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On 14 September , Poland bought 38 tanks Vickers Mk. E Type A, with spare parts and a manufacturing licence. At the end of , because of the liquidation of WIBI and establishing of the Design and Testing Centre of the Armoured Forces reporting directly to the Armoured Forces Command, most of the "A la Christie" project documentation was destroyed under the supervision of a special commission. Only a few hand- written notes and calculations were left. On 10 March design work on a new model called 10TP was started. Despite the fact that in the vehicle design was not completely finished, it was included in the programme of Armoured Forces that was a part of a general projection of growth and upgrade for the Polish Army for The 10TP tank was specified on the list of the equipment scheduled for four tank battalions in the new motorised units. Around this time a large number of the Polish FTs were sold fictitiously to Uruguay and China, and in fact went to Republican Spain. Factory in Ursus near Warsaw , where all Polish tanks were produced in the period of At the same time two motorised cavalry brigades were formed with the intention that they would be equipped with the tank. Building of the tank was completed in July It took so much time because some basic assemblies that were not produced in Poland had to be acquired abroad like an engine of a sufficient output. It was not before 16 August that the 10TP tank rolled out for a first longer ride. Captain Leon Czekalski. The trials were kept secret because the activities of the German Abwehr and the members of the " Fifth Column " were then getting more and more intensive in Poland. Successive trials being stopped by minor faults lasted until the 30 September and then the tank was sent to the WD where design modifications were made. In May, the refurbished tank was demonstrated to generals and other top ranking military authorities. The designers, having analysed their experiences came to the conclusion that a tank of this type should be a purely tracked vehicle and any equipment needed for driving it on wheels was just an unnecessary weight. Getting rid of this weight allowed them to increase the armour thickness significantly while vehicle weight remained unchanged. Thus another development step of the 10TP was to be the 14TP tank. Its construction was started in the end of but it was not completed due to the war. Before the tank could enter mass production , German invasion of Poland in September ended the independent existence of the Second Polish Republic. Another route the Polish army took was to purchase some of the British designed Carden-Loyd Mark VI two man tankette Poland ordered 10 or 11 of those two man tankettes on 29 June After the fall of Poland Polish units that made it to France used those two man tankettes in From this designed evolved the TK-3 tankette based on TK-1 and TK-2 tankettes, about built and TKS tankette based on TK-3 tankette, about built which were the only versions built in significant numbers. About tanks were produced between and the outbreak of the war, plus four iron prototypes. The designation 7TP meant "7 Tonne, Polish" in fact its weight increased to 9 tonnes after the initial prototype. The 7TP was fitted with the degree tank periscope which was of Polish design and was first used in the Polish 7-TP light tank. It was a development of the earlier 7TP tank , it was to replace its predecessor in Polish service in Due to the outbreak of the war, only a limited number of early prototypes and development versions took part in battles of the Invasion of Poland. After a series of tests it was found that the design was completely unreliable and the Poles decided to buy the French SOMUA S35 tanks instead, a proposal that was later refused by the French government. However, as the threat of war became apparent and the production rate of the new Polish 7TP tank was insufficient, in April it was decided to buy a hundred R 35 tanks as an emergency measure. The first fifty other sources lower the number to 49 arrived in Poland in July , along with three Hotchkiss H35 tanks bought for testing. During the Invasion of Poland 45 tanks formed the core of the newly created 21st Light Tank Battalion that was part of the general reserve of the Commander in Chief. The unit was to defend the Romanian Bridgehead , but was divided after the Soviet invasion of Poland of 17 September. Six tanks were also attached to the 10th Motorized Cavalry Brigade. Jakubowicz formed on 14 September in Kiwerce , Poland. The unit joined the task force "Dubno" and lost all of its tanks during the marches and fighting with German and Soviet armies and Ukrainian insurgents. A comparison of both armed forces clearly indicates the problems faced by Poland. An army group led by von Rundstedt attacked from the south while another army group led by von Bock attacked from the north with large mechanised forces. Before the war, between and , Poland invested heavily in the Central Industrial Region. Preparations for a defensive war with Germany were ongoing for many years, but most plans assumed fighting would not begin before To raise funds for industrial development, Poland sold much of the modern equipment it produced. The Polish military had fewer armored forces than the Germans, and these units, dispersed within the infantry, were unable to effectively engage the enemy. The tank force consisted of two armored brigades, four independent tank battalions and some 30 companies of TKS tankettes attached to infantry divisions and cavalry brigades. Their number of over vehicles constituted formally a significant tank force. Unfortunately, they were not fully capable tanks, and, apart from few cannon-armed ones, could not fight against other armoured fighting vehicles. The combat usefulness of FT tanks in was very limited, since they were obsolete and extremely slow by the standards of the day, but they participated in the defense of Poland in September ; the 2nd Armoured Battalion formed three light tank companies numbers: , , , equipped with Renault FT tanks. A standard tank of the Polish Army during the invasion of was the 7TP light tank. Poland had also a few relatively modern imported designs, such as 50 Renault R35 tanks and 38 Vickers E tanks. During the mobilization in August , the Vickers tanks were used in two light tank companies of Polish only two motorized brigades. During August and the first two weeks of September , the Brigade was being organized and trained, and stayed on the right bank of the Vistula. The first combat action, against the German bridgehead over the Vistula near Annopol. The Germans managed to destroy 7 Polish tanks with artillery, but just after, they lost five of their Panzer tanks. After receiving several more direct hits and losing two more large Panzer tanks, the German tank crews simply ran away. Polish 7TP tanks pursued and kept beating the rest of the tanks off. The German soldiers now met the Polish infantry and attacked, but they were repelled by the Polish tanks. However, the Battle of the Border did not gain the Poles enough time to fully mobilise the reserves. While most of Polish Army had been successfully mobilised prior to 1 September , on that date many sub-units of Prusy Army were still being formed or transported. By 4 September , when the German forces broke through the overstretched Polish defences, the Prusy army was far from battle-ready. It is unclear how many of the new Polish 9TP tanks were actually produced, although it appears at least 11 9TP tanks were delivered and used by the Polish Army at the start of hostilities as most Polish forces had the 7TP. The 11 tanks could have been either standard 7TP or 7TP with some of the modifications included, but not all of them. In September , Polish Army had only 7TPs 24 dw, 97 jw and 11 jw produced in September along with 4 prototypes made of regular plate , which equipped two Polish light tank battalions each with 49 tanks and other units. The Poles had placed great value on the River Vistula to act as a natural barrier to any form of military advance. The Germans crossed the river on Day 5 of the attack. By this time, the Polish air force had been defeated and this had stripped the Polish Army of any form of air cover — it also meant that the Polish tanks and army were easy targets for the Luftwaffe which was free to operate in Poland after September 2. When the Russians invaded eastern Poland on September 17, the defeat of Poland was sealed. On September 24, Warsaw was bombed by 1, German aircraft. Ironically, many point to the impact of German tanks during the campaign. Yet it is known that many of the tanks used during the attack were equipped only with machine guns or small calibre guns rather than cannons as compared to later tank designs. What did the damage was the constant onslaught of all parts of blitzkrieg, including large numbers of tanks, that never allowed the Polish Army to gather its breath and re-group. Complete air superiority gave the Germans every opportunity to attack the retreating Polish forces and destroy their tanks. The Ju 87 Stukas were a constant threat to the Polish tanks and forces, and six Polish divisions trapped by encircling German forces were forced to surrender after a relentless four-day bombardment. On September 27, Warsaw surrendered. The Polish military put up a brave fight but they were the first army to feel the full might of the German Blitzkrieg, the same tactic that was to push the British and French armies back to Dunkirk in and in Poland, tanks versus a primarily non- mechanised army could only lead to one result. Boleslawiec Polish Stoneware. Religious Articles. Dance Schools. Language Schools. Links - Polish. Earn 10 Points for every dollar you spend! Related Products Warsaw - Poland's Bid For Freedom. The Polish Invasion. Journey through the Night. 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The Polish army during the Blitzkrieg conjures up tragic images of infantry and dashing, but ineffective and ultimately doomed cavalry charges. In actuality the Poles, in the midst of a large-scale re-armament programme, had up to armoured vehicles available at the time of the German attack, as well as a number of newer and better designs in various stages of development. But outdated equipment, doctrine and enormous odds did not stop these units from fighting with bravery and determination before being finally overwhelmed. This volume is a complete technical study of the machines that formed the backbone of Poland's defences on the ground, using never-before-seen photographs and a comprehensive design and developmental history that reveal a full picture of Poland's armoured forces in the context of their greatest challenge. Kingtiger Heavy Tank M1 Abrams Main Battle Tank Sherman Medium Tank Churchill Infantry Tank Tiger 1 Heavy Tank T Main Battle Tank IS-2 Heavy Tank Matilda Infantry Tank M3 Infantry Half-Track Crusader and Covenanter Cruiser Tanks Leopard 1 Main Battle Tank Panther Variants German Light Panzers Panzerkampfwagen IV Medium Tank The M47 and M48 Patton Tanks. Jagdpanzer 38 'Hetzer' American Civil War Artillery 1. Panzerkampfwagen IV Ausf. G, H and J American Civil War Artillery 2. Confederate Ironclad British Napoleonic Ship-of-the-Line. Siege Weapons of the Far East 1. Siege Weapons of the Far East 2. Union Monitor Viking Longship. The pounder Field Gun U-boats of the Kaiser's Navy. Kriegsmarine U-boats 1. Cadillac Gage V Commando M8 Greyhound Light Armored Car Kriegsmarine U-boats 2. Union River Ironclad M10 and M36 Tank Destroyers Medieval Siege Weapons 1. German E-boats British Napoleonic Artillery 1. Fighting Ships of the Far East 1. Renaissance War Galley Fighting Ships of the Far East 2. Confederate Raider Napoleon's Guns 1. Panther Medium Tank Centurion Universal Tank Medieval Siege Weapons 2. The Pirate Ship German Battleships Austrian Napoleonic Artillery M4 76mm Sherman Medium Tank British Motor Torpedo Boat German Pocket Battleships Maps, Atlases, Travel Guides. Folk Art. Folk Crafts. Food - Delicacies. Gift Certificates. Gift Wrap. Home, Garden and Kitchen. Keepsakes and Memorabilia. Boleslawiec Polish Stoneware. Religious Articles. The Polski-Brownings were used both before and after Poland fell in September About 1, Ckm wz. The Germans captured many Ckm wz. The Polish resistance hid a few of the Ckm wz. After the end of the Battle of Westerplatte, German troops review captured Polish equipment, including the wz. Note the special AA sight in the hand of the German soldier in the center. The Browning wz. They ultimately settled on what is now considered a classic American design. After an extensive search and a arms competition, the Poles chose the Browning Automatic Rifle—in this case a Fabrique Nationale variant made in Belgium. Courtesy Steve Zaloga. The first 10, examples of the wz. Subsequently, Poland also bought a license to build the Browning automatic in their own country production in Poland began in The new wz. Some wz. About 14, were delivered to Polish infantry and cavalry units before the invasion of September The wz. By all accounts, the Polish wz. The Poles had planned on producing an extensive number of spare barrels, but the program was interrupted by the invasion. The Germans captured a large amount of wz. After Poland fell, Germany acquired a windfall of captured small arms. Here a wz. The 7. Poland could afford few armored vehicles, but they did invest in some effective anti-tank weapons. Patterned after the standard Mauser rifle, the wz. Polish Armor of the Blitzkrieg by Jamie Prenatt

The Polish army during the Blitzkrieg conjures up tragic images of infantry and dashing, but ineffective and ultimately doomed cavalry charges. In actuality the Poles, in the midst of a large-scale re-armament programme, had up to armoured vehicles available at the time of the German attack, as well as a number of newer and better designs in various stages of development. But outdated equipment, doctrine and enormous odds did not stop these units from fighting with bravery and determination before being finally overwhelmed. This volume is a complete technical study of the machines that formed the backbone of Poland's defences on the ground, using never-before-seen photographs and a comprehensive design and developmental history that reveal a full picture of Poland's armoured forces in the context of their greatest challenge. Biographical Note. Jamie E. Prenatt is a senior analyst in the Department of Defense. He has over 30 years of military and civilian intelligence experience and has served in a wide range of analytic, leadership, and representational assignments. He has taught military history, wargaming, and historical miniature painting at the Smithsonian Institution for several years and intelligence studies at the university level. He is also a technical sponsor of the Bloodhound supersonic car, contributing digital surfacing and design services. A former officer in the Royal Engineers and illustrator for Jane's, he maintains a keen interest in the design and use of military land and air vehicles. You may also be interested in the following product s. More info. More Details Osprey New Vanguard Other Editions 5. Friend Reviews. To see what your friends thought of this book, please sign up. To ask other readers questions about Polish Armor of the Blitzkrieg , please sign up. Be the first to ask a question about Polish Armor of the Blitzkrieg. Lists with This Book. This book is not yet featured on Listopia. Community Reviews. Showing Average rating 4. Rating details. More filters. Sort order. Start your review of Polish Armor of the Blitzkrieg. Sep 08, James Crabtree rated it it was amazing. WWII mythology continues to portray Poland as trying to stop German tanks with horse-mounted lancers. In fact, Poland did have some experience with armor and had several models of half-tracks, armored cars and tanks when the German initiated their invasion in Many of the machines were at least as good as the armor the Germans were forced to use during their initial campaigns but Poland faced many obstacles in the use of their tanks, including an almost unworkable mobilization system. Jamie Prenatt does an excellent job of discussing the various weapons involved and providing examples of the vehicles in combat. The artwork is first-rate and the book includes great photos of these virtually unknown machines in action. An excellent supplement for anyone studying the Poland campaigns. Excellent book on a little known subject. While the Poles were defeated due to many factors, lack of courage wasn't one of them. As usual with Ospreys, you want more, more pictures, more history, more drawings, but this is a great starting point. Jan 06, Laurance rated it really liked it. This Osprey New Vanguard title had more of a complete and finished vibe to it than previous ones. Like all Osprey titles, it is decked out in detailed and colouful illustrations which are definitely a plus in my book. The amount of photos too also help flush out the book and put weight into the writers words. The overall content is brief but not skimming. It gives an overview and goes into depth when needed but doesn't drag it out and make the reader feel bored or out of their zone. The This Osprey New Vanguard title had more of a complete and finished vibe to it than previous ones. The introduction and conclusion are polished and really make this New vanguard one of the better ones Unfortunately I feel many of the New Vanguard series to finish rather abruptly. The nice touch at the end are the appendices of the various different Polish armoured units. This is a must read book for thoes interested in armoured developement, as well as the Second World War. It helps the reader understand that Poland wasn't some weak nation that just fell over as soon as Germany crossed its borders but a prideful nation that was caught up in the times and put up a spirited defence in the face of unparalleled odds. Matthew rated it it was amazing Dec 12, John rated it liked it Oct 18, Garrett Olinde rated it really liked it Feb 18, Kevin Hawkins rated it really liked it Mar 08, Adam Selby-Martin rated it it was amazing Mar 24, Matt Heil rated it really liked it Nov 28,

POLISH ARMOR OF THE BLITZKRIEG < Modellismo < Milistoria

You must have JavaScript enabled in your browser to utilize the functionality of this website. This website uses cookies to provide all of its features. By using our website you consent to all cookies in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Enter your email address below to sign up to our General newsletter for updates from Osprey Publishing, Osprey Games and our parent company Bloomsbury. Polish Armor of the Blitzkrieg. Add to Basket. About this Product. The Polish army during the Blitzkrieg conjures up tragic images of infantry and dashing, but ineffective and ultimately doomed cavalry charges. Patterned after the standard Mauser rifle, the wz. A special harness was produced to allow the anti-tank rifleman to carry it on his back. The unique Polish wz. Chambered for the 7. Courtesy SA-Kuva. A great deal of effort was put into creating the wz. The small 8 mm round relied more on kinetic energy than it did traditional armor penetration. The impact of the DS round on the armor would break off about a 20 mm plug from the interior surface of the vehicle, sending a molten-hot metal scab ricocheting at killing speed inside the enemy tank. The intention was to kill or wound the crew and set fire to fuel or ammunition. Ultimately the wz. After Poland fell, the Germans sold some of their captured wz. This example is seen during training exercises with Finnish troops in the summer of Initial muzzle velocity was 4, f. Unfortunately, the barrels wore out quickly, often after just rounds. Three spare barrels were issued with each wz. The Polish design team conquered the powerful recoil of their anti-tank rifle with a highly effective muzzle brake said to have bled off 65 percent of the additional recoil energy. With the muzzle brake in place, anti-tank riflemen reported that the felt recoil of the wz. Many of the German tanks and armored cars that were deployed during were light vehicles with very thin armor. Consequently, the Panzer I two-man crew and Panzer II three-man crew were vulnerable from the front to fire from the wz. One of the drawbacks of such a small caliber anti-tank weapon quickly manifested itself, as while the wz. Germany retained a number of the captured Polish AT rifles, using some of them during the invasion of France in This example is examined by U. About 6, of the new AT rifles were delivered by the beginning of the war, but since they were developed in secret, most Polish troops had no experience in firing them, nor did they have any tactical guide to use them. Additional Reading: Uprising! It was equipped with FT tanks armed either with one 7. After it was fully combat-ready, it was transported by train from France to Poland in June This unit saw action during the Polish-Soviet War which lasted from to The FT would, in the coming years, eventually become obsolete, and for this reason, the Poles tried to make some improvements and increase their operational life service. These included redesigned hull armor, using larger fuel tanks, new types of tracks, modifications to the cooling and exhaust systems etc. These were built using mild steel plates which limited their combat use. Most would instead be used for training and during exercises, while some would be sold abroad. Prior to the German invasion, there were FTs still in inventory. Additionally, the Polish Army also bought at least 8 command tanks based on the FT. After the First World War, the military budgets of many armies in Europe had to be cut due to the economic crisis. This influenced tank development within many nations, forcing them to adopt much smaller and cheaper tankettes. After a series of test trials, ten more vehicles were ordered, and a production licence was also obtained. Following the production of just two tankettes, the whole production was stopped. The main reason for this was the poor performance of the suspension. The Polish Army instead decided to develop its own tankette design. During the s, two new domestically designed tankettes prototypes, named TK-1 and TK-2, were completed. While similar in appearance to the Carden-Loyd tankettes, there were some differences, mostly regarding the suspension and the engine used. The TK-3 was designed as a two-man tankette armed with one machine gun and, unlike earlier models and prototypes, was fully protected. It was tested in and, as the results were deemed positive, it was adopted for service that same year. A small series of 15 vehicles to be built using mild- steel was ordered that year. These were to be used mainly for testing and crew training. After that, some fully operational TK-3 were built by In addition, these would be modified to include the suspension taken from the TKS tankettes. This version was known simply as TKF. While the Polish Army considered converting all TK-3s to this version, less than 22 were built, mostly due to financial problems. The TK-3, while cheap, had a number of shortcomings, mostly regarding the weak armor protection and firepower. For this reason, the Polish Army initiated the development of a new support version based on the TK-3 with increased firepower. For this reason, the Poles began working on a prototype armed with the experimental 4. This vehicle would be known as TKD , but its performance was disappointing mostly due to the 4. Another attempt to increase the firepower of the TK-3 was to add a 20 mm cannon instead of its machine gun. While this installation was tested on one vehicle, no production order was given. Beside the weak armament, the tankettes also lacked a fully rotating turret, which limited their firing arc. WIBI from Warsaw tried to build a new tankette equipped with a fully rotating turret. The project was initiated during late and early While two different turrets were tested, due to many problems, such as crew communication, no production order was ever given. In , the Polish Army requested a modernized version of the TK-3 tankette. The most obvious change was the introduction of an improved angled superstructure with thicker armor. The suspension was modified and wider tracks were used. To provide the crew with a better view of the surrounding area, two periscopes were added on top of the vehicle. Some or even depending on the source TKS tankettes would be built by The modification included the removal of the armored superstructure and its replacement with a simple glass window and a canvas cover. The suspension was also changed with the enlargement of the rear idler. It was used mainly to tow 40 mm Bofors anti-aircraft guns with their ammunition trailers. For this reason, several attempts were made in the hope of resolving this issue. One TKS tankette was tested with a 37 mm Puteaux tank gun. This modification was not adopted for service, probably due to problems with the gun installation in the small tankettes. Another proposal included a 37 mm Bofors wz. This vehicle was named TKS-D. While it was open-topped, its low height allowed it to be easily concealed from the enemy. Despite being probably the most advanced and best armed Polish tankette proposal, only two vehicles were ever built. While the overall construction of these vehicles was cheap and easy to do, due to production delays of the 20 mm cannon and the German invasion, only 24 were ever built. This vehicle was designated TKS-B. While it offered improved driving performance, it was not adopted for service, as Polish Army officials did not see the point in investing time and money in the TKS that was becoming obsolete by mid-thirties standards. To prevent equipment wear during long drives, the Poles came up with the idea of developing a wheeled chassis based on the Ursus A truck autotransporter. This autotransporter worked by placing the tankette on it and then as it lacked its own power plant connecting the tankette drive sprocket with a chain to the chassis. It could be steered either from the tankette or with an auxiliary steering wheel. This transportation system proved to be too complicated and was abandoned. Prior to the war, the Polish Army began using TK-3 and TKS tankettes together with older FT tanks as armored draisine rail vehicles, mainly in a reconnaissance role together with trains. For this reason, custom-built frame-shaped carriages were designed. The tankettes were moved into position using hydraulic operated girders. Once placed on the carriage, the tankette would move by using its own tracks. Some 50 such carriages were built before September A smaller number of TK-3s and TKSs that were used in this role received additional radio equipment with a folding aerial. While the Polish Army collaborated with British weapon manufacturers in acquiring armored vehicles, there were proposals to design and locally produce such vehicles. During the late twenties, the Polish Army opened a tender for a completely new and domestically-built tank. As, at that time, Poland lacked proper armored vehicle designers, only the WB wheel-cum-track design, which was proposed by the S. Following the examination of two built prototypes, the whole project was canceled due to its extremely poor overall design. This failed attempt made it clear to the Polish Army that they simply had no choice but to acquire more modern armored vehicles from abroad, at least for some time to come. This enterprise would fail to materialise and the Poles instead turned to the British Vickers company. Vickers offered the Poles its twin-turret Vickers E tank design. During , one such tank was tested by the Polish Army. Although there were some issues with the engine overheating, the Poles were, in essence, satisfied with its performance and placed an order for 38 such tanks and a licence for production. Delivery of these tanks took some time, with the last vehicles reaching Poland in During its service within the Polish Army, some attempts were made to solve its overheating problems and increase its firepower. The Poles modified the engine compartment by changing the position of the oil cooler and introducing a new improved ventilation system to the engine compartment. To increase the firepower, a new modified turret armed with the low velocity 47 mm Vickers QF gun was installed instead of the two smaller turrets. This modification was quite easy to achieve and was made in Polish workshops. Due to the poor performance of the main 47 mm gun, only 22 modifications were ever made. These vehicles were known as the Vickers E Type B. While the Vickers E tank was a modern design for its time, the Polish Army, despite having obtained a production licence, decided not to produce it. This was mainly due to some flaws that this vehicle had, mostly regarding the engine overheating problems and the weak armament and armor. The Polish Army officials instead decided to build an improved version of it. An official request for two prototypes to be built was made in early The first prototype was completed in August A year later, the second prototype was completed. Following successful testing, the production vehicles were renamed to 7TP siedmiotonowy, polski — 7 Tonnes, Polish. Initially, the first 22 tanks were actually equipped with twin-turrets left over from the previously built Vickers E Type B. Interestingly, the 7TP was powered by a diesel engine, which was completely new in Europe at that time. With the introduction of the Swedish 37 mm anti-tank gun as a standard infantry weapon, it was decided to upgun the 7TP with this weapon. The Swedish company Bofors was tasked by the Poles with designing an adequate turret for it. After its presentation to the Polish Army, it was adopted for service after some modifications were made to it. While the 7TP had somewhat better armor protection, it was still too weak to be able to resist any kind of anti-tank fire. There were plans by the Polish Army to produce improved models with better armor protection, possibly named 9TP. But the precise name, how many prototypes or even if they were built is not clear in the sources. Due to financial difficulties, fewer than 7TPs were ever built. Based on the 7TP tank chassis, a fully tracked artillery tractor named C7P was developed. The C7P was designed to serve as a prime mover for the huge mm wz. Around vehicles were built by the start of the German invasion. The R35 was another French vehicle operated by the Polish Army. As the Polish industry was unable to produce larger quantities of 7TP tanks, as an emergency measure, a delegation was dispatched to France for negotiation to purchase tanks. While the Poles were interested in the more modern Somua S35 , the French instead offered the R35 tank. As this offer was better than nothing, the Polish delegation ordered some R35 tanks which were to be delivered during the spring of Three Hotchkiss H35 tanks were also bought for testing and evaluation. Due to the outbreak of the war, less than 50 actually arrived in Poland including the three H35s. Those that had arrived just before the war, were used to reinforce the 21st Tank Battalion. While Polish Army officials liked the idea of an amphibious tank, due to its price, the British vehicle was not accepted, and instead it was decided to develop a similar but domestically-built vehicle. While it was designed as a replacement for the older tankettes, it too was never adopted for service. This project, together with the tractor version, was never adopted mostly due to its price. The Polish Army showed interest in the unusual Christie tank designed by John Walter Christie which could be driven on standard tracks or on its own wheels. While nothing would come of this, the Poles tried to build their own vehicle using some elements of the Christie tank suspension with many improvements. The prototype, named 10TP , was completed in and was used for testing up to May , when it was presented to the Polish Army. Due to the Polish Army giving up on the idea of using dual-drive tanks, this vehicle would not be adopted for service. The development of a track-only powered tank named 14TP was initiated instead, but due to the German attack, it was never completed. Prior to the s, Polish armored vehicles were usually painted in simple brown-green. In the early thirties, Polish armored vehicles were painted using a combination of yellowish sand, light blue-gray and olive green, while older sources mentioned a combination of light ochre, dark chestnut brown and olive green. These colors were usually outlined using black colored lines. In , a new type of camouflage began to be applied. It consisted of light grey sand, olive green and dark chestnut brown. The French vehicles R35 and H39 retained their original French camouflage, with experimental vehicles and some older armored cars being painted in brown-green. During the early thirties, Polish armored vehicles were equipped with removable panels usually placed to the side or rear with different geometric signs circles, triangles and squares painted white. The platoon commander vehicle was marked additionally with a vertical red line or a red circle, while the vehicle of the second-in-command was marked with a red triangle or square. Polish armored vehicles rarely used any unit insignia. The sources are also quite vague on the matter. According to S. Some other armored units employed their own insignia, but this was rare and not encouraged and even forbidden by the Polish Army. Instead of using tanks and other armored vehicles in larger groups, these would instead be divided into smaller units and then attached to infantry or cavalry divisions. 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