Women in Medicine Women in Medicine An Encyclopedia Laura Lynn Windsor Santa Barbara, California Denver, Colorado Oxford, England Copyright © 2002 by Laura Lynn Windsor All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Windsor, Laura Women in medicine: An encyclopedia / Laura Windsor p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1–57607-392-0 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Women in medicine—Encyclopedias. [DNLM: 1. Physicians, Women—Biography. 2. Physicians, Women—Encyclopedias—English. 3. Health Personnel—Biography. 4. Health Personnel—Encyclopedias—English. 5. Medicine—Biography. 6. Medicine—Encyclopedias—English. 7. Women—Biography. 8. Women—Encyclopedias—English. WZ 13 W766e 2002] I. Title. R692 .W545 2002 610' .82 ' 0922—dc21 2002014339 07 06 05 04 03 02 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ABC-CLIO, Inc. 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper I. Manufactured in the United States of America For Mom Contents Foreword, Nancy W. Dickey, M.D., xi Preface and Acknowledgments, xiii Introduction, xvii Women in Medicine Abbott, Maude Elizabeth Seymour, 1 Blanchfield, Florence Aby, 34 Abouchdid, Edma, 3 Bocchi, Dorothea, 35 Acosta Sison, Honoria, 3 Boivin, Marie Anne Victoire Gillain, 35 Alexander, Hattie Elizabeth, 4 Bourgeois, Louise, 36 Ali, Safieh, 5 Britton, Mary E., 37 Alvord, Lori Arviso, 5 Brown, Dorothy Lavinia, 37 American Medical Women’s Association, 6 Brown, Edith Mary, 38 American Women’s Hospitals, 7 Brown, Rachel Fuller, 39 Andersen, Dorothy Hansine, 7 Brundtband, Gro Harlem, 39 Anderson, Charlotte Morrison, 8 Budzinski-Tylicka, Justine, 40 Anderson, Elizabeth Garrett, 8 Angwin, Maria Louisa, 10 Calverley, Eleanor Jane Taylor, 41 Apgar Score System, 11 Canady, Alexa Irene, 41 Apgar, Virginia, 11 Chevandier Law of 1892, 42 Ashby, Winifred Mayer, 13 Chinn, May Edward, 42 Aspasia, 14 Claypole, Edith Jane, 43 Avery, Mary Ellen, 14 Cleveland, Emeline Horton, 44 Cobb, Jewel Plummer, 44 Bacheler, Mary Washington, 17 Cole, Rebecca, 45 Bain, Barbara, 18 Comnena, Anna, 45 Baker, Sara Josephine, 18 Comstock Act of 1873, 46 Balfour, Margaret Ida, 19 Conley, Frances Krauskopf, 46 Barnes, Alice Josephine, 20 Cori, Gerty Theresa Radnitz, 47 Barriers to Success, 20 Correia, Elisa, 48 Barringer, Emily Dunning, 23 Craighill, Margaret D., 49 Barry, James, 24 Crosby, Elizabeth Caroline, 49 Barton, Clara (Clarissa Harlowe), 25 Crumpler, Rebecca Lee, 50 Bassi, Laura Maria Caterina, 26 Curie, Marie Sklodowska, 50 Bayerova, Anna, 27 Biheron, Marie Catherine, 27 Dalle Donne, Maria, 55 Blackwell, Elizabeth, 27 Daly, Marie Maynard, 55 Blackwell, Emily, 33 Daniel, Annie Sturges, 56 vii Contents Darrow, Ruth Renter, 56 Hazen, Elizabeth Lee, 92 Dayhoff, Margaret Oakley, 57 He Manqiu, 93 Dejerine-Klumpke, Augusta, 57 Healy, Bernadine, 94 Delano, Jane Arminda, 57 Heikel, Rosina, 94 Dempsey, Sister Mary Joseph, 58 Hemenway, Ruth V., 95 Dengal, Anna Maria, 59 Hildegard of Bingen, 96 Diaz Inzunza, Eloiza, 59 Hoby, Lady Margaret, 96 Dick, Gladys Rowena Henry, 60 Hodgkin, Dorothy Mary Crowfoot, 96 Dickens, Helen Octavia, 61 Honzakova, Anna, 98 Dickey, Nancy Wilson, 62 Hoobler, Icie Gertrude Macy, 98 Dix, Dorothea Lynde, 62 Horney, Karen Theodora Clementina Dmitrieva, Valentina Ionovna, 64 Danielsen, 99 Dock, Lavinia Lloyd, 64 Hubbard, Ruth, 100 Dolley, Sarah Read Adamson, 65 Hugonay, Countess Vilma, 101 du Coudray, Angelique Marguerite, 66 Hyde, Ida Henrietta, 102 Dufferin Fund, 67 Dunn, Thelma Brumfield, 67 Inglis, Elsie Maude, 103 Durocher, Marie Josefina Mathilde, 68 Dyer, Helen Marie, 68 Jacobi, Mary Corinna Putnam, 105 Jacobs, Aletta Henriette, 107 Edinburgh School of Medicine, 69 Jalas, Rakel, 108 Elders, Minnie Joycelyn, 69 Jemison, Mae Carol, 108 Elion, Gertrude Belle, 70 Jex-Blake, Sophia Louisa, 109 Emerson, Gladys Anderson, 71 Johns Hopkins University, 111 Erxleben, Dorothea Christiana, 72 Joliet-Curie, Irene, 112 Eskelin, Karolina, 73 Jones, Mary Amanda Dixon, 113 Evans, Alice Catherine, 73 Jones, Mary Ellen, 115 Jordan, Lynda, 115 Fabiola, Saint, 75 Joteyko, Josephine, 116 Farquhar, Marilyn Gist, 75 Felicie, Jacoba, 76 Kagan, Helena, 117 Female Genital Mutilation, 76 Kaufman, Joyce Jacobson, 117 Fenselau, Catherine Clarke, 76 Kelsey, Frances Oldham, 118 Ferguson, Angela Dorothea, 77 Kenny, Elizabeth, 118 Flexner Report, 78 Kenyon, Josephine Hemenway, 120 Footbinding, 78 Klein, Melanie, 121 Fowler, Lydia Folger, 79 Krajewska, Teodora, 122 Franklin, Martha Minerva, 79 Kubler-Ross, Elisabeth, 122 Franklin, Rosalind Elsie, 80 Freud, Anna, 81 Lachapelle, Marie-Louise Duges, 125 Friend, Charlotte, 82 LaFlesche Picotte, Susan, 125 Fulton, Mary Hannah, 82 Lancefield, Rebecca Craighill, 126 Lazarus, Hilda, 127 Geneva Medical College, 85 L’Esperance, Elise Depew Strang, 128 Giliani, Alessandra, 85 Levi-Montalcini, Rita, 128 Goodrich, Annie Warburton, 85 Longshore, Hannah Myers, 130 Gordon, Doris Clifton Jolly, 87 Lopez, Rita Lobato Velho, 131 Guangzhou, China, 87 Lovejoy, Esther Clayson Pohl, 131 Luisi, Paulina, 132 Hamilton, Alice, 89 Lyon, Mary Frances, 132 Han Suyin, 91 Hautval, Adelaide, 92 Mabie, Catharine Louise Roe, 133 viii Contents Macklin, Madge Thurlow, 134 Quimby, Edith Hinkley, 169 Macnamara, Dame Annie Jean, 134 Mahoney, Mary Eliza, 135 Ramsey, Mimi, 171 Malahlele, Mary Susan, 136 Remond, Sarah Parker, 171 Mandl, Ines, 136 Richards, Ellen Henrietta Swallow, 172 Manley, Audrey Forbes, 136 Richards, Linda (Melinda Ann Judson), 173 McClintock, Barbara, 137 Robb, Isabel Hampton, 174 McGee, Anita Newcomb, 138 Rodriguez-Dulanto, Laura Esther, 175 McKinnon, Emily H. S., 139 Russell Gurney Enabling Act of 1876, 175 Medical Act of 1858, 139 Ruys, A. Charlotte, 175 Medical College of Pennsylvania, 139 Medical Women’s International Association el Saadawi, Nawal, 177 (MWIA), 140 Sabin, Florence Rena, 178 Mendenhall, Dorothy Reed, 141 Salber, Eva Juliet, 179 Mendoza-Gauzon, Marie Paz, 142 Salpêtrière Asylum, 179 Mergler, Marie Josepha, 142 Sanger, Margaret, 180 Miller, Jean Baker, 142 Saunders, Cicely Mary Strode, 181 Minoka-Hill, Lillie Rosa, 143 Scharlieb, Mary Ann Dacomb Bird, 182 Mission Work, 144 Scottish Women’s Hospitals, 182 Montoya, Matilde, 146 Scudder, Ida Sophia, 183 Morani, Alma Dea, 146 Seacole, Mary Jane Grant, 184 Murray, Flora, 146 Seibert, Florence Barbara, 184 Sewall, Lucy Ellen, 185 Neufeld, Elizabeth Fondal, 147 Shaibany, Homa, 186 New England Female Medical College, 147 Sheppard-Towner Act of 1921, 186 New England Hospital, 148 Sherrill, Mary Lura, 187 New Hospital for Women and Children, Siegemundin, Justine Dittrichin, 187 149 Solis, Manuela, 187 Nielsen, Nielsine Mathilde, 149 Solis Quiroga, Margarita Delgado de, 187 Nightingale, Florence, 149 Spaangberg-Holth, Marie, 188 Novello, Antonia Coello, 152 Spoerry, Anne, 188 Nusslein-Volhard, Christiane, 153 Stern, Lina Solomonova, 188 Nutting, Mary Adelaide, 154 Steward, Susan Maria Smith McKinney, 189 Stewart, Alice, 190 Ockett, Molly, 157 Stone, Emma Constance, 191 Ogino, Ginko, 157 Stowe, Emily, 191 Osborn, June Elaine, 157 Sundquist, Alma, 192 Swain, Clara A., 192 Paget, Mary Rosalind, 159 Sylvain, Yvonne, 193 Pak, Esther Kim, 159 Parrish, Rebecca, 160 Taussig, Helen Brooke, 195 Pearce, Louise, 160 Thompson, Mary Harris, 197 Perez, Ernestina, 161 Tilghman, Shirley Marie Caldwell, 198 Perozo, Evangelina Rodriguez, 161 Trout, Jennie Kidd, 198 Petermann, Mary Locke, 161 Turner-Warwick, Margaret, 199 Pickett, Lucy Weston, 162 Pittman, Margaret, 162 University of Bologna, 201 Pool, Judith Graham, 163 University of Salerno, 202 Possanner-Ehrenthal, Garbrielle, 163 Preston, Ann, 163 Van Hoosen, Bertha, 203 Public Health and Women, 165 Vejjabul, Pierra Hoon, 203 Villa, Amelia Chopitea, 204 ix Contents Villa-Komaroff, Lydia, 204 Widerstrom, Karolina, 215 Williams, Anna Wessels, 215 Wald, Florence Schorske, 207 Williams, Cicely Delphin, 216 Wald, Lillian D., 208 Women of Color in Medicine, 217 Walker, Mary Broadfoot, 209 Wong-Staal, Flossie, 220 Walker, Mary Edwards, 209 Wright, Jane Cooke, 221 Wars and Epidemics, 210 Wauneka, Annie Dodge, 212 Yalow, Rosalyn Sussman, 223 Weizmann, Vera, 213 Yoshioka, Yayoi, 224 Western Reserve College, 214 Wetterhahn, Karen Elizabeth, 214 Zakrzewska, Marie Elizabeth, 225 Whately, Mary Louisa, 214 Bibliography, 227 Index, 239 About the Author, 259 x Foreword In any arena there is a need for compiled mentors and the impact of previous pio- data to delineate milestones, identify neers on the subsequent generations. Al- pathfinders and leaders, and document the though the primary role of this encyclope- progress. Laura Lynn Windsor has done just dia may be compilation of data for historical that for the issues surrounding women in research purposes, there may well be those the profession of medicine. This work who will turn its pages and find encourage- should be of assistance to those writing or ment for their own dreams—mentors not speaking on the topic of women in medicine yet met who can bridge across time to en- and, while the work is comprehensive in courage a young lady to reach further, data covered, it serves as well as a timely dream bigger, and then just do it! update on recent additions. Although women who aspire to a role in As the material is reviewed,