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The Focus of This Chapter Is the Terms That Were Used Throughout the New Kingdom for the Royal Structures Used by the Sovereign in His Daily Life

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The Focus of This Chapter Is the Terms That Were Used Throughout the New Kingdom for the Royal Structures Used by the Sovereign in His Daily Life The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of Art and Architecture Ceremonial and Economical Life in the Royal Palace of New Kingdom, Egypt A Dissertation in Art History by Reham Aly Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2015 The dissertation of Reham Aly was reviewed and approved* by the following: Elizabeth Walters Dissertation Advisor Chair of Committee Associate Professor of Art History Brian Curran Professor of Art History Madhuri Desai Associate Professor of Art History/Asian Art Donald Redford Professor of Classics and Mediterranean Studies Craig Zabel Associate Professor of Art History Head, Department of Art History *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School. ii Abstract It is significant that in the New kingdom, the last and greatest Empire Age of Ancient Egypt, the architecture and illustration of the Royal Palace provide new insight into royal life and vast wealth aggrandized the ruler and honored some members of his family and court. In this study, I have investigated three terms used for royal structures associated with king since the Old kingdom including Cḥ, stp-s3, and pr-nsw and defined their meaning and use during the New Kingdom. Although these three terms were in general used as designations of the “Royal Palace,” each one has specific reference to a particular type of royal structure with its own structure and purpose. This study concentrated in detail context and significance on these terms as they use during this period. Evidences were drawn from a variety of texts including commemorative autobiographical, narrative, and religious texts, besides pictured scenes from tombs, temples, etc. These evidences proved that the Royal Palace Cḥ was functioned as a royal residence of the king and headquarter of the kingship where the king lived and practiced his authority as the legitimate ruler of Egypt. Stp-s3 was definitely an essential component of the Royal Palace associated with the king duties as a ruler. Unlike the pr-nsw which seems to be connected with the vizier and government. In additional to the three overarching terms for the Royal Palace informing the discussion adumbrated above, I conducted a taxonomic break-down of the physical components of the Royal Palace. These included architectural elements such as gateways, doors, window of appearance used to frame the power and authority of the ruler during his public appearance. In addition, the identity and arrangements of halls, courts and chambers iii were investigated along with their functions. That included all the essential parts of the Royal Palace, both the residential area and headquarters of the kingship (stp-s3). The design and plan of the Royal Palace was purposely thought to provide segregation between the public and private areas of the Royal Palace while providing the king and inhabitant of the Royal Palace with all the means of luxury life. The location, design and even decoration of each hall and suite within the Royal Palace (whether of the headquarters or living area of the Royal Palace) associated with its function and use. Thus, the Royal Palace comprised various types of halls and suites that were investigated in this chapter using textual, pictorial and archeological sources pertaining to the period of study. The focus of the third chapter is the royal income during the New kingdom. The various sources of the royal income were examined along with the Egyptian terms used for each type of the royal income. The sources of royal income varied during this period to include not only inland sources but also income from the foreign lands that certainly made the New kingdom fabulously wealthy. iv Table of Contents List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................. vii List of Tables ..............................................................................................................................................viii List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................... ix Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One: New Kingdom Terms of the Royal Palace ............................................................................. 1 The Term Cḥ in Titles, Epithet and Phrases ......................................................................................... 15 The Term Cḥ in Officials’ Titles.......................................................................................................... 16 The Term Cḥ in Officials’ Honorary Titles, Epithets and Phrases ...................................................... 30 The Term Cḥ in the Titles and Epithets of Deities and Royalties ........................................................ 59 The Term Cḥ in Texts ......................................................................................................................... 66 A Summation of the Use of the Term Cḥ “Royal Palace” .................................................................. 78 The Term pr-nsw in Titles, Epithet and Phrases ................................................................................. 85 The Term pr-nsw in Officials’ Titles .................................................................................................. 85 The Term pr-nsw in Honorary Titles, Epithets and Phrases ............................................................... 95 The Term pr-nsw in Texts ................................................................................................................ 111 A Summation of the Uses of the Term pr-nsw “King’s House” ...................................................... 123 The term stp-s3 in Titles, Epithet and Phrases .................................................................................. 125 The Term stp-s3 in Officials’ Titles .................................................................................................. 126 The Term stp-s3 in Honorary Titles, Epithets and Phrases ............................................................... 132 The Term stp-s3 in Royal Epithet ..................................................................................................... 136 The Term stp-s3 in Texts................................................................................................................... 137 A Summation of the Uses of the Term stp-s3 ................................................................................... 147 Chapter Two: The Different Parts of the Royal Palace ............................................................................ 150 Gates, Doors and Windows of the Royal Palace................................................................................... 151 1- rwty wrty “The Great Double Gates”: ..................................................................................... 151 2- sb3 “Door”: .............................................................................................................................. 161 3- sšd- ḫCw “Window od Appearance”: ........................................................................................ 164 Courts and Halls of the Royal Palace .................................................................................................... 169 A. The Courts and Halls of the stp-s3: (The King’s Administrative Headquarters) .......................... 170 1- w3ḫy “ Columned Forecourt”: .................................................................................................. 171 2- wsḫt “Broad-Hall and Forecourt”: ............................................................................................ 176 3- ḏ3dw “Throne-Hall”:................................................................................................................ 181 B. The Suites, Courts, and Halls of the Royal Palace’s Residence ................................................... 188 1- ipt- nsw “Royal Quarters of Women”: ...................................................................................... 191 2- pr-dw3t “Robing - Room(s)”: .................................................................................................. 200 3- st-wCCw “Private Chamber”: ..................................................................................................... 205 4- k3p “Private Apartments”: ....................................................................................................... 207 v Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 213 Chapter Three:The Economy of the Royal Palace .................................................................................... 219 The Internal Revenue of the Royal Palace ................................................................................................ 220 1. Agricultural Lands and Their Products ......................................................................................... 221 A. pr “Royal Estate”: ..................................................................................................................... 222 B. khato-Land of Pharaoh: ............................................................................................................
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