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The Gazelle in Ancient Egyptian Art Image and Meaning

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The Gazelle in Ancient Egyptian Art Image and Meaning Uppsala Studies in Egyptology - 6 - Department of Archaeology and Ancient History Uppsala University For my parents Dorrit and Hindrik Åsa Strandberg The Gazelle in Ancient Egyptian Art Image and Meaning Uppsala 2009 Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in the Auditorium Minus of the Museum Gustavianum, Uppsala, Friday, October 2, 2009 at 09:15 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in English. Abstract Strandberg, Åsa. 2009. The Gazelle in Ancient Egyptian Art. Image and Meaning. Uppsala Studies in Egyptology 6. 262 pages, 83 figures. Published by the Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University. xviii +262 pp. ISSN 1650-9838, ISBN 978-91-506-2091-7. This thesis establishes the basic images of the gazelle in ancient Egyptian art and their meaning. A chronological overview of the categories of material featuring gazelle images is presented as a background to an interpretation. An introduction and review of the characteristics of the gazelle in the wild are presented in Chapters 1-2. The images of gazelle in the Predynastic material are reviewed in Chapter 3, identifying the desert hunt as the main setting for gazelle imagery. Chapter 4 reviews the images of the gazelle in the desert hunt scenes from tombs and temples. The majority of the motifs characteristic for the gazelle are found in this context. Chapter 5 gives a typological analysis of the images of the gazelle from offering processions scenes. In this material the image of the nursing gazelle is given particular importance. Similar images are also found on objects, where symbolic connotations can be discerned (Chapter 6). References to healing and regeneration are found, particularly in relationship to the context of the objects. The gazelle is found in a divine context in a limited material (Chapter 7). A discussion of these sources sees a focus on the gazelle as representative for the desert mountains as the setting for death and rebirth. This relates to the gazelle as a feminine image with a connection to the models of female divinity (Chapter 8). Keywords: gazelle, Egyptian art, Egyptian religion, hunt, offering, desert fauna, Heb Sed, Hathor, Solar Eye Åsa Strandberg, Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University, Box 626, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden. 0 Åsa Strandberg 2009 ISSN 1650-9838 ISBN 978-91-506-2091-7 Printed in Sweden by Edita Västra Aros, Västerås 2009. Distributor: Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Box 626, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden Contents List of Figures viii Chronological table xiv Abbreviations used in the text xvi Preface xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Aim 2 1.2 Source material 2 1.2.1 A representative selection 3 1.3 Approach 3 1.4 Previous research 5 1.5 Imagery as cultural expression 6 2 The Gazelle 8 2.1 Description 8 2.1.1 Gazelle (Antilopinae gazella)9 a. Dorcas gazelle (Gazella dorcas)9 b. Soemmerring's gazelle (Nanger soemmerringii)10 2.1.2 Ibex (Capra ibex nubiana)11 2.1.3 Oryx (Oryx dammah, Oryx beisa) 12 2.1.4 Other animals of the desert 13 a. Hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus)14 b. Aurochs (Bos primigenus)15 c. Addax (Addax nasomaculatus)15 d. Fallow deer (Dama mesopotamica)16 e. Roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus)17 f. Barbary goat (Ammotragus lervia)17 g. Wild ass (Equus asinus africanus)17 h. Hyena (Hyena hyena)18 i. Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes)19 j. Cape hare (Lepus capensis)19 k. Hedgehog (Paraechinus aethiopicus)20 l. Ostrich (Struthio camelus)20 2.1.5 Ancient and modern problems of identification 21 2.1.6 Description – concluding remarks 23 2.2 Habitat and subsistence 24 2.3 Natural behaviour 24 2.3.1 Mating 25 2.3.2 Giving birth 25 2.3.3 Nursing the young 26 2.3.4 Protecting the young 27 2.3.5 Fleeing the predator 28 2.3.6 Natural behaviour – concluding remarks 29 2.4 Domestication 30 2.5 The gazelle – concluding remarks 32 3 The Initial Images - Pre- and Early Dynastic Sources 33 3.1 Rock drawings 34 3.2 Ceramics 35 3.3 Knife handles 36 3.3.1 The Petrie Museum knife handle (UC 16295) 36 3.4 Combs and hairpins 37 3.5 Palettes 38 3.5.1 The Hunters Palette 39 3.5.2 The ‘Two Dogs Palette’ 40 3.5.3 The Stockholm Palette 42 3.5.4 The Gazelle Palette 43 3.6 Hierakonpolis Tomb 100 44 3.7 The Early Dynastic Period and Hemaka’s disc 45 3.8 Initial images - concluding remarks 46 4 The Desert Hunt 47 4.1 The components of the desert hunt 47 4.1.1 Desert topography 47 4.1.2 The hunters 47 4.1.3 The prey 48 4.1.4 Hiding from the predator: the insert 50 4.1.5 The hunt and its implications 51 4.2 The royal desert hunt 51 4.2.1 The royal desert hunt: Old Kingdom 52 a. Mortuary temple of Sahure, Abusir, 5th dyn. 52 b. Sun Temple of Niuserre, Abu Ghurob, 5th dyn. 56 c. Pyramid complex of Unas, Saqqara, 5th dyn. 59 d. Mortuary temple of Pepi II, Saqqara, 6th dyn. 59 e. The royal desert hunt: Old Kingdom - concluding remarks 61 ii 4.2.2 The royal desert hunt: Middle Kingdom 62 a. Mortuary temple of Mentuhotep II, 11th dyn. 62 b. The royal desert hunt – Middle Kingdom - concluding remarks 63 4.2.3 The royal desert hunt: New Kingdom 63 a. Tomb of Tutankhamun, KV 62, 18th dyn. 64 a.1 Bow case 64 a.2 Painted chest 65 a.3 Embroidered tunic 66 a.4 Unguent jar 68 b. Temple of Ramses III, Medinet Habu, 20th dyn. 69 c. The royal desert hunt: New Kingdom - concluding remarks 70 4.2.4 The royal desert hunt - concluding remarks 70 4.3 The desert hunt in private tombs 71 4.3.1 The desert hunt in Old Kingdom private tombs 72 a. Meidum, 3rd and 4th dyn. 72 a.1 Mastaba of Nefermaat and Atet, 3rd - 4th dyn. 73 a.2 Mastaba of Rahotep, 3rd - 4th dyn. 73 b. Saqqara, 4th - 6th dyn. 74 b.1 Mastaba of Raemka, 5th dyn. 75 b.2 Mastaba of Pehenuka, mid 5th dyn. or later 76 b.3 Mastaba of Ptahhotep [II], late 5th dyn. 77 b.4 Mastaba of Niankhkhnum and Khnumhotep, 5th dyn. 78 b.5 Mastaba of Meryteti, 6th dyn. 78 c. Giza, 4th - 6th dyn. 79 c.1 Mastaba of Nimaatre, late 5th dyn. 79 c.2 Mastaba of Seshemnefer [IV], late 5th - early 6th dyn. 80 d. Deir el-Gebrawi, 6th dyn. 81 d.1 Rock-cut tomb of Ibi, 6th dyn. 82 e. Old Kingdom private tombs - concluding remarks 83 4.3.2 The desert hunt in Middle Kingdom private tombs 83 a. Beni Hassan, 11th - 12th dyn. 84 a.1 Tomb of Khnumhotep [III], BH 3, 12th dyn. 84 a.2 Tomb of Khety, BH 17 11th dyn. 86 b. Meir, 12th dyn. 87 b.1 Tomb of Senbi, B 1, 12th dyn. 87 b.2 Tomb of Ukhhotep, B 2 12th dyn. 89 c. Thebes, 11th - 12th dyn. 89 c.1 Tomb of Intefiker, TT 60, 12th dyn. 90 iii d. El-Saff, 11th dyn. 91 d.1 Tomb of Ip, 11th dyn. 91 e. Middle Kingdom private tombs - concluding remarks 92 4.3.3 The desert hunt in New Kingdom private tombs 92 a. Tomb of Montuherkhepeshef, TT 20, 18th dyn. 93 b. Tomb of Amenipet, TT 276, 18th dyn. 94 c. New Kingdom private tombs - concluding remarks 96 4.3.4 Final examples of the desert hunt scene 96 a. Tomb of Ibi, TT 36 96 4.4 The desert hunt scenes - concluding remarks 97 5 The Gazelle as Offering 101 5.1 Offering scenes 101 5.1.1 A typology of gazelle images 104 a. Bringing the gazelle from the estates 104 a.1.Gazelle on leash 105 Tomb of Seshemnefer, LG 53, Giza, late 5th-early 6th dyn. 105 Tomb of Kemsit, TT 308, Deir el-Bahari, 11th dyn. 106 Tomb of Amenemhat TT 82, Sheikh Abd el-Gurna, 18th dyn. 106 a.2. Gazelle on leash, nursing 107 Tomb of Kagemni, LS 10, Saqqara, 6th dyn. 107 a.3. Gazelle carried 107 Tomb of Akhethotep, D 64a, Saqqara, 5th dyn. 107 a.4. Procession of the estates – concluding remarks 108 b. Procession of offering bearers 108 b.1 Gazelle walking 108 the gazelle by the horns 109 Tomb of Shetui, Giza, end of 5th - early 6th dyn. 109 Tomb of Khnumhotep [III], BH 3, Beni Hassan, 12th dyn. 109 Tomb of User, TT 21, Sheikh Abd el-Gurna, 18th dyn. 110 ! 111 Tomb of Sekhemka, G 1029, Giza, end of 5th-early 6th dyn. 111 Tomb of Ukhhotep, C 1, Meir, 12th dyn. 111 Tomb of Rekhmire, TT 100, Sheikh Abd el-Gurna 112 b", nursing 112 Tomb of Ankhmahor, Saqqara, early 6th dyn. 112 b.1.‘independently’ 113 Tomb of Seshemnefer, LG 53, Giza, end of 5th-early 6th dyn. 113 Tomb of Khety, BH 17, Beni Hassan, 11th dyn. 114 Tomb of Ineni, TT 81, Sheikh Abd el-Gurna, 18th dyn. 114 iv Striding ‘independently’, nursing 115 Tomb of Rawer, G 5470, Giza, late 5th dyn. 115 Tomb of Kadua, Giza, 5th dyn. 115 b.2 Carrying the gazelle 116 117 Tomb of Seshat-hotep, G 5150, Giza, 5th dyn. 117 Tomb of Seshemnefer [III], G 5170, Giza, 117 Tomb of Ukhhotep, C 1, Meir, 12th dyn. 118 Tomb of Menna, TT 69, Sheikh Abd el-Gurna, 18th dyn.
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