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Appendix I—Constitutional Court Justices, 1991–2010

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Appendix I—Constitutional Court Justices, 1991–2010 Appendix I—Constitutional Court Justices, 1991–2010 Appointed in 1991 Ernest Ametistov: Leading Researcher, All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Soviet Administration and Legislation; Doctor of Juridical Science. Boris Ebzeev: Professor, Faculty of Soviet State Law, Saratov Judicial Institute; Doctor of Juridical Science. Gadis Gadzhiev: Chairman, Permanent Commission of the Dagestan Supreme Soviet for Legislation, Law, and Law Enforcement; Candidate of Juridical Science; RSFSR People’s Deputy from Dagestan SSR. Anatolii Kononov: Deputy Chairman, RSFSR Supreme Soviet Commission on Clemency; Candidate of Juridical Science. Viktor Luchin: Senior Fellow, Russian Social and Political Institute (formerly Moscow Higher Party School); Candidate of Juridical Science. Tamara Morshchakova: Senior Researcher, All-Union Scientific Research Insti- tute of Soviet Administration and Legislation; Doctor of Juridical Science. Vladimir Oleinik: Chairman, RSFSR Supreme Soviet Subcommittee on Free- dom of Religion, Confessions, Grace, and Charity; RSFSR People’s Deputy. Yurii Rudkin: Secretary, Russian Constitutional Court, Deputy Chairman, RSFSR Supreme Soviet Committee for Legislation; Candidate of Juridical Science. Nikolai Seleznev: Prosecutor, Kemerov Oblast. Oleg Tiunov: Chairman, RSFSR Supreme Soviet Subcommittee for Interna- tional Affairs and Foreign Trade; Doctor of Juridical Science; RSFSR People’s Deputy. Nikolai Vedernikov: Chairman, RSFSR Supreme Soviet Commission on Clemency; RSFSR People’s Deputy; Doctor of Juridical Science. Nikolai Vitruk: Deputy Chairman, Russian Constitutional Court, Chief of the Faculty of State and Law, MVD Higher Judicial Correspondence School. Valerii Zorkin: Chairman, Russian Constitutional Court, Professor, Faculty of State and Law, MVD Higher Judicial Correspondence School; member, RSFSR Supreme Soviet Constitution Drafting Commission; Doctor of Juridical Science. Appointed in 1994 Marat Baglai: Chairman, Russian Constitutional Court, Graduate of the Institute of State and Law; Lecturer and Assistant Professor at the Institute of Interna- tional Relations at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Head of the Department at the Institute of International Workers Movements at the Academy of Sciences; Assistant Dean of the Academy of Labor and Social Relations. Yuri Danilov: Graduate of the law faculty of Voronezh State University; judge of the Voronezh Regional Court; Deputy Minister of Justice and Deputy 161 162 Appendix I—Constitutional Court Justices, 1991–2010 Chairman of the State Committee on Anti-Monopolistic Policy and Support of New Economic Structures. Olga Khokhriakova: Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law; Head of Department of Labor and Social Law. Vladimir Strekazov: Graduate of Military Political Academy in 1973; assistant to the Dean of the Military Academy of Economy. Valdimir Tumanov: Chairman, Russian Constitutional Court, Professor at the Institute of State and Law, Russian Academy of Sciences since 1959; member of the International Academy of Comparative Law; President of the UNESCO International Association of Legal Science in 1994; Member of the Duma Committee on Legislation, Judicial and Court Reform. Vladimir Yaroslavtsev: Judge, St. Petersburg City Court. Appointed 1997–2010 Liudmila Zharkova (1997): Judge of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Karelia, and a Deputy Minister of Justice, Republic of Karelia. Anatolii Sliva (1998): Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Federation Council Chairman, State Duma Committee for Matters of Local Self-Government. Gennadii Zhilin (1999): Member, Supreme Court of the Russian Federation; Deputy Chairman, Sverdlovsk Regional Court. Nikolai Bondar (2000): Director of the Institute of State and Law, Rostov State University. Sergei Kazanstev (2002): Law Faculty, St. Petersburg State University; Chair- man of the St. Petersburg City Housing Committee. Larisa Krasavchikova (2003): Professor of Civil Rights, Urals State Legal Academy, Judicial Institute of Ekaterinburg. Mikhail Kleandrov (2003): Chairman of Arbitrazh Court, Tiumen Oblast. Nikolai Melnikov (2005): Prosecutor, Sakha Yakutiia Republic; Deputy Prose- cutor, Rostov Region. Sergei Mavrin (2005): Professor of Law, St. Petersburg State University. Alexander Kokotov (2010): Head of Department of Constitutional Law, Urals State University. Konstantin Aranovsky (2010): Head of the Elections Commission, Primorsky Region. Appendix II—Terms of Russian Constitutional Court Justices Boris Ebzeev 30 October 1991–31 July 2008 Gadis Gadzhiev 30 October 1991– Anatolii Kononov 30 October 1991–1 January 2010 Yurii Rudkin 30 October 1991– Nikolai Seleznev 30 October 1991– Valerii Zorkin 30 October 1991– Vladimir Oleinik (died in office) 30 October 1991–17 February 1999 Nikolai Vedernikov (mandatory 30 October 1991–16 February 2000 retirement age) Tamara Morshchakova (mandatory 30 October 1991–29 March 2002 retirement age) Oleg Tiunov (mandatory retirement age) 30 October 1991–12 February 2003 Nikolai Vitruk (mandatory retirement 30 October 1991–12 February 2003 age) Ernest Ametistov (died in office) 01 November 1991–07 September 1998 Viktor Luchin (mandatory retirement 01 November 1991–25 February age) 2005 ∗∗∗∗∗∗ Vladimir Yaroslavtsev 24 October 1994– Olga Khokhriakova 25 October 1994– Vladimir Tumanov (mandatory 25 October 1994–20 February 1997 retirement age) Yurii Danilov 15 November 1994– Vladimir Strekazov 06 December 1994– Marat Baglai (mandatory retirement age) 07 February 1995–25 February 2005 ∗∗∗∗∗∗ Liudmila Zharkova 11 June 1997– Anatolii Sliva 14 October 1998– Gennadii Zhilin 18 May 1999– Nikolai Bondar 16 February 2000– Sergei Kazantsev 29 March 2002– Mikhail Kleandrov 12 February 2003– Larisa Krasavchikova 13 February 2003– Nikolai Melnikov 25 February 2005– Sergei Mavrin 27 February 2005– Konstantin Aranovsky 3 March 2010– Alexander Kokotov 3 March 2010– 163 Notes 1 The Russian Constitutional Court in Comparative Perspective 1. The power of a court to render binding decisions on the constitutionality of legislation or other government action. 2. Austria and Weimar Germany did have constitutional review mechanisms for brief periods prior to World War II. Austria reestablished its constitu- tional court in 1945, and Germany’s was formed in 1949. The French Conseil Constitutionnel was created in 1958 under the Fifth Republic Constitution. Other West European states with established review mechanisms include Italy (1948), Portugal (1976), Spain (1978), and Belgium (1985). See Alec Stone Sweet, Governing with Judges: Constitutional Politics in Europe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000). 3. Brazil and Colombia have constitutional courts, while there are also quite a few states like Costa Rica and more recently Mexico that have supreme courts with some judicial review powers. 4. Constitutional courts have been created in Armenia, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Russia, and are in the process of being established in still others. See Herman Schwartz, “The New East European Constitutional Courts”, in A.E. Dick Howard (ed.), Constitution Making in Eastern Europe (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993); Stone Sweet, Governing with Judges. 5. See, for example, Robert B. Ahdieh, Russia’s Constitutional Revolution: Legal Consciousness and the Transition to Democracy, 1985–1996 (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997); Herbert Hausmaninger, “From the Soviet Committee of Constitutional Supervision to the Russian Constitutional Court”, Cornell International Law Journal, 25 (1992), 305–37; Peter Maggs, “Enforcing the Bill of Rights in the Twilight of the Soviet Union”, University of Illinois Law Review, (1991), 1049–63; Peter Maggs, “The Russian Courts and the Russian Constitution”, Indiana International and Comparative Law Review, 8/1 (1997), 99–117; Robert Sharlet, Soviet Constitu- tional Crisis: From De-Stalinization to Disintegration (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1992); Robert Sharlet, “The Russian Constitutional Court: The First Term”, Post Soviet Affairs, 9/1 (1993), 1–39; Robert Sharlet, “Russia’s Second Consti- tutional Court: Politics, Law and Stability”, in Victoria E. Bonnell and George Breslauer (eds.), Russia in the New Century: Stability or Disorder? (New York: Westview Press, 2001). 6. The only other book-length treatment of the constitutional court that focuses more on the judges and their interests than on the politicians who use the court. Alexei Trochev, Judging Russia: Constitutional Court in Russian Politics 1990–2006 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008). 164 Notes 165 7. See, for example, Rafael Gely and Pablo T. Spiller, “A Rational Choice The- ory of Supreme Court Statutory Decisions with Applications to the State Farm and Grove City Cases”, Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 6/2 (1990); Roderick D. Kiewiet and Matthew D. McCubbins, The Logic of Delegation: Congressional Parties and the Appropriations Process (Chicago: Uni- versity of Chicago Press, 1991); William N. Eskridge, Jr. and John Ferejohn, “The Article I, Section 7 Game”, Georgetown Law Journal, 80 (1992), 523; John A. Ferejohn and Barry R. Weingast, “A Positive Theory of Statutory Interpretation”, International Review of Law and Economics, 12 (1992); Cornell W. Clayton, “Separate Branches—Separate Politics: Judicial Enforcement of Congressional Intent”, Political Science Quarterly, 109/5 (1994–95). These works model the strategic nature of judicial
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