Egypt The Gift of the Nile Egypt

Lower Egypt

Upper Egypt

Nubia Early History

• Pre-Dynastic • Cultural development from at least 5000 BC. • First hieroglyphic scripts date to ca. 3400 • First Dynastic Period • 1st Dynasty 3150 – 2125 BC • 2nd Dynasty 2925 – 2700 BC • An homogenous, distinct, Egyptian culture. • Afro Asiatic is the parent language of Semitic. Old Kingdom 2700 – 1552 BC: 3rd to 12th Dynasties

• 3rd Dynasty 2700 – 2625 • Pyramid of Djoser at saqqara Old Kingdom

4th Dynasty 2625 – 2510 Pyramids at Giza Established the nomes system Giza Giza Giza

Khufu

Khafre Sphinx

Menkaure Old Kingdom

• 5th – 8th Dynasties • 2510 - 2180 • 9th – 10th Dynasties • 2180 – 2040 • 9th and 10th Dynasties, capital at Herakleopolis • 11th Dynasty capital at Thebes (Luxor) • Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt by Mentuhotep II: 2040. 10th and 11th Dynasties

Sais Memphis 10th Dynasty capital at Herakleopolis Herakleopolis

11th Dynasty capital at Thebes

Thebes (Luxor) Middle Kingdom

• Middle Kingdom 2040 – 1991 • 12th Dynasty 1991 – 1783 • The Classical Period of Egyptian history • Ammenemes I 1991 – 1962 • Seized the throne from Mentuhotep IV. • Official court moved from Thebes to Memphis • Sesostris I 1971 – 1926 • Began construction of the temple complex at Karnak The 12th Dynasty ends in decades of internal competition such that the 13th and 14 Dynasties are lost to obscurity 12th Dynasty

Sais Memphis 10th Dynasty capital at Herakleopolis Herakleopolis

11th Dynasty capital at Thebes

Karnak

Thebes Hyksos Period

Sais Hyksos – Lower Egypt Memphis 15th & 16th Dynasties: ca. 1650 – 1552 Introduction of the Chariot Herakleopolis Levantine and Minoan connections

Theban - Upper Egypt 17th Dynasty: 1650 - 1552 Thebes New Kingdom

• 18th Dynasty • Ahmose 1552 – 1526 • Pushed the Hyksos out of Egypt • Amenophis I 1526 – 1506 • Conquered Nubia (Kush) • Tuthmosis I 1506 – 1493 • Capital established at Memphis • Expanded the temple complex of Amun-Re at Karnak • First rock-cut tombs – Valley of the Kings New Kingdom

Tuthmosis I 1506 – 1493 Sais Capital established at Memphis Memphis Expanded the temple complex of Amun- Re at Karnak Herakleopolis First rock-cut tombs – Valley of the Kings

Valley of Karnak the Kings Thebes • Tuthmosis II 1493 – 1479

• Hatshepsut 1479 - 1458 • Widow of Tuthmosis II, assumed regency for her son.

• Tuthmosis III (1479) – 1425 • Defeated the Sea People at the Battle of Megiddo ca. 1457 (?) • 17 campaigns into the Levant Akhenaten and Nefertiti

• Crowned Amenophis IV: • 1352 – 1348

• Adopted the monotheistic cult of Aten – the Sun. • Changed his name to Akhenaten • 1348 - 1338 • Built Akhtetaten Nefertiti Akhenaten Tut

• Smekhkare 1338 – 1336 • Possibly a brother of Akhenaten. • Reigned as regent • Tutankhamun 1336 – 1327 • The ‘Boy King’ • Died without an heir. • Tomb discovered by Howard Carter in 1922 Geopolitical Scene ca. 1300 BC • From the end of the 19th Dynasty (1188) to the 26th Dynasty (656) Egypt is beset by invasions and rivalries between the priests and the kings

Sea Peoples Hatti

Assyrians

Lybians

Nubians 26th & 27th Dynasties

• Necho I 672 – 664 • 671: Sennacherib of Assyria conquers to Memphis • 664: Necho assists in Assyrian conquest to Thebes • Psammetichus I 664 – 610 • Re-asserts Egyptian independence • Extensive use of foreign mercenaries • Opens ports to Greek and Phoenician trade • Necho II 610 – 596 • Wars against Babylon for control of the Levant • Psammetichus II 595 – 589 • Apries 589 – 570 • Amasis 570 – 526 • Psammetichus III 526 - 525