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Russia 2012-2013: Attack on Freedom / 3 Introduction

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Russia 2012-2013: Attack on Freedom / 3 Introduction RUSSIA 2012-2013 : Attack on Freedom Article 1: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Article 2: Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty. Article 3: Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. Article 4: No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms. Article 5: No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, February 2014 / N°625a Cover photo: Demonstration in front of the State Duma (Russian Parliament) in Moscow on 18 July 2013, after the conviction of Alexei Navalny. © AFP PHOTO / Ivan Novikov 2 / Titre du rapport – FIDH Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 1. Authoritarian Methods to Suppress Rights and Freedoms -------------------------------- 6 2. Repressive Laws ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8 2.1. Restrictions on Freedom of Assembly ---------------------------------------------------- 8 2.2. Restrictions on Freedom of Information ------------------------------------------------ 9 2.3. Restrictions on the Activities of Non-Commercial Organisations (NGOs) ----- 12 3. Repression in Practice --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 3.1. Persecution of NGOs ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 Strict Monitoring of NGO Activities ------------------------------------------------------------ 15 Demonstration of Force by Supervisory Bodies ----------------------------------------------- 15 Arbitrary Treatment in Practice ------------------------------------------------------------------ 17 The Courts and Sanctions against NGOs -------------------------------------------------------- 18 Court Proceedings against NGOs----------------------------------------------------------------- 18 The Obligation to Register ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 21 Warnings --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21 Other Sanctions ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21 Regions where Repressions are the most Severe ----------------------------------------------- 22 Forced Reductions in International funding ---------------------------------------------------- 23 Ambiguity of Terminology in the Law on Foreign Agents ----------------------------------- 23 3.2. The Suppression of Voices of Protest --------------------------------------------------- 24 Silencing Political Protest ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24 Silencing Protests in Nizhny Novgorod --------------------------------------------------------- 25 Silencing Criticism --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27 Threats and Violence against Defenders of LGBT Rights ------------------------------------ 27 Prosecution of Environmentalists and Human Rights Defenders ---------------------------- 29 Violence and Threats against Activists----------------------------------------------------------- 30 The Judiciary’s Role in the Service of Political Persecution --------------------------------- 31 Prosecutions Related to Participation in Demonstrations ------------------------------------- 32 Prosecutions Connected to Anti-Extremism Laws --------------------------------------------- 33 Prosecution under Various Articles for Political Purposes ------------------------------------ 34 The Bolotnaya Case -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35 Conclusions and recommendations --------------------------------------------------------------- 39 FIDH-ADC Memorial – Russia 2012-2013: Attack on Freedom / 3 Introduction The stunning scale of popular protest that swept through Russia in 2011 – 20121 was followed by an equally shocking range of political repressions unseen since the late 1980s. President Putin made a clear decision that the political climate in Russia would be divided into two periods: “before” and “after” the parliamentary elections (December 2011) and the presidential election (March 2012). Immediately following the disputed election that returned him to the highest position in the country after four years as prime minister, Putin made it abundantly clear that he had full control of the situation. This is evidenced by the politically- motivated trials involving Pussy Riot, Navalny, Greenpeace activists, and the events on Bolotnaya Square (all covered widely in the press), and the politically-motivated prosecution of anti-fascists (which was not covered as widely); the sudden and rapid advancement of laws flouting the main principles of democracy2; the appearance of propaganda, frequently quite aggressive, directed against the opposition and independent associations; and the open or tacit persecution of civil activists, members of the political opposition, and human rights defenders. Every day brings new developments, monitoring measures, checks, arrests, and violence. In its reactions to the emerging protest movement, which is based on moral and legal criticism, the government has shown that it is prepared to use all the means it has at its disposal to prevent similar eruptions of social activism in the future. The high-profile trial of the feminist protest group Pussy Riot for the “punk prayer service” calling for Putin’s resignation held in the Cathedral of Christ the Savior on 21 February 2012 became a symbol of the repressions unleashed against all protest groups engaged in political, social, or simply civic protest. Opposition leaders and even regular citizens who dared to display their dissatisfaction with the current government were subjected to threats and attacks. For example, the Bolotnaya Square case, which involved some 30 people who participated in a demonstration against Putin’s reelection that was held on 6 May 2012, is a prime example of a politically-motivated trial meant as a show of the state’s political will to hand out strict punishments to protestors with the help of exposure in media outlets loyal to Putin. The amnesty announced in December 2013 for several activists and members of the opposition (Maria Alyokhina and Nadezhda Tolokonnikova of Pussy Riot, 30 Greenpeace activists from the ship Arctic Sunrise, and eight people convicted in the Bolotnaya Square case, only three of whom were actually in prison) as well as the presidential pardon of the oligarch and opposition member Mikhail Khodorkovsky should not in any way be taken as a sign of change for the better. On the contrary, these actions only serve to intensify the feeling of arbitrary decision making, even in criminal prosecutions. This gesture of amnesty, which came two months prior to the start of the Olympics in Sochi, at a time when the world was raising its voice against the gross human rights violations committed by the Russian government, is clearly meant to show good will, but in essence does not change anything in the course of systematic repression directed against both opposition activists and regular people, critical or independent thinkers. 1. Human Rights in Russia: Recurrent Violations and New Concerns, FIDH, March 2012: http://www.fidh.org/IMG/ pdf/russia-march2012.pdf 2. The Human Rights Situation in Russia: Repressive Legislation and Practices to Silence Civil Society, February 2013: 2013: http://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/126436373-briefer-russie-updated.pdf 4 / FIDH-ADC Memorial – Russia 2012-2013: Attack on Freedom Government critics have long been the subject of persecution and intimidation from security forces, particularly Center E (a police department to prevent extremism), which operates as the new political police. Since 2012, their methods have affected an every critical growing circle of people, including artists, journalists, activists, human rights defenders, and independent NGOs. The situation for non-commercial non-governmental organisations (NGOs) is cause for extreme concern. Since 2006, NGOs have been subjected to strict administrative restrictions and many of them have been accused of “performing the functions of foreign agents” since the law on foreign agents took effect in November 2012. Under this law, NGOs receiving foreign financing and engaged in the nebulous concept of “political activity” must register as foreign agents in the appropriate registry maintained by the Ministry of Justice. This shameful label hearkens back to the country’s Soviet past and stigmatizes human rights defenders, in a violation of the Constitution and the Russian Federation’s international obligations. FIDH representatives travelled to Russia several times during 2013, and were there at the time when the Public Prosecutor’s Office was conducting an unprecedented wave of checks of NGOs that occurred in parallel with the intensifying persecution
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