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DOCTORAL PROGRAM IN PRESERVATION OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE PhD Yearbook | 2012 PhD Yearbook

461 Interventions on the built environment and more generally Chair: on buildings of the past, including the recent past, and their management call for fine-tuned knowledge and organization skills in Prof. Carolina Di Biase 1. M. F. De Vergès, Projet de dix ponts differents en charpente, 1818. all the related areas, from planning to maintenance. Special and separate attention is paid, on one hand, to older and Coursework historical buildings and structures, on the other to contemporary The PhD is intended to offer a broad range of courses which combine architecture, in both cases in constant contact with developments in theory and practice to stimulate advances in multidisciplinary research. studies elsewhere in others countries. The PhD career, held in three years, involves the acquisition of a total of Regarding the method, the most significant contribution of the 180 credits. PhD program is the ability to acquire both the learning derived 30 credits are concentrated in the first year and are divided as follow: from specialized knowledge, both the fundamentals of knowledge 25 (minimum) offered by PhD courses organized by the PhD program that allow to dialogue with different disciplinary matters and often in Preservation of the architectural heritage, and 5 credits offered by complementary. the PhD School. The remaining credits are aimed to personal study and The sequence of courses and activities are designed to form a research for the preparation of the PhD thesis. researcher and an operator that can work with high-quality in In addition to compulsory courses, for each PhD candidate is organized preservation activities, maintenance and management of building a specific path-study that will include the attendance at other teaching heritage. activities. PhD candidates may attend courses offered by the School OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE PRESERVATION for Specialists in Architectural Heritage and Landscapes (Scuola di Teaching aims Specializzazione in Beni Architettonici e del Paesaggio - SSBAP), both in Knowledge is an essential step towards protecting and preserving the order to add more specific knowledge to those acquired in the courses built environment, and particularly in the case of the “conservation of Master degree, and in relation to different topics of the thesis. of the architectural heritage”, it is essential to understand complex In support of research carried out for their thesis, students will benefit aspects of its creation, transformation, present conditions, and from several laboratories both in the University, and outside: among consider the richness of its meanings and evidences. them, the Analysis and Diagnostic Evaluation of Buildings Laboratory In fact a building or a structure cannot be explained by the technical (DiAP), the Materials tests Laboratoy (DIS), the Laboratories of ICVBC – instruments of architecture alone: its documentary dimension lies CNR Unità di Milano “Gino Bozza” and of the Institute of atmospheric in its material substance, in the meanings that built heritage has sciences and climate (CNR Isac Padova). Among the activities been assuming over time for different societies and that should be undertaken during the second and third year there are also included evaluated when news condition and significances of buildings and the attendance to workshops, seminars and national and international sites are to be defined. conference related to individual research, with particular attention to Familiarity with the built environment is necessarily aided by historical the conferences in which PhD candidates will present the results, even research and every other kind of useful contribution as well as, partial, of their research thesis. obviously, that by experimental science. As far as knowledge and The PhD courses are organized in a variable number of lectures (one intervention on the built heritage are concerned, the human sciences semester) and are complemented by study visits and seminar activities. and historical disciplines are indissolubly linked with the relevant The seminars are organized by the responsible professors – which applied sciences. For there can be no “truthful”, exhaustive diagnosis provide information and basic bibliography- and have a systematic of old buildings that fails to consider the dimension of time, and the presence of lecturers from other Italian or foreign Universities in order reconstruction of past usages and transformations. Conservation of to allow PhD candidates to get informed about the research in the built environment founds in the interdisciplinary knowledge as well as different aspects and contexts. The lectures by foreigner professors will on people able to solve the questions by means of the contribution of be held in English. In the case of lessons held in a language different different kind of subjects and studies. from English, the PhD course will organize a simultaneous translation into English language. 462

archaeological sites and landscape conservation, several bodies have financed scholarships. museology and museography. Graduates of the PhD program have often The PhD program fosters contacts with government found employment in public sector conservation institutions – starting from the Ministry for Cultural institution at progressively higher levels, as well as Heritage, in its central and regional offices – and in professional practice and in the business world, with organizations operating across the country in in specific specialized fields.

the sector of preservation. Within this framework | 2012 PhD Yearbook

Advisory Board 463 Di Biase Carolina Politecnico di Milano Bellini Amedeo Politecnico di Milano 2. View of the ruins of the temple of Ramses II at Antinoe (Egypt). Direttore regionale per i Beni Culturali Bon Valsassina Caterina e Paesaggistici della disciplines, with bibliographical readings in ∙∙Strengthening of historical building of structures relation to the cultural interpretations that have Boriani Maurizio Politecnico di Milano and materials deals with analytical and influenced the site transformation during the Carpeggiani Paolo Politecnico di Milano experimental methods for testing the efficiency time. Chesi Claudio Politecnico di Milano of structures, including those at particular risk. It includes study and calibration of non-destructive Research organization and topics Crippa Maria Antonietta Politecnico di Milano investigative techniques for structural diagnosis, One of the distinctive features of the PhD course Faccio Paolo Università IUAV, Venezia as well as theoretical and experimental study of is that it explores issues as yet seldom addressed Forni Marica Politecnico di Milano appropriate non-invasive techniques, amongst in the sector of conservation, as a means of them compliance with safety standards for developing new contributions to scientific output. Grimoldi Alberto Politecnico di Milano buildings in seismic areas. Particularly there are analysis of materials of Jurina Lorenzo Politecnico di Milano ∙∙The Culture and experiences of heritage contemporary buildings and their decay, the Marani Pietro Politecnico di Milano

preservation is approached as part of the research of intervention techniques respecting the OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE PRESERVATION history of culture getting to contemporary cultural heritage; the topic could be extended, Mirabella Roberti Giulio Università degli Studi di Bergamo events; as history of the change of the ways of starting from monumental building, to the wider Musso Stefano Università degli Studi di Genova thinking about preservation and its frontiers and field of common ones; the heating and plumbing Pesenti Serena Politecnico di Milano change in the expression of different cultural systems of historic buildings, “building physics” and institutional aspects. Preservation is also (already studied in Germany and France) and Pretelli Marco Alma mater studiorum Università di Bologna considered as history of criteria and types of the consequent documenting of innovative Saisi Antonella Politecnico di Milano design and interventions that vary in time, up to installations in old buildings with the parallel study Selvafolta Ornella Politecnico di Milano the introduction of new intervention techniques, of old installations in individual buildings and at materials and forms between XIXth and XXth urban level. Tedeschi Cristina Politecnico di Milano Century. Experimental and workshop activities about Treccani Gian Paolo Università degli Studi di Brescia famous buildings or less known are carried out ∙∙Construction history explores the issues of Vassallo Eugenio Università IUAV, Venezia recognizing buildings as a historic source, in the Laboratories that collaborates with PhD interpreting how events unfolded at building Doctoral program. Innovative studies are being sites and how production was organized, and conducted in this sector, thanks to new research Doctoral Program Board showing how construction techniques of the tools: the particular subjects of interest are historic past evolved thanks to the technical know-how mortars, old concrete, new mortars for masonry Giovanna Alessandrini già Dirigente di ricerca CNR Centro “Gino Bozza” di Milano of architects and builders, on one hand, and restoring. The objective is to find out how they Francisco Barata Fernandes Facultade de Arquitectura - Universidade do Porto (Curso de Estudos the methods of archaeological stratigraphy, also were produced in the past, something little is Avançados em Património Arquitectónico) in elevation, on the other. In parallel students yet known about, and current possibilities for conduct workshop analyses and learn to interpret re-introducing their use, or to research suitable Luigia Binda Politecnico di Milano, esperto di Consolidamento degli edifici storici their findings. and compatible materials and techniques of Dario Camuffo CNR ISAC Padova, Esperto in Climatic change, Environmental history ∙∙Historical research methodology aims to interventions. Andrè Guillerme CNAM - Conservatoire national des arts et métiers (École doctorale outline, through a selection of case-studies, the Other more usual subjects of research and Abbé Grégoire), Paris methodological and research aspects undertaken specialized teaching are the economic aspects by researchers connected with different historical of conservation, legislation to cultural heritage, Rob P.J. van Hees University of Technology, Delft, Professor of Conservation Techniques 464

The columns of the temple of Ramses II at Antinoe. Survey for a construction history of the building PhD Yearbook | 2012 PhD Yearbook Michele Coppola

465 This research is a result of the focused on 14 columns of the and quantitative parameters, of the courtyard, applied collaboration between the courtyard, where the relief processed with typological and differently to construction Ph.D. school in Preservation of decoration was carved on the statistical analysis. In the second elements, confirming the Architectural Heritage of the stone and plaster layers. Due to level, the stratigraphic method is action of different teams Politecnico di Milano and the the abundant traces of layering applied to sample surfaces of the of builders and decorators. Italian Archaeological Mission these columns can represent columns. The third level focuses For decoration techniques, in Antinoe, coordinated by many of the evolutionary on materials and techniques, the micro-stratigraphic the “G. Vitelli” Papyrological phases of the building. The with the management of the investigation integrated with Institute of Florence. The work was set in two stages. archaeometric available data laboratory analysis has given remains of the city of Antinoe The first phase (chapters 1-3) and with laboratory analysis on a preliminary framework quite are located near the village of consists of a bibliographic samples of material. The results clear. Some hypothesis have El Sheikh Abadah on the right study on three main topics. An shed light on some basic steps been proposed for the standard bank of the Nile, in the district investigation has focused on of the construction history 1. West elevation of the entrance colonnade of the courtyard. work procedures of the first of el-Minya in Upper Egypt. (chapter 1) the evolution of of the temple of Antinoe. At Ramesside site and those The city is known for being documentation methods of the the same time there are some related to the later pharaonic founded by Emperor Hadrian in ancient egyptian monuments, new questions and possible additions. The specific aspects 130 AD on the site where his from the antiquity until the investigations on many aspects of the materials used for the PRESERVATION OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE PRESERVATION favored Antinous, according to contemporary period. The aim of the temple complex, to set decoration (pigments, organic the tradition, was drowned in is to place this study in the several research directions. binders) were outlined with the Nile. The Ramesside temple current context of architectural Reconnected to the existing sufficient reliability. A remarkable represents the only evidence research in Egypt and to identify knowledge on the temple, the accuracy of work was aimed of the Pharaonic period, older the main methods for the field survey has produced results at a homogeneous aesthetic than the roman foundation. survey on field. The second of considerable importance result. The techniques are those The aim of this research is to bibliographic study (chapter 2) to clarify some aspects of of the traditional practices of assist the ongoing study on the analyzes the current knowledge the phases of construction, the Ramesside period, with temple of Antinoe to deepen on the construction aspects of decoration and transformation. some variations for the later the knowledge about the the temples in the ramesside The main processes of 2. The two types of columns of the 3. Cartouche with the name of Ramses II. additions. The possibility of construction history, techniques period. The last thematic construction and decoration courtyard; decoration interventions Vertical stripe between two scenes. continuing this study could and materials. The intent is to study (chapter 3) deepens the have been identified on the post Ramesse II (red Merenptah, provide a perspective for new green Ramesse III, yellow Ramesse IX). propose an interdisciplinary, current state of knowledge various types of columns. In interpretations of this building. reliable and effective method, and studies on the temple of the courtyard, the same specific solutions (insertion of analysis, focusing on the stones As well, the new directions able to achieve good results Antinoe. The second phase of model of column was made blocks of stone, additions of and their possible provenance. of research can contribute to with the use of relatively simple the research (chapters 4 and 5) in different ways (three types varying thickness, removals, The study of mortars, much improve the knowledge of means, that can find a right is a field survey. The work on of assembly and two types of rework, repairs). The sequences more varied, has been the temple architecture of the place in the current dimension the columns is divided into three decoration), with a clear intent of some stages of processing organized to assess the possible ramesside period. of the architectural research progressive and complementary of the project. The traces of have been identified. It was hypotheses on the mode of on Egyptian monuments. The levels, combining the methods overlapping actions have been also verified the replacement production and use. It revealed usual topics of egyptological deemed most appropriate to the checked with the stratigraphic of some elements made after a production substantially investigations on the pharaonic specific features of the temple survey on the surfaces. The the collapses. The building related to the Ramesside architecture were combined complex. The first level is aimed standard procedures of materials have been identified phase of construction. with those of the “archeology of at identifying homogeneous realization of the columns have quite clearly with macroscopic There are two basic types of architecture”. The investigation groups, by recording qualitative been identified, often finding investigations and laboratory decoration in the columns 466

the willingness of the Court, partly allodial property of which the Church, gradually increasing. Administration and use of public buildings the administrative directives, Charles V was heir. Moreover, in The expansion of government guidelines for interventions to the former , the separation powers, in addition to in in the eighteenth and Paolo Pozzo, the buildings, until directions between ownership of the suppression of the monasteries, for the proper functioning of Gonzaga family and property still increased the State property, public architect warehouses and public yards. of the city had never existed; introducing new categories

This good organization of the allodial heritage and public of buildings and determining | 2012 PhD Yearbook Verena Frignani State was governed from the buildings merged together in the the rise in construction bottom up, for example, those Habsburg.funds. activity, primarily intended as warehouses of building materials The management of this reuse and maintenance. This 467 The research deals with the social and administrative status, interest of the Habsburgs for a offering the possibility to store heritage was held the also led to a more conscious management and execution of a “modern” State, in which the real strategy on the buildings and reuse resources: wood, prerogative of the Magistrato separation of technical tasks and construction activities in public case of Mantua, declassed in a proved to be imminent just stone, lime, iron, etc. Camerale, century old organ. administrative decisions, namely buildings in the former duchy of few years from capital in little following the suppression The research focuses on the To it, represented by the to a greater definition of the Mantua, in the century of the imperial province, is symbolic. of former convents and exploration of new sources, Prefetti delle Acque and Periti duties of the figures involved Habsburg rule. Also the illuminist renewal monasteries, in the second the potential that these - the camerali (public technicians) was procedure in the action on the The analysis of historiography of of the city’s buildings goes half of the century, when the archive of Scalcheria primarily entrusted with the responsibility buildings. the city on eighteenth-century along with the directives of substantial real estate assets - expresses and the objective of building works construction, The figure of Paolo Pozzo, Perito has revealed the presence of the best functionality, thrift, which had become available to the inquiry is aiming at. Archive maintenance, demolition, camerale, but also architect and different types of writings and “decoration”, of a “good the Regia Camera was intended data are processed to a specific including the process of professor of the Academy, leads an increasing focus on economic government”, especially in the for public office. In this strategy, treatment that describes the organization and supervision of to many of the issues mentioned and social aspects since the 50s bureaucracy, as in architecture. were reaffirmed values ​​that put process of intervention on the the yard. The description of the above, and well expresses the of the twentieth century, when The function sets the rules of the State to serve the common public buildings: the decision- operation of the Magistrato, image of the new “official” at it began to support an analytical the building facade design, the good of all citizens, were making phase, the competent with the various tasks assigned the service of the State, entered study of economic sources ornate decoration and pomp enhanced the most functionality organs, the design choices, to the Questori, management into an institutional and political about properties to previous are minimized, the rigorous lines and administrative efficiency, the the supply of materials, the practices, reporting lines, mechanism which interprets descriptions, which historical communicate order and rational effectiveness of interventions, execution of the payments. positions and offices, has and enhances the values​​. He PRESERVATION OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE PRESERVATION and literary approach. The magnificence. They banned the need for economy and The prerogative of a research allowed to represent a specific is the conduit between State interest of the Habsburgs for wastefulness and the useless rejection of luxury, the like this, that uses a fund large theme, largely unexplored: apparatus and Academy, not the territory and the urban core luxury, but great weight is given development of a “decoration”, and internally differentiated, the organization of the sector only because its excellent was tied to fiscal opportunities. to the possibility of reuse not moral and urban, which is is the possibility of being open of public works in the Ancien students are among the best On the quantitative knowledge only the built heritage available, expressed in the order. to multiple continuations and Regime. In Mantua, it is executors and assistants in of the acquired built heritage is but still material, objects, Architectures in Mantua have insights, both through an interesting to note that this many construction sites, but established programs of reform people (here is the reference been extensively studied in expansion in the acquisition of area only with the advance also because he concretes the the Habsburgs imposed during for workers “trusted”, but also many architectural aspects, quantitative data and through of the eighteenth century has strategy of public works used as the entire century. administrators with multiple but often were omitted purely a multidisciplinary discussion of assumed a gradual specificity. a training tool. On the social level, it is evident offices). concrete data, relative to the the information collected. The very birth of the idea the absence of a strong noble Compositional choices were construction site, materials used, Buildings owned and operated of a government property, class who could take the heavily influenced by the their supply and procurement. by the Regia Camera, a sort finally divided by the personal opportunities of growth and presence of the new Academy However, it’s clear the necessity of State property, is called assets, brought a substantial change made ​​by the new of Sciences and Fine Arts, built of a confrontation with this type fabbriche camerali. In the case contribution to the activity of the government; the aristocracy by in 1752, and of information, less “aulic”, as of ownership of the former public technician. The figure of of the city derived its wealth his neo-classical orientation. The representative of a single design duchy passed under Hapsburg the Prefetto delle Acque, always primarily from rents, so showed reorganization of the Academy implemented on all branches rule there is a significant two- been linked to the hydraulic no political capacity, no and the incentives in the public with the same objective. In fold distinction. The emperor, and infrastructural needs of ambitions, nor appeared unable education system promoted by this set of procedures, the compared to Ferdinando Carlo, the territory, gained increasing to confront with the emerging the Habsburgs, were an other executive operations, even the was not only the ruler against importance dealing with elite of officials that the Empire expression of a wider program most humble and customary, which the last Gonzaga was architectures and monuments: began to train. What takes of renewal, and new curricula corresponded to criteria dictated guilty of felony, but it was also for example, Moscatelli and shape is a photograph of the were aimed at increasing the by a plant much deeper and his cousin and successor, so that Borsotto realized several end of the Ancien Regime, with advantage of the State. broader, involving all spheres the goods were confiscated in parochial churches, whose plan the necessary transition to a new It should be noted that the of the Habsburg state system, the imperial properties were expressed the State control over 468

testified by the main façade – Felicita’s house when her son Gonzaga), the farm at Tabellano Living in Mantua between which still shows late Renaissance Lugi Gonzaga died in 1626. (acquired by Guido Sforza, Pirro th th eaves – and by the loggia in the This palace was originally built Maria’s father) and the “corte di the 16 and the 18 century: courtyard, which was mentioned by Giovanni Battista Guerrieri Porthiolo”, with a “palazzo da in an inventory dated 1583. Gonzaga, secretary of padrone”. the Gonzaga di Vescovato Perhaps, even another inventory Vincent 1st, between 1597 The farm of Portiolo was

dated 1617 and a map drawn at and 1600. The palace is fully acquired in 1528 by Sigismondo | 2012 PhD Yearbook Giulio Girondi the beginning of the 17th century described in the post mortem 1st Gonzaga di Vescovato describe the late Renaissance inventory of the nobleman, from the “Prepositura” of the rock, before its baroque drawn up in 1604. Scholars monastery of San Benedetto 469 The cadet line of the Gonzaga the Ducal Palace of Mantua. transformation fully explained have attributed the architecture in Polirone, then headed by dynasty – originally called “del In addition to this, documents by a drawing dated 1690 and by of the palace to the ducal Federico Gonzaga, Sigismondo’s Borgo” from the location of the testify a strict relationship 18th century inventories. “prefetto” Antonio Maria Viani, uncle. Almost certainly, the family palace in the “contrada between Giovanni Gonzaga and All the sons of Sigismondo 2nd while documents testify that farm had a mansion, as the del Borgo” – was born at the workshop of Lorenzo Costa. lived together in the palace the interior decorations were term “viridarium” (used the end of the 15th century This palace was, perhaps, “sul Borgo” only for few years: executed by Orazio Lamberti, a to describe the garden in 1528) with Giovanni, the third child the biggest private house in this palace was dived in 1580 collaborator of Viani. Moreover, seems suggest. The house, of marquis Federico 1st and Renaissance Mantua. Documents and in the next years Giordano a very strict relationship characterized by a small tower Margherita of Bavaria. Giovanni indicate the borders of the and Carlo built new patrician between Giovanni Battista mentioned in the inventory of Gonzaga was born in 1474 property and the general lay residences. Fulvio and Guido Guerrieri Gonzaga and Antonio 1567, was transformed into a and in 1491 married Laura out of the plan, characterized Sforza remained in the family Maria Viani is documented: in “palace” at the end of the 16th Bentivoglio, one of the daughters by a main court with a loggia, house up to 1602, when particular, the nobleman, as a century by Fulvio Gonzaga. In the of Giovanni 2nd lord of Bologna. two small courts and a garden, 1. The Rocca in Vescovato. The plan documents testify that the ducal secretary, had to control next decades, new works were Since his youth, Giovanni clearly recognizable in the Urbis with “changes to do” drawn in 1690. noblemen lived in the “contrada” Viani’s work during the making commissioned by Pirro Maria 1st, (Archivio di Stato di Mantova, De served his family as a courtier Mantuae Descriptio (1596) by Moll, b. 44). of the Unicorn. In 1603 the of the new Ducal Apartment. but his new palace remained and held important diplomatic Gabriele Bertazzolo. The palace duchess Margherita Gonzaga Pirro Maria 1st Gonzaga was unfinished because of the death roles; however, he is now well had a great hall at the first floor properties. Sigismondo (born bought the palace to built the a very important courtier in of the nobleman, as testified by PRESERVATION OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE PRESERVATION known as a soldier rather than that Giovanni Gonzaga used not in 1499) inherited the feud of new convent of Saint Orsola Baroque Mantua: he was his post mortem inventory. an ambassador. Giovanni served only for his own family, but even Vescovato, but he died only in (demolished in 1930). the ambassador who tried Pirro Maria’s son, Ottiavio different Italian and foreign lords: to set up comedies and to host 1530. His only male son, also Guido Sforza perhaps lived to legitimate, in front of the 1st Gonzaga di Vescovato, the kings of Naples and France, court ceremonies: we should called Sigismondo, was born in the house originally built Emperor, the transition of the completely transformed the the Emperor, the of Milan mention a great party in 1516, in 1530; in 1546 he sold this by (in the Duchy of Mantua from the mansion, building a new larger and the Republic of . when the palace was furnished feud to Emilia Gambara, a “contrada” of the Unicorn) Gonzaga dynasty to the Gonzaga baroque palace. A letter by In particular, the “M[archio] with leathers and tapestries noblewoman from Brescia, but that his son, Pirro Maria 1st, line; but unfortunately Ottavio 1st to Duke Carlo 2nd A[rmiger]” – as he called himself belonging to the Duke of Urbino. few years later he took action bought from Duke Vincenzo 1st Pirro Maria 1st died in Vienna in Gonzaga Nevers testifies that in his commemorative medals – Giovanni Gonzaga inherited the against her because in 1546 in 1607. However, documents 1628. His post mortem inventory, the architectural works began served both Ludovico il Moro and feud of Poggio Rusco in 1479; in he was only sixteen. The “lite testify that Pirro Maria 1st lived drawn up in 1629, is a very in 1661, while a letter by the Massimiliano Sforza during the the next years, the Duke of Milan grande” ended at end of the not only in this palace, but even useful document to understand painter Salvatore Castiglione – two falls of the . Massimiliano Sforza awarded him 16th century when the Emperor in the house of his mother-in- his economical assets. The the brother of the well-known Giovanni Gonzaga was even a the feuds of Piadena, Calvatone, declared Sigismondo 2nd sons law Felicita Guerrieri Gonzaga inventory mentioned properties ducal artist Giovanni Benedetto, patron. The first notice of his Spineta, Belgioioso (1513) (Carlo, Giordano, Guido Sforza, in the “contrada” of the Bear. inherited from the father-in- called Greghetto – testifies palace dates back to 1496. A and Castelditone (1514), but Fulvio and Francesco) lords of Pirro Maria 1st bough a palace law of his father Guido Sforza that the “bellissimo palazzo letter between Giovanni and Giovanni lost all these feuds after Vescovato. near Felicita’s house, but when in Veneto – the Campigli farm nuovamente eretto” was almost Duke Ercole d’Este of Ferrara the fall of the Duchy of Milan. In The de facto lordship of the in 1611 she transferred into a of Bettone, near Vicenza – and completely finished in 1662, even testifies that the well-known 1519 Giovanni Gonzaga bought Gambara was characterized by new residence, Pirro Maria 1st other goods properly of the if works for the baroque garden artist Lazzaro Grimaldi worked from the Gonzaga of Novellara artistic patronage. For example, came back to live in the house Gonzaga di Vescovato: the house continued till 1700. The general inside Giovanni’s palace, the five-sixth of the feud of the parish church was adorned of Mantegna. In the next years, in the “contrada” of the Unicorn, lay-out of the palace is described decorating a room in 1502; Vescovato, near Cremona. by frescoes by Malosso (now the nobleman completely bought by the gentleman in by two watercolors drawn in perhaps a memory of these Giovanni Gonzaga died in 1523. lost) and a new palace (also lost) transformed the Renaissance 1607 from the Duke Vincenzo 1690 for Pirro Maria 2nd, the son frescoes could be a fragment, His widow inherited the palace was built near the church. In house into a baroque palace, 1st, the farm in the Te island of Ottavio 1st, and by 18th century recently attributed to Grimaldi, in Mantua, while his male sons addition to this, even the rock but he lived here only for few (acquired by Pirro Maria 1st in inventories. now housed in the Museum of randomly divided his other was completely restored, as years. Indeed, he transferred into 1622 from the Duke Ferdinando 470

From the rule of thumb to the beginning of structural mechanics in France (1716-1841): the case of wood bridges PhD Yearbook | 2012 PhD Yearbook Chiara Tardini

471 The subject of the research is wooden bridge design in the the analysis of the transition 18th century; reference is made undergone between the to the wood bridge design 18th and the19th century by tests at the École des Ponts e structural design, passing Chaussées, to the Grubenmans from the traditional approach, works, and to Wiebeking’s arch based on heuristics, to the new bridges. scientifically based one. Chapter 2 is about the advances The focus is on wooden bridges, of the scientific knowledge in which provide a clear picture structural mechanics, as they of the evolution in the design can be found expressed in the practice. Special attention has French treatises written in the been conveyed on bridges, first half of the 19th century. The 1. M. Shanahan, C. Dall’Acqua, Ponte 2. J. H. Hassenfratz, Traité de l’art du 3. Vaudreuil temporary bridge, 1841. as representing an important solution to the beam theory is di Livet, 1775 - Early Works R.I.B.A. charpentier, Planche 5, 1804. structural typology, as well as the main subject. Due to the London. on wood, a versatile building number of works on this topic, a in order to put in evidence the Chapter 3, finally, goes back The first documented uses the structural behavior could be material widely utilized in bridge selection criterion was adopted influence of different kinds of to the theme of bridges with of this patent in France are both described and interpreted OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE PRESERVATION construction at the time. focusing on treatises where both loads and constraints. The results the presentation of Town’s presented in the chapter. Three through numbers. The work has been organized the theoretical and experimental of the tests were collected in a patent, which reflects the North cases have been selected; in three parts, which are directly approach are present at the great number of tables ready for American need for a systematic they are the first documented reflected in the three chapters of same time. practical use. The contribution approach to design, in view of a application of the beam theory the thesis. The procedure followed of Gauthey’s work is oriented to large scale production of bridges. to the evaluation of a bridge In chapter 1 the selected by Rondelet to find an defining a formula that could The Town lattice truss patent load carrying capacity. Also the documents describe the state “experimental solution” to describe the behavior of wood was granted in 1820. The aim reference documents related of the art in the design of Galileo’s rule is mainly based elements, describing the stress of Ithiel Town was to define to these cases come from the wooden bridges around the on tests, and is not so far from profile on the cross section of a cheap structure that could Annales of the École des Ponts th middle of the 18 century. the exact solution proposed beams in flexure. be widely adopted in the new et Chaussées. Paragraph 1.1 presents early by Navier. According to Navier based his theory on and rapidly expanding railway The conclusion of this research expressions of the need for a Rondelet the bending and the experimental tests carried out by system. At the meantime, is well demonstrated by the rational approach to design. compressive behavior are strictly other investigators, but unlike the structure had to support above application, which Knowledge and practice typical related to the tensile one. The Gauthey, he expressed different heavy loads. In 1835 a new shows the final step in the of the time are well reflected in contribution of Girard is in formulas: the rigorous analytical patent was granted, additional transition from the empirical a selection of meaningful items defining both the bending and one and an approximated one improvements were made. In approach to the new design from the French Encyclopaedia. compressive wood behavior. that could be easier to use in both cases, the design approach practice. Numerical procedures In paragraphs 1.3 and 1.4, two He carried out a quantity of practice. It was finally possible of these structures was still according to Navier’s bending manuscripts are presented, tests on compressive behavior, to apply this scientific approach based on empirical criteria. theory were adopted. In these the discussion they present is the tests results were used in design practice. The first European engineers went to examples, although the element about rules for an appropriate to better define formulas to application of the formula of load the United States to study and dimensions were not defined definition of the beam size. compute beam deflection in bearing capacity as expressed by see these bridges; the report of by this theory, the load bearing Paragraphs 1.5, 1.6 and 1.7 different conditions. The work Navier is documented in chapter their travel was translated and capacity was checked with it. provide a comprehensive picture of Hassenfratz is mainly related 3 and refers to Ithiel Town’s documented in the Annales des In the spirit of Galileo’s view, of the common practice in to tests that were carried out wood bridges. Ponts et Chaussées.