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Consular Protection Abroad: a Union Citizenship Fundamental Right?
UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA FACULTAD DE DERECHO DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIA POLÍTICA Y DERECHO PÚBLICO CONSULAR PROTECTION ABROAD: A UNION CITIZENSHIP FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT? TESIS DOCTORAL Presentada por EvaMaria Alexandrova POPTCHEVA bajo la dirección de la Dra. Teresa FREIXES SANJUÁN Bellaterra, febrero 2012 «Les hommes n'acceptent le changement que dans la nécessité et ils ne voient la nécessité que dans la crise.» Jean Monnet Mémoires 1976 Table of Contents A. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................7 B. CONCEPTUALISING “CONSULAR PROTECTION” ..................................27 I. Problem‐Statement..........................................................................................28 II. Multilevel Context of Consular Protection ...........................................29 1. Differentiation between Diplomatic and Consular Protection 31 1. 1. Triggering Event.................................................................................45 1. 2. Nationality Rule and Third States’ Consent ............................47 1. 3. Right to Diplomatic Protection under European Union Law?...................................................................................................................50 1. 4. Discretionary Character of Diplomatic Protection...............59 1. 5. Interim Findings .................................................................................61 2. Relationship between International Law‐ and European Union Law‐Rules ..............................................................................................62 -
Dear Delegates, Congratulations on Being Selected to the Kremlin, One of VMUN's Most Advanced Committees. My Name Is Harrison
Dear Delegates, Congratulations on being selected to the Kremlin, one of VMUN’s most advanced committees. My name is Harrison Ritchie, and I will be your director for this year’s conference. I have been involved in MUN since Grade 10, and have thoroughly enjoyed every conference that I have attended. This year’s Kremlin will be a historical crisis committee. In February, you will all be transported to the October of 1988, where you will be taking on the roles of prominent members of either the Soviet Politburo or Cabinet of Ministers. As powerful Soviet officials, you will be debating the fall of the Soviet Union, or, rather, how to keep the Union together in such a tumultuous time. In the Soviet Union’s twilight years, a ideological divide began to emerge within the upper levels of government. Two distinct blocs formed out of this divide: the hardliners, who wished to see a return to totalitarian Stalinist rule, and the reformers, who wished to progress to a more democratic Union. At VMUN, delegates will hold the power to change the course of history. By exacting your influence upon your peers, you will gain valuable allies and make dangerous enemies. There is no doubt that keeping the Union together will be no easy task, and there are many issues to address over the coming three days, but I hope that you will be thoroughly engrossed in the twilight years of one of the world’s greatest superpower and find VMUN an overall fulfilling experience. Good luck in your research, and as always, if you have any questions, feel free to contact me before the conference. -
Helsinki Watch Committees in the Soviet Republics: Implications For
FINAL REPORT T O NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR SOVIET AND EAST EUROPEAN RESEARC H TITLE : HELSINKI WATCH COMMITTEES IN THE SOVIET REPUBLICS : IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SOVIET NATIONALITY QUESTIO N AUTHORS : Yaroslav Bilinsky Tönu Parming CONTRACTOR : University of Delawar e PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS : Yaroslav Bilinsky, Project Director an d Co-Principal Investigato r Tönu Parming, Co-Principal Investigato r COUNCIL CONTRACT NUMBER : 621- 9 The work leading to this report was supported in whole or in part fro m funds provided by the National Council for Soviet and East European Research . NOTICE OF INTENTION TO APPLY FOR COPYRIGH T This work has been requested for manuscrip t review for publication . It is not to be quote d without express written permission by the authors , who hereby reserve all the rights herein . Th e contractual exception to this is as follows : The [US] Government will have th e right to publish or release Fina l Reports, but only in same forma t in which such Final Reports ar e delivered to it by the Council . Th e Government will not have the righ t to authorize others to publish suc h Final Reports without the consent o f the authors, and the individua l researchers will have the right t o apply for and obtain copyright o n any work products which may b e derived from work funded by th e Council under this Contract . ii EXEC 1 Overall Executive Summary HELSINKI WATCH COMMITTEES IN THE SOVIET REPUBLICS : IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SOVIET NATIONALITY QUESTION by Yaroslav Bilinsky, University of Delawar e d Tönu Parming, University of Marylan August 1, 1975, after more than two years of intensive negotiations, 35 Head s of Governments--President Ford of the United States, Prime Minister Trudeau of Canada , Secretary-General Brezhnev of the USSR, and the Chief Executives of 32 othe r European States--signed the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperatio n in Europe (CSCE) . -
Dissidents Versus Communists
DISSIDENTS VERSUS COMMUNISTS An Examination of the Soviet Dissidence Movement Matthew Williams Professor Transchel History 419 May 12, 2016 Williams 1 On February 25, 1956, Nikita Khrushchev gave a speech to the Twentieth Congress and to the Communist Party stating that Joseph Stalin was responsible for all of the empire’s then-current issues. He also gave insight into the criminal actions performed by the man during his lifetime. This speech was called the “Secret Speech” as it was not publicized at first, but once word got out about the true nature of Stalin, people began to doubt everything they knew to be true. Khrushchev decreased the censorship and restrictions on people and also freed millions of political prisoners from Gulags, beginning what would come to be referred to as the “thaw”. Many people had practically worshipped Stalin and knew him to represent the Communist party’s creed of infallibility. The tarnishing of his image led many people to seriously doubt the capabilities of the party.1 As truths came out and people began to discuss issues, there was increasing dissatisfaction with the Communist Party and a community of dissenters was born. This community of dissenters would ultimately keep the fight for freedom going long after the end of the thaw era, until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. This paper will examine the dissent movement, from its roots in the end of the Stalin era to the collapse in 1991; it will address how the dissent movement came into being, and how it evolved as new challenges were presented to it. -
Conde, Jonathan (2018) an Examination of Lithuania's Partisan War Versus the Soviet Union and Attempts to Resist Sovietisation
Conde, Jonathan (2018) An Examination of Lithuania’s Partisan War Versus the Soviet Union and Attempts to Resist Sovietisation. Masters thesis, York St John University. Downloaded from: http://ray.yorksj.ac.uk/id/eprint/3522/ Research at York St John (RaY) is an institutional repository. It supports the principles of open access by making the research outputs of the University available in digital form. Copyright of the items stored in RaY reside with the authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may access full text items free of charge, and may download a copy for private study or non-commercial research. For further reuse terms, see licence terms governing individual outputs. Institutional Repository Policy Statement RaY Research at the University of York St John For more information please contact RaY at [email protected] An Examination of Lithuania’s Partisan War Versus the Soviet Union and Attempts to Resist Sovietisation. Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Research MA History at York St John University School of Humanities, Religion & Philosophy by Jonathan William Conde Student Number: 090002177 April 2018 I confirm that the work submitted is my own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the works of others. This copy has been submitted on the understanding that it is copyright material. Any reuse must comply with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 and any licence under which this copy is released. @2018 York St John University and Jonathan William Conde The right of Jonathan William Conde to be identified as the Author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 Acknowledgments My gratitude for assisting with this project must go to my wife, her parents, wider family, and friends in Lithuania, and all the people of interest who I interviewed between the autumn of 2014 and winter 2017. -
Ubij Bliznjeg Svog I
Marko Lopušina UBIJ BLIŽNJEG SVOG I-III (ULOMCI) Jugoslovenska tajna policija 1945/1997. UBIJ BLIŽNJEG SVOG I. REC AUTORA Tajnost je glavni i osnovni princip postojanja i rada svih obavestajnih sluzbi sveta, pa i srpske i jugoslovenske tajne policije. U toj tajni o sebi i drugima, sadrzana su snaga, moc i dugovecnost drzavne politicke policije, koja postoji na ovim nasim prostorima poslednjih pedeset godina. Njen zadatak je od 1945. do pocetka devedesetih, a i kasnije, uvek bio da brani, stiti i cuva drzavu, vlast, partiju i njen politicki vrh od tzv. unutrasnjeg i spoljnjeg neprijatelja. Zato su Oznu, Udbu, SDB, politicki celnici od miloste zvali „pesnica komunizma“ ili ponekad i "stit revolucije". cinjenica je da su jugoslovensku tajnu sluzbu stvarali i vodili Hrvati i Slovenci, a da su njeni najrevnosniji policajci bili Srbi, samo zato, sto su se trudili da dokazu svoju odanost Titu i Partiji. Kao verni cuvari Broza i druge Jugoslavije, Srbi "oznasi", "udbasi", "debejci", proganjali su, mnogo puta i bez suda, ne samo po principu velikog broja i velike nacije vec i svesno, upravo vlastiti narod. Srbi su u drugoj Jugoslaviji bili sami sebi i gonici i progonjeni, tacnije i dzelati i zrtve tajne policije. Malo je reci u srpskom jeziku koje tako sumorno zvuce, kao sto je to rec Udba. U njoj je sadrzan sav ljudski gnev i tihi otpor prema jednom delu zivota u komunistickoj Jugoslaviji, koji su mnogi njeni zitelji potisnuli, makar prividno, iz secanja. Udbom i danas ljudi zovu sve jugoslovenske sluzbe drzavne bezbednosti, jer zele da na taj nacin pokazu koliko su svesni zla koje je politicka policija nanela vlastitom narodu. -
Title of Thesis: ABSTRACT CLASSIFYING BIAS
ABSTRACT Title of Thesis: CLASSIFYING BIAS IN LARGE MULTILINGUAL CORPORA VIA CROWDSOURCING AND TOPIC MODELING Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang Thesis Directed By: Dr. David Zajic, Ph.D. Our project extends previous algorithmic approaches to finding bias in large text corpora. We used multilingual topic modeling to examine language-specific bias in the English, Spanish, and Russian versions of Wikipedia. In particular, we placed Spanish articles discussing the Cold War on a Russian-English viewpoint spectrum based on similarity in topic distribution. We then crowdsourced human annotations of Spanish Wikipedia articles for comparison to the topic model. Our hypothesis was that human annotators and topic modeling algorithms would provide correlated results for bias. However, that was not the case. Our annotators indicated that humans were more perceptive of sentiment in article text than topic distribution, which suggests that our classifier provides a different perspective on a text’s bias. CLASSIFYING BIAS IN LARGE MULTILINGUAL CORPORA VIA CROWDSOURCING AND TOPIC MODELING by Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Gemstone Honors Program, University of Maryland, 2018 Advisory Committee: Dr. David Zajic, Chair Dr. Brian Butler Dr. Marine Carpuat Dr. Melanie Kill Dr. Philip Resnik Mr. Ed Summers © Copyright by Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang 2018 Acknowledgements We would like to express our sincerest gratitude to our mentor, Dr. -
Albanian Catholic Bulletin Buletini Katholik Shqiptar
ISSN 0272 -7250 ALBANIAN CATHOLIC BULLETIN PUBLISHED PERIODICALLY BY THE ALBANIAN CATHOLIC INFORMATION CENTER Vol.3, No. 1&2 P.O. BOX 1217, SANTA CLARA, CA 95053, U.S.A. 1982 BULETINI d^M. jpu. &CU& #*- <gP KATHOLIK Mother Teresa's message to all Albanians SHQIPTAR San Francisco, June 4, 1982 ALBANIAN CATHOLIC PUBLISHING COUNCIL: ZEF V. NEKAJ, JAK GARDIN, S.J., PJETER PAL VANI, NDOC KELMENDI, S.J., BAR BULLETIN BARA KAY (Assoc. Editor), PALOK PLAKU, RAYMOND FROST (Assoc. Editor), GJON SINISHTA (Editor), JULIO FERNANDEZ Volume III No.l&2 1982 (Secretary), and LEO GABRIEL NEAL, O.F.M., CONV. (President). In the past our Bulletin (and other material of information, in cluding the book "The Fulfilled Promise" about religious perse This issue has been prepared with the help of: STELLA PILGRIM, TENNANT C. cution in Albania) has been sent free to a considerable number WRIGHT, S.J., DAVE PREVITALE, JAMES of people, institutions and organizations in the U.S. and abroad. TORRENS, S.J., Sr. HENRY JOSEPH and Not affiliated with any Church or other religious or political or DANIEL GERMANN, S.J. ganization, we depend entirely on your donations and gifts. Please help us to continue this apostolate on behalf of the op pressed Albanians. STRANGERS ARE FRIENDS News, articles and photos of general interest, 100-1200 words WE HAVEN'T MET of length, on religious, cultural, historical and political topics about Albania and its people, may be submitted for considera tion. No payments are made for the published material. God knows Please enclose self-addressed envelope for return. -
A Study Based on Oral History Interviews in the Region of Shkodra
ISSN 2039-2117 (online) Mediterranean Journal of Vol 8 No 5 S1 ISSN 2039-9340 (print) Social Sciences September 2017 Experiencing and Privately Remembering Late Albanian Socialism: A Study Based on Oral History Interviews in the Region of Shkodra Idrit Idrizi Postdoctoral Fellow, Austrian Academy of Sciences Abstract Based on interviews with 35 contemporary witnesses, this paper examines how Albanian socialism’s late phase (second half of the 1970s and first half of the 1980s) was subjectively experienced and is individually remembered today. It argues that despite harsh state repression and considerable impoverishment in this period, the communist regime enjoyed the loyalty of large sections of the country’s population. Furthermore, the paper suggests that many contemporaries have yet to come to terms with their experiences of that time. Their recollection narratives are predominantly characterised by uncertainties and contradictions, of which both individuals and society still have to make sense. Keywords: Communist Albania, Post-communist Albania, Late Socialism, Socialism Remembrance, Oral History 1. Introduction The Albanian communist system is generally considered to have been one of the most repressive and ideologically rigid in the Eastern bloc, while belonging to the least researched ones. The regime’s radical and peculiar policies and ideology have been attracting some scholarly attention already during Cold War.1 However, there is still little known on the experiences of the population, which in the 1970s and 1980s was isolated from the rest of the world to an almost unique extent.2 Furthermore, there are only very few studies on the way such experiences are recollected and dealt with today.3 Based on interviews with 35 contemporary witnesses conducted in 2012, this paper contributes to research on both socialism and socialism remembrance in Albania. -
Vladimir Putin Reinvents Russian Federalism
Vladimir Putin reinvents Russian federalism BY ANDREI ZAGORODNIKOV When President Putin came to Yeltsin’s time. This is the Council of the replaced by full-time members, some office he found that even though the Federation, the body designed in the of them chosen directly by the regional constitution of the Russian Federation 1993 constitution to be the Russian executives and the others elected by invested him with enormous power on version of the German Bundesrat, the assemblies of the constitutent units. paper, he could not use it effectively. As or the senate in other federations. he tried to put his programs into effect, The Council was composed of the heads Too much centralized control? he discovered that the Parliament of the executives of the regions (who maintained the power to block many To some, this change is problematic. have different titles depending on what of his key initiatives. They argue that the new members of type of constituent unit they lead—i.e., the upper house will no longer have the Ironically, the present Russian whether it is a Republic, autonomous capacity to act as honest brokers between Constitution—which was promulgated territory, etc.) and the speakers or the centre and the regions. They will be in 1993 during Boris Yeltsin’s presidency— chairpersons of the regional legislative financed by funds from federal coffers concentrates power in the Presidency. assemblies. All 89 constituent units and their housing, cars and other perks were represented, giving the Council But, as President, Boris Yeltsin essentially will be provided by the federal a membership of 178. -
Federalism in Eastern Europe During and After Communism
James Hughes Federalism in Eastern Europe during and after Communism Book section Original citation: Originally published in Fagan, Adam and Kopecký, Petr, (eds.) The Routledge Handbook of East European Politics. Routledge, London, UK. ISBN 9781138919754 © 2018 Routledge This version available at: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/69642/ Available in LSE Research Online: March 2017 LSE has developed LSE Research Online so that users may access research output of the School. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article(s) in LSE Research Online to facilitate their private study or for non-commercial research. You may not engage in further distribution of the material or use it for any profit-making activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute the URL (http://eprints.lse.ac.uk) of the LSE Research Online website. This document is the author’s submitted version of the book section. There may be differences between this version and the published version. You are advised to consult the publisher’s version if you wish to cite from it. Federalism in Eastern Europe during and after Communism James Hughes Chapter 10 Forthcoming in Adam Fagan and Petr Kopecky eds. The Routledge Handbook of East European Politics. Routledge 2017 One of the earliest political visionaries of federalism in Eastern Europe,interwar Polish leader Józef Piłsudski, famously remarked to former socialist comrades that “we both took -
Statelessness and Nationality
Department of Law Spring Term 2015 Master’s Thesis in International Law 30 ECTS Statelessness and Nationality The Case of Non-Citizens in Latvia Author: Maria Hellborg Supervisor: Professor Inger Österdahl Summary Following its restoration as an independent state in the 1990s, the new Republic of Latvia inherited a significant population of former citizens of the Soviet Union who resided legally in the country, but were not given Latvian citizenship. The situation of these "non-citizens" of Latvia remains an unresolved issue, which has bearing on international law by its close connection to the concepts of nationality and statelessness. The issue also holds importance because of its implications for Latvia as a country, and for its consequences in relation to regional stability. From a perspective of contemporary international law this thesis will examine whether the non-citizens of Latvia are to be considered as constituting stateless individuals. The thesis will also address the question of whether the Latvian non-citizens are, through their legal status, limited in their access to human rights. Finally the thesis will discuss how the issue of non- citizens affects regional stability through the Latvia-Russia relationship. List of Abbreviations 1954 Convention The 1954 Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons 1961 Convention The 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness 1930 Hague Convention The Convention on Certain Questions relating to the Conflict of Nationality Laws Art. Article CBSS The Council of the Baltic