sacred bark in the Late Egyptian. Moreover, this research revealed, Abydos temple of that king. In contrast with the through the analysis of the verbal system, that veneration of the queen at Thebes that centers on the linguistic innovations were largely attested her relationship to Amenhotep I, her Abydos cult in inscriptions from Amarna and did not reach is usually connected primarily with King Ahmose, Memphis, Thebes, or any other parts of Egypt although there are numerous indications that her during the Amarna period. One wonders whether role as mwt nsw, “Mother of a King,” was already this was not an indication of an overwhelmingly important during the later reign of Ahmose. dominant local dialect in Akhenaten’s new city and its immediate surroundings on the one hand, and whether this dialect could not be linked to the idea of a discourse implemented by the king on the other. The statistic study tackled the attestation of the instances, which is subdivided into two main parts: (1) Pre-Amarna Period including (63.33%), (2) the Amarna Period containing (36.67%).

66 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 STUART TYSON SMITH, University of SUSAN RAHYAB, Columbia University California, Santa Barbara The Suppression of Writing Nubia out of the shadow in Roman Egypt From of texts: intersections Augustus to the Rise of archaeological and of Christianity intellectual borderlands This paper examines the suppression of the in Egyptology written word in Roman Egypt from Augustus to the rise of Christianity. While the topic of Archaeologists working in traditional text-based censorship by Christian authorities in the Roman fields like Egyptology and Near Eastern Studies Empire enjoys an impressive bibliography, the are well aware of the “tyranny of texts.” This practice prior to Christianity’s rise has yet to dynamic applies particularly well to the study be properly explored. Papyri, inscriptions, and of ancient Nubia, which has long lain under the histories tell a somber tale of censorship and shadow cast by Egypt and the privileging of the book-burning in Roman Egypt for texts deemed textual and artistic record over archaeological subversive by Roman authorities. As was the case evidence. This paper considers the dynamics of in Rome, these practices were neither systematic Nubian-Egyptian relations from the perspective nor consistent. However, censorship practices of ancient borderlands, while exploring the in Egypt did not entirely mirror those in the intellectual borderlands between text, art, capital: unlike in Rome, targeted texts in Egypt and archaeology within Egyptology that led to were not those that attacked the emperor, but Nubia’s status as inferior and subordinate to rather those that promised harm to the empire. Egypt. Far from being relegated to the shadows, Any texts condemned as “illicit” secured an archaeology has the potential to act as a powerful author’s censorship, whether religious, alchemical, tool for accessing the lived experience of astrological, or self-commemorative. This paper individuals who are lost to history. In the Nubian offers the first in-depth examination of censorship borderlands and elsewhere, archaeology allows in Roman Egypt and explicates the socio-political us to present a more balanced view of Nubian- and cultural ramifications of this practice. Why did Roman authorities apply censorship in Egypt Egyptian relations, not in opposition to the texts, differently than at home? How did notions of but integrated with them. subversive behavior change and differ between Egypt and Rome? These inquiries allow one to gauge the impact of social standing and proximity to the seat of power in extrapolating who Roman authorities marked for censoring and where. The curious ability of certain Egyptian texts such as the Acta Alexandrinorum in evading the flames

67 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 is thereby comprehensible. This study unravels themselves as Other. In this way, such imagery the rationale behind a performative and jarring served to reinforce the sanctioned Egyptian strategy through which Roman authorities sought collective identity. This paper demonstrates that to control the written word in Egypt. smiting scenes were highly emotive religious and political tools, which helps explain their prevalence and consistency. TARA PRAKASH, College of Charleston

A Celebration of TERESA MOORE, Annihilation: Human and University of California Berkeley Divine Responses to New Scribes in the Horizon Kingdom Smiting Scenes of Eternity: Rare Title The image of the pharaoh in the act of smiting Extensions in Theban Graffiti his enemies was one of ancient Egypt’s most consistent visual motifs. The best-preserved Among the 226 known graffiti left to us by the and most elaborate examples date to the New famous scribe Qenherkhopeshef, a relatively Kingdom. During this time, smiting scenes small number elaborate his professional title regularly adorned outer temple walls, and as with the phrases “in the place of truth” or “of such, they would have had two ancient audiences: the tomb.” Only one includes the title extension people and deities. In this paper, I will consider “in the domain of everlastingness and eternity:” the emotional reactions of both audiences to Graffito 276, scratched on a rock face near KV smiting scenes and how these relate to the 8, in which the author takes credit for creating a purpose of the motif. The divine role in smiting “beautiful stairway” for the Western Goddess. is exemplified in the god who stands before A similar title, “true royal scribe in the horizon the pharaoh and witnesses the smiting. The of eternity,” appears in a votive inscription on god is best understood as an agent of the king, a limestone seat from his office at the Village supporting and enabling the king’s actions. This du Col, in which he paid homage to his father, god’s speech reveals his emotions, including Panakht, and his mentor, the scribe Ramose. happiness and love, which were also visualized Qenherkhopeshef’s 20th Dynasty colleague, through the scene’s composition and the god’s Amennakht son of Ipuy, and his descendants gestures. While human beings, other than the king also occasionally employed expressions such as and the enemies that he smites, were not depicted “in the horizon of eternity” and “in the domain in smiting scenes, associated texts indicate that of everlastingness” in their own graffiti. These happiness and jubilation were not only appropriate instances, too, represent a small proportion of the emotional responses to such scenes for humans hundreds of inscriptions left by Amennakht and but also the intended ones. The Egyptian people his prolific family. This paper focuses on the two were supposed to enjoy and take pleasure in uncommon title extensions, on who used them the sight of the smiting pharaoh. Viewers who and which titles they elaborate. Where are they expressed fear or other negative emotions marked located, and in what environment? Are they a

68 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 display of piety, a manifestation of family tradition, level compared to the intended use. or simply a matter of individual inclination? The At the heart of economic issues, the exploitation context in which they are found may shed light of of these sites often prevails over their study. the interplay of private devotion with day-to-day Under these circumstances, it seems urgent work in a realm permeated with the sacred. to engage in an analysis of this category of overflowed buildings for scientific safeguarding purposes. The temple of Kom Ombo, located on TERRIER AURELIE, the Nile cruise route, is one of the must-see stops University of Geneva - CNRS IRAA for many visitors, and thus is directly concerned From ancient surveys to new by these problems. methods: the architectural study of the temple of Kom TRACI LYNN ANDREWS, Ombo Texas A&M University

The temple of Kom Ombo is the only one, among Nautical Developments the five largest Greco-Roman temples built on Viewed Through Hieroglyphs Egyptian soil, not to have benefited from any modern architectural study. The sanctuary’s state This is a preliminary examination of how of preservation, partly destroyed by an ancient technological developments in boats can deviation of one the Nile’s arms, is probably be seen in nautical hieroglyphs. Boats and reason why researchers have neglected it. boat accessories, like sails and rudders, as hieroglyphs are found in multitudes from The implementation of a study of this scale Pharaonic through Ptolemaic Egypt. These requires first and foremost the acquisition of glyphs also show specific constructions all existing data on the site and in the region that didn’t develop until well into Egypt’s in general, as well as related studies on the long history. Examining the changes seen environment of the Kom Ombo plain. This step in the hieroglyphs can help illuminate when is fundamental in order to elaborate a protocol techniques and designs changed and how and research strategies. The aim of the research they were translated into Ancient Egypt’s is to address the various aspects of the temple’s written word. This allows us to better pinpoint design, ranging from the environmental context when these developments were conceived to questions related to the construction of spaces and implemented. Additionally, this study around the theological functions and to the may produce an idea of the process of how evolution of construction methods and techniques. the hieroglyphs’ designs changed with the In recent decades, ancient cultures have attracted dynamic developments in ship construction, countless tourists thanks to facilitated travel seeing how the Egyptians transitioned real conditions and to the development of tourism world change into their writing. This study looks policies. However, the high flow of tourists in the at nautical signs on their own and their use in various spaces is reaching an unprecedented extant texts and carvings. Then compares the

69 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 earliest attestation of the sign with our historical of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to Old knowledge of the first known implementation Kingdom royal decrees and letters; both labelled of the development. Much of what we know in Old Egyptian as wD. The interdisciplinary in terms of the implementation of new boat methodology of CDA seeks to identify traces technology comes from iconography. Expanding of ideology as transmitted and legitimized beyond this, now we can take into account the by institutional language. The relevance of changes in glyph designs utilized in writing. this methodology is warranted by the ancient Thus, combining the two forms of Egyptian Egyptian doctrine of Perception (sjA) and decoration and imagery to fully understand the Annunciation (Hw) that recognizes the unique periodization of nautical developments. political agency of the king’s intellect and speech. The use of Corpus Linguistics software determines the proliferation and eventual BEST STUDENT PAPER CONTESTANT decline of the three aforementioned discourses VICTORIA ALMANSA-VILLATORO, throughout royal decrees until the sudden rise of Brown University individual power in the First Intermediate Period. It is finally argued that the state’s own ideology Labor and Freedom in of collectivism is the ultimate detonator of royal the Old Kingdom: Royal decentralization, causing Egyptians to resort to local and family ties that would eventually take Rhetoric and Ideology, over leadership. from Climax to Collapse

This paper argues that three social, ethical, and VICTORIA JENSEN, psychological principles enabled the smooth Independent Researcher functioning of the Old Kingdom authoritarianism by shaping people’s sense of freedom and Figurines and Models from securing their compliance: 1) collectivism, 2) royal distinction, and 3) willful service to the the Palace, Settlement, and state. These three core values emphasize Cemeteries of Deir el-Ballas cooperative work towards a collective success that overrules individual desires and any non- Located in Upper Egypt just south of Dendara, royal entrepreneurship. The king’s rhetoric Deir el-Ballas features a royal palace dating th th implicitly promotes these discourses through to the late 17 -early 18 Dynasty, supporting subliminal appeals to linguistic commonsense. administrative and settlement buildings, as Thus, this research does not extract propaganda well as cemeteries dating primarily to the early th out of texts that were purposely designed 18 Dynasty. Early excavations by the Hearst to promote the monarchy, but rather, it is an Expedition to Egypt in 1900-1901 under the analysis of hidden agendas in messages meant direction of George Reisner revealed a plethora to be interpreted by a common Egyptian of clay figurines and models. These artifacts understanding. This work is an application were primarily found in the palace and domestic/ industrial buildings, although a few were also

70 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 discovered in tombs. Recent excavations have techniques have since been refined so that it added more examples to the corpus known from may be possible to do analysis of some available the site. This paper will present the various types muscle tissue and a broken tooth. If that shows of figurines and models from Deir el-Ballas, which the Braided Hair Lady is the mother of Unknown range from human and animal representations to Man E, it would be compelling evidence that he is objects such as boats, daggers, khepesh swords, Pentawere and she is Queen Teya. fly amulets, and more.

WAHID ATTIA MOHAMED OMRAN, W BENSON HARER, Associate Professor California State Univ San Bernardino El-Salamuni Necropolis of Forensic Archaeology Akhmim: New Approach to Find the Murderer The main necropolis of Akhmim from the of Ramses III Ptolemaic-Roman Period is located on El- Salamuni Mountain. The El-Salamuni project The murder of Ramses III was done through a aims to study and publish newly found painted well-documented conspiracy orchestrated by Graeco-Roman tombs in the mountain. The his wife Queen Teya in an aborted attempt to presentation focuses on the topography of put her son Pentawere on the throne. Recent the necropolis, the history of archaeological DNA studies have shown that the enigmatic investigations, the architectural layouts of the mummy labelled Unknown Man E from the Dier tombs, and their funerary art. Furthermore, the el Bahri find of 1881 is the son of Ramses III. The research outlines the main funerary characteristics anomalies of his mummification and burial have of the El-Salamuni tombs in a preliminary study. led many to suspect that Unknown Ma n E is Pentawere. The Niagara Falls museum acquired nine mummies from Egypt around 1860. It is YOSSRA IBRAHIM, Doctoral Candidate probable that at least two of them came from the Abd el Rasool family in Luxor, who mined that The Astronomical Diagrams Dier el Bahri hoard. All nine were sold after the Niagara Falls Museum closed in 1999. One has of the New Kingdom subsequently been identified as royal, possibly A number of New Kingdom monuments bear Ramses I. Beside him for 140+ years lay the intricate astronomical decorations and elaborate mummy known as the Braided Hair Lady. Analysis celestial elements. These decorations commonly of her coffin and her mummy show that her burial known as The Celestial Diagrams are considered was almost identical to that of Unknown Man a unique source of information regarding the E. Her mummy now resides in the Museum of ancient Egyptian conception of heavenly bodies. World Wonders in Wichita, Kansas, where I was Furthermore, the importance of these celestial privileged to examine it. Efforts to analyze her diagrams is that they are one of the expressive DNA in 2003 were unproductive. New, advanced ways the ancient Egyptians visually documented

71 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 celestial phenomena and concepts. Although, the above-mentioned Saint, some more aspects a number of diagrams have been studied will be explored, as follows. First, the paper before; however, questions relating to change will present the iconographic program context, in tradition and incorporation of new elements studied by Bolman (2002, pp. 37-76), and Sadek remains unanswered. This study focuses on (2003), and which possibilities can fit the best the astronomical diagrams dating to the New in this context. Then, it will compare with the Kingdom it will review the components of the same Saint in another parallel context (The Cave diagrams, development and integration of new Church of St. Paul in his Monastery in the Red elements as well. This research brings together Sea), which is dated some centuries later, to pictorial evidence from a number of diagrams which St. Antony Church seems to have been dating to the New Kingdom and explores the served as a model. At last, some hagiographical different ways in which celestial elements were remarks will be added about the Saint to whom depicted and the overall organisation of the it identifies the Anonymous wall painting, his diagrams. The goal of the presentation is to relation with Saint Antony attested in the sources, shed light on the importance of this decorative and his cult attested in the monastery of Saint programme and how it changed over time. Antony in the 13th century; what gives more credit to this identification.

YOUHANNA REDA MATTA, , The University of Chicago Institute of Coptic Studies in Cairo ZITING WANG More Evidence for Chariot diplomacy in the Identification of an the Late Bronze Age Anonymous Saint in The introduction of horses and chariots revolutionized the ways in which war and the Ancient Church of diplomacy were conducted in the Late Bronze St-Antony Monastery Age. While the use of horses and chariots in New Kingdom warfare has been extensively This paper presents more evidence for the treated by scholars, their role in diplomatic identification of the wall painting of the activities has not been investigated in depth. Anonymous Saint (N. 14: Van Moorsel, 1995, pp. The main goal of this paper is to investigate 122, 138-139; N. 3: Pearson, 2002, p. 221; N. 15: the role of charioteers in foreign relations Sadek, 2003, p. 37), to the right of Abba Isaac, and diplomacy during the Late Bronze Age in the second Chorus, in the Ancient Church of and the reasons (technological. cultural and Saint Antony Monastery, in the Red Sea. This political) that made them particularly fit for identification was done by Pearson (2002, p. 221), the role of diplomatic messengers. Previous through a reconstruction of the fragmentary studies have surveyed the diplomatic role of inscription remaining on the wall painting. the charioteers during the Ramesside era, a However, after resuming the previous studies, period that witnessed a surge of diplomatic regarding the description and identification of activities. However, they rely heavily on textual

72 ARCE ANNUAL MEETING | 2021 evidence produced by the Egyptians and have a narrow temporal scope. This paper will examine both textual (Egyptian, Akkadian, and Hittite) and archaeological evidence that is more chronologically disparate for the activities of charioteers in foreign relations and diplomacy, and if possible, conduct a comparative analysis of their role in the Egyptian and Hittite kingdom.

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