Elite Israeli Prime Minister and the Peace Process, the Arab

American International Journal of Contemporary Research Vol. 4, No. 8; August 2014

Elite Israeli Prime Minister and the Peace Process, the Arab – Israeli

Saqer Al Jabali Head of Department of Political Science Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences An- Najah National University Nablus Palestine

Summary

The research aims to study and analyze the relationship between the elite and the Israeli prime minister, the peace process, the Arab - Israeli, because of the importance and relevance components of the elite social and economic self and its impact on the political behavior of its members. Showed by taking the relationship between the party affiliation of the members of the elite prime minister and embraced the peace process, the Arab - Israeli, The longest and shortest period stayed as prime ministers in Israel did not negotiate with Arab leaders are Ben Goren and Yigal Alon, respectively, they are from the Labour Party, and that 66.67% of the elite prime minister who signed the peace agreements; are from the Likud Party, and 33.33% are from the Labour Party. The study showed through the relationship between the characteristics (socio - economic) for the elite members of the prime minister and embraced the peace process, the Arab - Israeli, and increase the percentage of Iodide for the peace process to reach 100% between members of the elite prime minister who are in the fourth decade. The proportion of opposition to the peace process up to 100% of the elite members of prime minister who are in the eighth decade. The proportion of prime ministers who have generators inside Israel have reached an agreement with the Arab leaders; ; Which reached 100% among those who were born in the cities in Israel, while this drops to 75% between the prime ministers who negotiated with without agreement from when they are born in the countryside. And has held two prime ministers were Yitzhak Rabin and Netanyahu, who were born in Israel as prime minister for two non-consecutive terms, while he held ten prime ministers of Israel of Jewish immigrants from Poland and Ukraine only between 1906-1942 out of thirteen prime minister. The study showed that the prime ministers Israelis who have signed agreements with the Arab leaders have received their university education from universities outside of Israel, and this refers to the role of American and British universities and Polish in creating a culture of coexistence. The study showed that 66.67% of the elite prime minister who Touselo an agreement with the Arab leaders are exercised civilian careers, and that 33.33% of them had practiced as a military character. The percentage of government institutions to recruit 69.23% as a source to recruit for the position of prime minister, while the rate of recruitment of civil institutions to 30.77% for the post of prime minister. He notes that the rotation of the elite has been prime minister for legal reasons by 76.8% wa at the expiration of the mandate of the Prime Minister; Or resign voluntarily or in the wake of the formation of a commission of inquiry, elite turnover may occur for reasons to involuntarily rose by 23.2%, notably due to the death of a heart attack or disease (and other Sharon injection) or a political assassination as happened to Yitzhak Rabin.

Introduction

Constitute an elite Israeli prime minister and practice an obstacle to the achievement of just and lasting peace with the Palestinians; stood Ben Goren who led the Zionist movement for a period of three ten-year-old rape Palestine in 1948 and occupy about 78% of the territory of Mandatory Palestine, the Levi Eshkol to occupy what is left of Palestine in the June 5, 1967. Occurred seven Arab-Israeli wars initiated by Israel to launch a six of them, which Israel has achieved most of its objectives.

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Perhaps the most notable is the imposition of a reconciliation on the Arabs and Israel to keep the dominant all Arab countries without making substantial concessions related to recovering from the usurped lands during those wars, which exceeded 90,000 square kilometers, and sought to change the principle guaranteed by Security Council resolution 242, issued in 1967 on the principle of land for peace; The principle of peace (economic peace) ... for peace on the principle of security for security; economic peace only to see according to Netanyahu.

The movement of Zionism and Israel and the Occupied Palestinian raped Arab governments have fought these wars; committed the worst massacres against the Palestinians and Arabs. She claimed desire for peace, so government of Menachem Begin signed the Camp David agreement with Egypt in 1978 under the auspices of U.S. President Jimmy Carter, after a visit of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and his speech in the Knesset in 1977, headed by Yitzhak Shamir, leader of the Likud party, despite allegiances to the three "no to Jerusalem", "No to a Palestinian state", "No to the return of Palestinian refugees to their homes!"

Despite the signing of the Government of Yitzhak Rabin, the Declaration of Principles of the Palestinian - Israeli on 13 September, 1993, and the signing of some agreements executive such agreement Gaza - Jericho in 1994, and the Taba Agreement (Oslo 2) in 1995, also signed an agreement Arava in 1994 between Jordan and Israel, However, the feet of one of the Jews to the assassination of Rabin in 1995 may reverse the rising trends of Israeli society toward religious extremism; secretion and the elite Presidential more extreme, which reflected the impact of the Labor Party on the orientation direction of the peace process.

Lost Shimon Peres, leader of the Labour Party before the election rival Benjamin Netanyahu in the 1996 elections;, who was forced to sign the Hebron Protocol in 1997, and the Wye River in 1998.

The failure of the Camp David summit in 2000 between the late Palestinian President Yasser Arafat and Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak under the auspices of U.S. President Bill Clinton; Barak''s government because of its refusal to withdraw completely from the 1967 borders, including Jerusalem; recognition of the right of Palestinian refugees to return and compensation; and retain settlement blocs; In light of the U.S. position is fully biased to the Israeli government, and the most important results failed Camp David summit in 2000; outbreak of Al-Aqsa Intifada on September 28, 2000, the impact of the Sharon stormed the Aqsa Mosque, Which led to the change of government in Israel and the coming of Ariel Sharon as prime minister in 2001, which has sought since he seized power to destroy all the headquarters of the Palestinian Authority, declaring explicitly to the absence of a Palestinian partner and to consider the Palestinian president an obstacle to the peace process and called penny. The Netanyahu government continues to grab more land and building thousands of settlement units in Jerusalem _khasos. In a time when John Kerry and U.S. Secretary of State to put up a plan to solve the frame Arab-Israeli conflict.

The research seeks to study elite Israeli prime minister and the analysis of social characteristics - to know the economic impact on the adoption of the peace process, the Arab - Israeli, and what the prime minister a crucial role in the direction of the peace process, Through the study of the relationship between the party affiliation of the members of an elite Israeli prime minister and adoption process for Arab - Israeli peace. And the adoption of the Prime Minister to the peace process, the Arab - Israeli. The study of the relationship between the sources of recruiting elite Israeli prime minister and the Prime Minister to adopt Arab peace process - Israel, The study of the relationship between the level of the position the military elite, who became a member of the prime minister of Israel and the adoption process for the Arab - Israeli peace.

The problem with the study to identify the impact of the configurations elite Israeli prime minister to embrace the peace process, Arab – Israeli , Through the study of the impact of party affiliation and social characteristics - economic elite members of the prime minister to adopt the Prime Minister for the peace process, the Arab - Israeli, As well as to identify the source of the impact of recruiting members of the elite ministerial process to adopt a member Arab - Israeli peace, and the impact of rotation elite prime minister to adopt Arab peace process - and this is what Israel seeks to study, and then become worthy of research questions are: -

1. Is there a relationship between the party affiliation of the Prime Minister and embraced the peace process, the Arab - Israeli? 2. Is there a relationship between social characteristics - economic (average age, place of birth, date of immigration, and the profession of the member, and the scientific level, and place of study) to an elite Israeli prime minister and the prime minister to adopt the peace process, the Arab - Israeli?

159 American International Journal of Contemporary Research Vol. 4, No. 8; August 2014

3. Is there a relationship between the sources of recruiting elite Israeli prime minister and the adoption of the peace process, the Arab - Israeli? 4. Is there a relationship between the level of the position the military elite, who became a member of the Israeli prime minister, and embraced the peace process, the Arab - Israeli? 5. Is there a subjective factors related to the configurations elite Israeli prime minister does have an impact on the orientation of the peace process?

The start of the study, the following key assumptions:

1. There is a relationship between the party affiliation of the elite Israeli prime minister and the prime minister to adopt the peace process, the Arab - Israeli. 2. There is a relationship between social characteristics - economic (average age, place of birth, date of immigration, and the profession of the member, and the scientific level, and place of study) to an elite Israeli prime minister and the prime minister to embrace the peace process, the Arab - Israeli. 3. There is a relationship between the sources of recruiting elite Israeli prime minister and the prime minister to embrace the peace process, the Arab - Israeli? 4. There is a relationship between the level of the position the military elite, who became a member of the Israeli prime minister and the prime minister to embrace the peace process, the Arab - Israeli.

The study uses the elite approach in its examination of the origins of the social and economic elite members of the Israeli ministerial; so as to know the extent of the relationship between party affiliation and social characteristics of the members of the elite and the Israeli ministerial between Prime Minister directed towards Arab peace process. There are two trends in the subject composition of the elite: First, believes that the chance of any citizen to enter the elite nothing to do with the profession, education, and political orientation, and party affiliation, and family origin, age, gender, religion, ethnic origin ... etc., thus it would be every social group represented in the structure of the elite. The second trend on the contrary, it may depend on access to the elite of all these factors, which means that the owners of monopoly potentialities Supreme economically and socially political leadership. The second trend supports the results of various studies on the social origins of the political elites, and the possibility of linking the social background of the members of the political elite their performance (Munufi, 1985, pp. 61-71).

Ibn Khaldun and linking between the political behavior of the individual and the social environment (visible - Reef - attended), and confirmed the American political scientist and Watson importance of the social milieu in the study of political behavior. (Barakat, Nitham, and Rawaf, Osman, sweet, Mohammed, 1989, p 22.)

Has been known Mosca and Pareto elite as groups of people exercise political power directly, and in a position to strongly affect the process of exercise, as they realized that the ministerial elite composed of distinct social groups. Wright Mills and knew that it is linked to the concept of force, and defines elite as those who control by force within the community, whether that force military, economic or political (Barakat, 1983, pp. 70-72). While Tayseer Alnashef defined it as it consists of people who have and exercise the greatest degree of political power of the role of the rest of the people of their community (dry 0.1975, p 131).

Ministerial elite described by Mosca and Pareto as consisting of those who occupy important political positions in the community and have the reins of power in it (Botomur 0.1985, p 50),

It is intended elite Israeli prime minister are thirteen prime minister; assumed the post of prime minister in Israel since the creation of Israel on 14 \ 5 \ 1948, and their position on the adoption of the peace process, the Arab - Israeli;

The process is intended Arab - Israeli peace; are those negotiations that took place between the Prime Ministers of the Israeli and Arab leaders;, which resulted in reaching agreements or a declaration of principles; namely: the Camp David Accords in 1978, and the Oslo Accords in 1993, the Hebron Protocol of 1997 and the Wye River in 1998. Sntaul and this subject as follows:

Israeli Prime Minister and the Peace Process, the Arab – Israeli

The study focuses on the analysis of party affiliation and social characteristics - economic, recruitment sources, for three years as prime minister, assumed the post of prime minister in Israel, for the period reached sixty-three years, At a rate of 4.46 per year, Minister, over a period of eight years to head the office of minister, he held them to five prime ministers more than once in this position. 160 © Center for Promoting Ideas, USA www.aijcrnet.com

And fought the first seven prime ministers in Israel; illusion of the Labor Party five wars with Arab countries since the establishment of Israel in the 14 \ 5 \ 1948; until the Egyptian president Anwar Sadat visited Israel in 1977 and the signing of the Camp David treaty with Menachem Begin, head of the Likud government in 1978. Ben Goren and fought the first two wars with Arab countries: Ami 1948.1956, Israeli governments have committed many massacres which perhaps the most notable; Deir Yassin massacre in 1948 and the Kafr Kassem massacre in 1956 and confirmed that Ben Goren Deir Yassin massacre achieved its goal; was abandoned about a million Palestinians have not only left a 156 000 Palestinians in the Occupied Territories in 1948. So says Ben Goren President of the World Jewish Congress hovering Goldman (Nahum Goldmann) "if you are. Were an Arab leader, I would figure out a deal with Israel at all, so naturally, we have taken their country ... We come from Israel, but two thousand years ago, and what it means to them, there have been anti-Semitic, and the Nazis, and Hitler, and Auschwitz, but you were their fault? They only see one thing is that we have come here and stolen their country, so why should they accept that? " (Goldmann, Nahum, The Jewish Paradox, trans.Steve Cox (NY: Grossest and Dunlap, 1978,p99).

And has held Yigal Alon shorter period as prime minister from March to February 1969, but he put his plan to settle in the West Bank, known as Plan Elon. Illustrated by the analysis (Table 1) in the Prime Ministers and Toliham period as prime minister that the longest period stayed prime ministers and Israeli governments that have not negotiated which has reached 29 years, during which he held seven prime ministers; An average of 4.14% for each minister. Followed by a period in which stayed three ministers during which they were able to reach agreements with the Arab leaders was eleven years old at a rate of 3.67% per Minister. While a shorter period is 23 years, during which lasted eight prime ministers in the process of negotiation and no agreement reached, an average of 2.87 years per minister.

Although the study assumes that the prime ministers of the three Israelis who have signed agreements with the Arab leaders have contributed to local and international Living situation towards Toukieihm these agreements despite the difficulty of acknowledging the validity and credibility of these motives towards their desire to sign agreements with Arab leaders, , Prime Minister Begin invaded southern Lebanon on 14 March 1978 under the so- called "Operation Litani"; despite Sadat''s visit to Israel and the declaration of his desire for peace. And he believed that "the Palestinians are monsters walk on the ground", and Yitzhak Rabin and the Palestinians faced a "defenseless civilians" Aban major uprising that erupted in 1987; Through repressive policies, namely: "the principle of bone-breaking." Although Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu has signed the Hebron Protocol and the Wye Blanchen; However, it has so far rejected even mention the word "independent, Palestinian state," he said Ahmed Tibi, head of the Arab Movement for change researcher on 9 \ 3 \ 2014.

And derives the bulk of these ideas of Zionism, which is based on the philosophy of the Jewish religion which is based on the argument that "the Jews are God''s chosen people are the Jews and the rest of the human beings are created in the form of animals, human beings are ends; first: to be slaves of the Jews if remained clinging to the teachings of Judaism. But if they go out on the teachings of Judaism, God will shed these people on the Jews.

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Table 1: Ministers and Heads of Undertaking Period as Prime Minister

Prime ministers come Prime ministers Prime ministers did not to an agreement negotiated with without negotiate agreement Duration Prime Duration Prime Duration Prime Opinion Minister Minister Minister Prime Minister 1977-1983 Menachem 1983-1948 Yitzhak 1948-1954 David Ben- Begin Shamir Gurion 1992-1995 Yitzhak 1984-1986 Shimon 1954-1955 Moshe Rabin Peres Sharett 1996-1999 Benjamin 1986-1990 Yitzhak 1955-1963 David Ben- Netanyahu Shamir Gurion 1990-1992 Yitzhak 1963-1969 Shamir Levi Eshkol 1995-1996 Shimon Feburary- Yigal Alon Peres March 1969 1999-2001 Ehud Barak 1969-1974 Golda Meir 2001-2006 Ariel Sharon 1974-1977 Yitzhak Rabin 2006-2009 Ehud Olmert 2009 until Benjamin now Netanyahu 11 3 23 8 29 7

The longest period stayed David Ben-Gurion as prime minister, which amounted to 14 years during two consecutive periods is 1948-1954, and the period from 1955 to 1963, during which he fought two wars in 1948 and 1956. While a shorter period is for about a month they stayed Yigal Allon from February to March 1969. They are commissioned ministers did not ask, but only one of them, Yigal Allon plan to settle in the West Bank is still the plan, which was guided and guided by the majority of the successive governments. While Benjamin Netanyahu is the youngest prime minister in Israel, he was appointed prime minister in 1996.

Party Affiliation of the Elite Israeli Prime Minister and the Peace Process, the Arab – Israeli

Shows through the analysis of the relationship between party affiliation and ideological elite prime ministers of Israel and the peace process, the Arab - Israeli as shown in Table (1), that there is a relationship between the party affiliation of the Israeli Prime Minister and the President to embrace the peace process, the Arab - Israeli. Shows through the Table (2) increase the percentage of prime ministers who have reached agreements with Arab leaders within the Likud if reached 66.67%, while the percentage of the same minister who negotiated with the Likud party without agreement 33.33%. While the proportion of prime ministers who have reached agreements with Arab leaders within the labor party reached 12.5%, While rising proportion Minister of the same Labor Party who did not negotiate with the Arabs to reach 62.5%, while the percentage of prime ministers who negotiated with without agreement, 25% of the Labor Party.

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Table 2: Party Affiliation and Ideological Elite Ministerial Israeli Peace Process and the Arab – Israeli

Total Prime ministers come Prime ministers negotiated Prime ministers did to an agreement with without agreement not negotiate % Number % Number Position % Number % Number Party affiliation كاديما 2 100 2 100 100 3 66.7 2 33.3 1 Likud 100 8 12.5 1 25 2 62.5 5 Labour 100 13 23.2 3 38.4 5 38.4 5 Total

The percentage of prime ministers Israelis who have reached agreements with Arab leaders, 23%, any three ministers out of thirteen and eighteen ministers during the mandate of the ministerial. While the proportion of ministers who are equally not negotiate with ministers who negotiated with without reaching agreement with Arab leaders. See table 2 . The heads of the ministers who belong to the Likud party is more willing to reach an agreement with the Arab leaders, prime ministers Israelis who belong to the members of the Labor Party, While the preferred Israeli prime ministers who belong to the Kadima party - and developed by the Likud Party leader Ariel Sharon - to negotiate without an agreement with the Arab leaders.

Social Characteristics - Economic Elite Members of the Ministerial and Embrace the Peace Process, the Arab – Israeli

Means the social and economic characteristics of the members of the ministerial elite (age and place of birth, immigration history, profession, place of study), - The researcher to monitor all of the properties on the official website of the Israeli Knesset, and the official website of the Israeli Foreign Ministry - So as to know the extent of its impact on the adoption of an elite member of the peace process, the Arab - Israeli, which Will be described as follows: -

First, the age composition of the elite and the position of prime minister of the peace process, the Arab – Israeli.

Age is a major analytical tool in understanding the Israeli ministerial elite, as an indicator associated with years of political socialization that make up the ideas of the elite prime minister, on the one hand, And its association with political systems that reflect the stability of the ruling elite or alter the speed of the other hand. Shows through the table (No. 3), which refers to the analysis of the relationship between the age composition of the elite Israeli prime ministers and their position on the adoption of the peace process, the Arab - Israeli, That there is a relationship between the age composition of the elite Israeli prime ministers and their position on the adoption of the peace process, the Arab - Israeli, The percentage of support among the prime ministers who''s ages in the fourth decade to reach 100%, and decreases in the sixth and seventh decades, In terms of the percentage of prime ministers who did not negotiate with the leaders of the Arabs in the eighth decade of life to 100%, This refers to the analysis of multiple contracts (IV, VI and VII), which has signed the prime ministers of Israelis agreements with the leaders of the Palestinians.

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Table 3: Age Structure and the Position of the Peace Process, the Arab – Israeli

Total Prime ministers come Prime ministers Prime ministers Opinion to an agreement negotiated with did not negotiate Age Contract without agreement % Number %% Number % Number % Number 100 1 100 1 Fourth decade 100 1 100 1 Fifth decade 100 3 33.33 1 66.67 2 Sixth decade 100 66 33.33 1 33.33 3 33.33 2 Seventh decade 100 100 3 Eight decade 100 13 23.2 3 38.4 5 38.4 5 Total

Second: Place of Birth

Does not reflect the level of representation in the institutions of the Zionist official representation of the reality of the Jews between the inside and outside Israel, and does not reflect the numerical strength of the Israelis and the places that emigrated from them and represent them, There is no Israeli prime minister of assets _kinazih of Western Europe, While we find all the princes of Israel who occupied the post of prime minister had immigrated from Poland or the Ukraine by: 30.76% and 23.07%, respectively. There is no Israeli prime minister of East Osoal especially Arabic (Moroccan), although the number of Moroccan Jews ranks second after the Soviet Jews; since up to about 900 000 Jews out of about 6.5 million in Israel. It is noted that elite prime minister in Israel does not represent the demographics, there are commensurate with the only Risin minister of Israel (ie, 33.33%) were born in the cities, while there are four prime ministers (an increase of 67.67%) were born in rural areas.

Table 4: Place of Birth and the Position of the Prime Minister to Adopt the Peace Process, Arab – Israeli

Total Prime ministers Prime ministers Prime ministers did come to an negotiated with not negotiate agreement without agreement % Number % Number Position % Number % Number Place of birth Inside Israel Cities 100 1 100 1 Jeruslaem 100 1 100 1 Tel Aviv Settlements 100 1 Nohlat Jabotinsky 100 1 Kuf Mallal 100 1 Mishmar 100 1 Kfar Tafour 100 6 33.33 2 50 3 16.67 1 Total of births inside Israel Outside Israel

100 3 100 3 Ukraine 100 4 25 1 50 2 25 1 Poland 100 7 28.57 1 14.29 2 57.14 4 Total born outside of Israel 100 13 23.2 3 38.4 5 38.4 5 Total

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Table 4 Shows through the analysis of the relationship between the birth place of a member of the ministerial elite and embraced the peace process, the Arab - Israeli, as shown by Table No. (4), That there is a relationship between the birth place of the Prime Minister of Israel and its position on the Arab-Israeli peace process, as it increases the proportion of prime ministers who have generators inside Israel have reached an agreement with the Arab leaders; It reached 100% among those who were born in the cities in Israel, while this drops to 75% among the prime ministers who negotiated with without agreement from when they are born in the countryside, and this is consistent vision of the Arab thinker Ibn Khaldun, who confirms that urban residents are more stable than the rural population, as is consistent with our previous study on "the ruling elite and the Israeli unilateral disengagement plan," Which indicated that the ministers of the ruling elite of Israel (Thirty) in 2004 who were born in the population of cities in Israel are more " support for the peace process when those who are of the rural population, to see more (Jabali, Saqer.”(2013) The Ruling Israeli Elite and the Unilateral Withdrawal Plan from Gaza” in the issue 5-6 of volume 12 of Perspectives on Global Development and Technology".

On the political front, the areas that came from the prime ministers of Israel indicate that the percentage of representation of rural settlements in selected prime minister reached 71.43% and 57.14% of them did not negotiate with Arab leaders, while the percentage of representation of cities in the elite premiership 28.57%, two in the middle of Isriil (Jerusalem, Tel Aviv) more than the north and south, and that of all births were outside of Eastern Europe, Poland Okranba (you may have a relationship Balholkst). He notes that it was not any of the prime ministers born in Western Europe, is this a sign of rejection Alchuknar to take over as prime minister or have been excluded? Making elite ministerial less representative in terms of geography for the Jews, whether inside or outside.

The campaigns of incitement and racial feeling excellence among the Jews themselves, demonstrated by the invitation of Rabbi Uri Zohar; One of the most prominent advocates the Near, Alchuknaz Jews in Israel to return to Europe, "their birthplace and the right place for them," and that in the wake of what he called a "campaign of incitement that they manage against Sephardi Jews" and revealed Zohar, that he heard the father of the Minister of Labor and Social Welfare, former Israeli cabinet minister Shlomo Bnzera, on his way to prison in (August 2009); He says he is thinking seriously about immigration in the country and return to Morocco, his hometown, there did not feel discrimination and hostility to Jews as harbored of Ashkenazi Jews, and added: I told him and I say to you today, are not we should emigrate, but they (Ashkenazi Jews), who must return to Europe "(Abdul Karim, Ibrahim (2012), p 226).

Third: the History of Immigration to the Prime Minister

There are three ministers were born in Israel, out of thirteen prime minister have held this position since the establishment of Israel are: Yitzhak Rabin and Ehud Olmert and Benjamin Netanyahu, has held two of them are Rabin and Netanyahu as prime minister for two non-consecutive terms, and signed agreements with the Palestinians. While he held ten prime ministers in Israel who emigrated from Poland and Ukraine to Israel.

Table 5: Place the Migration of Prime Ministers and the Position of the Adoption Process for the Arab - Israeli Peace

Total Prime ministers come Prime ministers Prime ministers did to an agreement negotiated with not negotiate without agreement % % Number Position % Number % Number Number Immigration history

100 2 100 2 1906 100 1 100 1 1914 100 1 100 1 1921 100 2 100 2 1934 100 1 100 1 1942 14.29 7 14.29 1 28.57 2 57.14 4 Total immigrants 100 6 33.33 2 5 3 16.67 1 Born in Israel 100 13 23.2 3 38.4 5 38.4 5 Total

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Illustrated through the analysis of Table (5) to 57.14% of the heads of Israel who immigrated to Israel between 1906 to 1942; Arab leaders did not negotiate in order to reach peace agreements with Arab leaders, and that 28.57% of the elite Israeli premiers immigrants to Israel has negotiated with Arab leaders without agreement; and this drops to 14.29% when the prime ministers who have signed agreements with Arab leaders. While increasing the proportion of prime ministers who were born in Israel negotiated with and without an agreement for up to 50% while fall to 33.33% when the prime ministers who have reached agreements with Arab leaders.

Fourth: the Profession of Lists

Shows through the analysis of the relationship between a career member of the elite and the position of prime minister of the adoption of the peace process, the Arab - Israeli, that 66.67% of the elite prime minister who reach an agreement with the Arab leaders are exercised civilian occupations, The ratio of up to 66.67% each. See table 6

Table 6: Lists Profession and the Position of the Adoption of the Peace Process, the Arab – Israeli

Prime ministers Prime ministers Prime Ministers did Total come to an negotiated with not negotiate agreement without agreement

Number Number Position % Number % Number % % Profession

Military 100 66 16.66 1 66.76 4 16.66 1 Military Civilian 100 3 33.33 1 66.76 2 Farmer 100 1 100 1 lawyer 100 2 50 1 50 1 Diplomat 100 1 100 1 Press 28.52 2 14.29 1 57.14 4 Total civilian occupations 100 13 23.2 3 38.4 5 38.4 5 Total

Fifth: Place of Study

Focused studies that dealt with the political elites on the premises of university study to shed light on the nature of the places which I move individuals in the early stages of university achievement and potential impact on their access to political power, mattresses, , But this study seeks to identify the locations of the study to the elite members of the prime minister and the impact on the process of adoption of Lists Arab - Israeli peace. The study assumes that there is a positive relationship between a place to learn a member of the ministerial elite and embraced the peace process, the Arab - Israeli, but the test has been divided university where he studied members of the elites into two parts:

1. Universities and institutes of Israel: and confined to the Hebrew University. 2. Foreign universities and institutes: include universities in the United States, Britain, Poland and Turkey.

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Table 7: Place The Study of the Princes of Israel and the Position of the Adoption of the Peace Process, the Arab – Israeli

Total Prime ministers Prime ministers Prime come to an negotiated with without Ministers did agreement agreement not negotiate % % Number Opinion % Number % Number Number Education Level Israeli universities and institutes 100 3 100 3 Hebrew Foreign universities and institutes 100 3 33.33 1 50 2 33.33 1 USA 100 2 05 1 50 1 Britain 100 1 055 1 Poland 100 1 100 1 Turkey 100 3 2 Unavailable 100 13 23.2 3 38.4 5 38.4 5 Total

Shows through the analysis of variable place the study of selected prime minister, that there is a relationship between the place of the study of selected prime minister and their going towards Arab - Israeli peace. Both prime ministers Israelis who have signed agreements with the Arab leaders have received their university education from universities outside Israel, This refers to the role of American and British universities and Polish in creating a culture of coexistence. While all prime ministers Israelis who received their university education in Israel has negotiated with without reaching peace agreements with Arab leaders. This refers to the culture of dodgy (negotiations for negotiations) without searching in earnest to reach a genuine peace agreement. As shown in Table 7.

Recruiting Elite Ministerial Process and Arab - Israeli Peace

This section deals with the study of the relationship between the sources of recruiting elite prime minister and the position of the adoption of the peace process, the Arab - Israeli, it is intended recruitment is generally the process of selecting individuals to fill roles in the coordinated social, and political means recruiting the official positions of Prime Minister or the Minister, or a member of parliament, as well as less formal positions like union or official, and is located within the recruitment of political input in structural analysis - career. It serves as a lead function in all political systems, (Spring, Mohamed Mahmoud, imitative, Ismail Sabri (eds), (Encyclopedia of Political Sciences , p 470). So, political Conscription is a process of assigning roles to members of the political, whether sought or to their face and others to imitate these positions (core, Abdul Hadi, studies in political sociology, 1985, p 39).Is a follow-up question of political recruitment and access roads for the elite is important in studies of the political elite, to know the types of institutions from which the elements of leadership in Israel and focus on the sources of recruiting member patterns and their (Tayseer , Al nashef, 1975, p 113). This study aims to determine the relationship between the recruitment of elite prime minister and embrace the peace process, the Arab - Israeli. The motivation for the establishment of a link between the background and attitudes nothing can be understood, as I see Ondnger and Syringe Endinger, Searing both Contemporary students for the elite, "The thing that we may want to know, is whether we can predict with a high degree of probability that certain features of the background associated with the positions of certain words, we can expect that a certain background for the elite, will also give specific directions and to what extent? On the basis of a comparative study of the academic elite German, French, yes "(to Anhowski, George, d. T., p 26).

The study seeks to find out whether there was a relationship between the sources of recruiting elite prime minister and their position on the adoption of the peace process, the Arab - Israeli. And varied sources of recruitment of political elites and the political system in accordance with the social, economic and cultural in every state, as different division each researcher according to the different academic community.

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The party affiliation a political elite recruitment sources (Barakat, system, power centers in Israel from 1963 to 1983, pp. 48-49). As well as the administrative apparatus, which includes senior management, experienced advisors in the world economy and legislation (Ismail, Mohammed Kabary 0.1980, p 302), as well as Muhammad, Muhammad Ali, p 407.

The military institution in the communities in one of the main channels of social mobility as it allows for the children of the middle and lower classes access to senior centers,

The army is one important means in the formation of elites, and the effect depends on the nature of the military phase experienced by the state and the extent of the problems that faced them . In addition to the power relations linked to the military and political forces, and the extent of the control aspects of brass on various activities in the community and the extent of their independence, and combines sociologists that modern armies constitute basic channels for upward social mobility, in societies which allow the higher education of the middle class represents the army scope to form a new elite whose members belong to the middle classes in society (al-Husseini, Mr., 1993, pp. 197-198).

The recruitment will be addressed in terms of the ministerial elite: -

First, Military Service

Shows through the analysis of Table (8) on the analysis of the relationship between military service and prime ministers to adopt the position of the peace process, the Arab - Israeli that about 92% of the elite prime minister had performed military service positions are different.

And that there is a decrease in the proportion of the heads of those who have reached an agreement with the Arab leaders and performed military service in the senior ranks to 20%; while equal percentage of prime ministers who negotiated with without reaching an agreement with the prime ministers who did not negotiate in public by 40% each.

Table 8: Military Service for Members of the Elite and the Position of the Adoption of the Peace Process, the Arab – Israeli

Total Prime ministers come Prime ministers negotiated with Prime Ministers did not to an agreement without agreement negotiate Number Number % Number % Number Opinion Service % % Military Service 100 1 100 1 A - Department of Defense Zionist gangs 100 2 50 1 50 1 Alhashomr 100 1 100 1 Albamah "arm Hitter Of the Haganah " 100 4 50 2 50 2 Haganah 100 1 100 1 Straen 100 1 100 1 Irgun 100 10 20 2 40 4 40 4 Total Zionist gangs Civil Enterprise 100 1 100 1 Alhustdroat 100 1 50 1 50 1 The diplomatic corps 100 1 33.33 0 33.33 1 33.33 1 Total Civil Service 100 13 23.2 3 38.4 5 38.4 5 Total

Notes from the study and experience of recruiting elite military that members of the elite have held ministerial pre-state senior ranks in the leadership of the Zionist military organizations: Haganah and Palmach arm batsman, and Stern and argon, and these organizations formed the nucleus of the Israeli army, and have equal proportion recruitment prime ministers who reached an agreement from the institution of civil; With prime ministers who negotiated with; However prime ministers who did not negotiate with 33.33% each. As shown in Table (8).

Second: Sources Recruit Elite Prime Minister and the Peace Process, the Arab – Israeli

The standard adopted by the study is why the president, who came to the elite user, and was probably the last position before the membership. Since there two jobs or more single-member been adopted profession that was the direct cause of the member to enter the elite. Perhaps one of the elite members of the military with a character that belongs to a party, but the fact that the military member is primarily that led him to the elite, or another member belongs to a party for the exercise of his professional activity in the party.

Illustrated by Table (9) the high proportion of recruitment official institutions to 69.23% for the entry to the post of prime minister; while the rate of recruitment of civil institutions, especially political parties to 30.77% of the entry for prime minister. It is noted that as foreign minister in Israel has occupied the first rank in the recruitment of formal institutions of government; There are 4 out of 9 (by 44.44%) prime ministers have held the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs before entering the percentage of prime minister, while he held the post of prime minister, head of the Prime Minister and one of the deputy prime minister; Minister of Finance; defense minister; and former ambassador; and president of the Jewish Agency. while the form of the political party single source in the recruitment of civil institutions, non-governmental organizations for the post of prime minister; equal proportion and source of recruitment prime ministers who negotiated with without reaching agreements by 50% each.

Table 9: Sources of Recruiting Elite Prime Minister and the Position of the Adoption of the Peace Process, the Arab – Israeli

Total Prime ministers Prime ministers Prime Ministers did come to an negotiated with not negotiate agreement without agreement % Number % Number Opinon % Number % Number Source of recruitment Governmental institutions 100 2 100 1 Deputy Prime Minister 100 4 50 2 50 2 Minister of Foreign Affairs 100 1 100 1 Minister of Finance 100 1 100 1 Defense Minister 100 1 100 1 The diplomatic corps 100 1 100 1 Jewish Agency Chairman 100 9 11.11 1 33.33 3 55.56 5 Total government institutions Total non-governmental civilian positions 100 1 66.67 2 33.33 1 Likud Chairman 100 2 100 1 Labor Party Chairman 100 2 100 2 100 2 Total position of civil 100 13 23.2 3 4.38 5 38.4 5 Total

169 American International Journal of Contemporary Research Vol. 4, No. 8; August 2014

Third: the Elite Rotation

Means the rotation of the elite: the rate of changes that happen in the assumed individuals and groups who are in positions of power, this leads to a change in the power of different segments of society, whether political, social or economic; solutions means someone somewhere else; elite and elite place (Abu piggy blokes (1999) (p. 43). And how the province of the elite on the stability and continuity of the pioneers of the analysis was the general consensus of the three elite on the need to work to maintain the elite continuity and stability, where he saw Barreto that is achieved through a process of rotation of the elite that was divided into two types: first: internal rotation is through the elite''s ability to absorb ideas and people from outside the elite and their inclusion in the framework so as not to gather what could be the anti-elite, The second: external rotation, and happens when the elite fail to achieve internal rotation through the absorption of ideas and people from outside the elite are the replacement of other elite and wiped out this elite and replaced by another. The Mosca saw that the stability achieved through elite represented by the equation, which means the ability of the political elite to understand the political formula prevailing in the society, which represents the key to control it in a primitive society to be of military force is the key position in another community to be in competition, He was Michlz the process that keeps them elite on the same concept of the "iron law of Aolijarkih" and meant to the ability of the elite to the stability and survival through absorption of individuals and people from outside the elite, the same process that called the Pareto concept of "rotation elite", (Aref, Nasrm Mohammed ).

Table 10: Rotation of the Elite and the Adoption of the Peace Process, the Arab – Israeli

Total Prime ministers Prime ministers Prime Ministers did come to an negotiated with not negotiate agreement without agreement Number Number % Number % Number Opinion % % Source of recruitment Legal Change 100 7 14.29 1 71.42 5 14.29 1 His term ends 100 2 50 1 50 1 Resignation 100 1 100 1 A commission of inquiry - resignation 100 10 20 2 50 5 30 3 The total percentage of legal change Involuntary change 100 1 100 1 Death 100 1 100 1 Sickness 100 1 100 1 Political assassination 100 13 23.2 3 38.4 5 38.4 0 Total

Was selected as prime minister since 48_1977 ; were open only to members of the Labour Party elite members included the prime minister, who did not negotiates leaders; Then income Likud party in 1977 to form a rate of 66.67% of the elite members of prime minister who signed peace agreements with Arab leaders. Which prompted Yitzhak Rabin, the Labor Party leader in his second signing of the Declaration (Osilwa 1) with the Palestinians. As for the influx of new blood; There are 55.55% of the elite members of prime minister assumed the premiership for once, whereas 4 out of 5 heads of the Prime Minister, or by 22.22% had assumed the post of prime minister for two non-consecutive terms, only 11.11% of them have signed peace agreements with Arab leaders, Which refers to the low rate of absorption of the prime minister who supported the signing of agreements with Arab leaders, and this raises questions about the future of the peace process.

He notes that the rotation of the ruling elite has been for legal reasons by 76.8% at the end of the period is the mandate of the Prime Minister to resign voluntarily or in the wake of the formation of a commission of inquiry, It may happen elite rotation for reasons of involuntarily rose by 23.2% and the most prominent Phanoph attack or disease (and some say Sharon injection) or a political assassination as happened to Yitzhak Rabin.

The external rotation; may be one of the ultra-Orthodox Jews assassination of Yitzhak Rabin, has contributed to a slowdown in the entry of new blood may fear the same fate as Rabin, Especially since a lot refers to the incitement that resulted from religious fatwas by senior rabbis deny the waiver for what it called "the land of Greater Israel." And this violates the commandment Herzl not to allow a religious rule that raises its head in the Jewish state, has not been able to keep the clergy in synagogues, did not separate religion from the state and politics in order to preserve the two together (Sarid, Yossi," Herzl died twice, "Ha''aretz 0.17. In the opinion of some local Israelis, going toward demagoguery buildup, when he speaks Ya''alon and Lieberman and Moshe Feiglin (leader of the extreme right-wing Likud) occupation government in the future, can be referred to the words of Moshe Yaalon relations between him and the politicians: "When I was chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff said several times in the frameworks closed: It is every time brings the politicians here peace dove forced us in the army to clean up behind them," Abdul Karim, Ibrahim (2012). It is noted that the elite premiership more receptive to sign interim agreements is integrated, while insisting the same members to sign interim agreements exceeded the 18-year, they are also subject to the terms of an Israeli incapacitating exercised through measures which are trying to impose facts, trying to draw and define the future of the Palestinian entity (Jebali, Saqr.2014).

Conclusion

The study showed that there is a relationship between the party affiliation of the elite members of the prime minister and the adoption of the peace process, the Arab - Israeli, if that 66.67% of the members of the Likud Party, and 33.33% of the Labor Party and the agreements signed by Arab leaders.

The study examined the relationship between Ala_khasaús social - economic elite members of the prime minister and the adoption of the peace process, the Arab - Israeli, and showed that there is support for the adoption of the plan among those who are in the fourth decade while increasing opposition to the plan among those in the eighth decade. The study showed that all prime ministers who were born in Israeli cities have signed peace agreements, while the percentage drops among rural born to 75% between the prime ministers who negotiated with without reaching an agreement with the Arab leaders, This indicates that the level of representation of elite prime minister in the Zionist institutions do not reflect the reality of the representation of Jews, whether at home or abroad.

The study showed that 66.67% of the owners of the civil professions and 33.33% of the professionals from the military elite prime minister had reached an agreement with the Arab leaders. The study showed that 66.67% of the elite prime minister studying at overseas may peace agreements, and here refers to the role of universities, U.S., British and Polish in creating a culture of coexistence as opposed to study in Israeli universities. And back through the study of sources of recruiting elite prime minister that about 92% had performed military service in different military ranks. And that the head of the Labor Party alone Estuary prime minister since the establishment of Israel in 1977 until the arrival of Menachem Begin to power, that came out of Sharon''s Likud party and came to power after the morphological Kadima.

Recommendations

We would like to refer to a set of recommendations, most notably:

1 - Despite the fact that the Jewish religion was not the prime mover for the elite prime minister in making important decisions and policies; But the opinions of Israeli rabbis have contributed to the rise of religious extremism in the Israeli street, prompting a Jewish assassination of Yitzhak Rabin. This would increase the fears of escalating religious extremism, especially if painted the State of Israel a Jewish state. 2 - Should be selected as prime minister more open to prime ministers who want to achieve a balanced peace agreements, especially with the Palestinian side. 3 - Should not discriminate elite prime minister at the signing of agreements between the parties, especially the Palestinian side, especially with regard to interim agreements. 4 - May be selected as prime minister of the historic leadership best able to take steps towards achieving a genuine peace that cannot be achieved unless the approval of the Israeli government legislated rights, especially the fully sovereign Palestinian state alongside the State of Israel. 171 American International Journal of Contemporary Research Vol. 4, No. 8; August 2014

List of References

A- Books

Barakat, system, (1977) ministerial elite in Israel, Master Thesis, (Cairo University: Faculty of Economics and Political Science). Botomur, Thomas (1988), and the elite of society, and to provide translation Mohammed essential (and others), Dar university knowledge, Alexandria. Al- Jabali, Saqer (2014), Palestinian - Israeli negotiations and the final status issues and their impact on the future of the two state solution, unpublished. In, Osman, Osman and others, Palestinian Studies, Palestine: Al- Najah University. Abdul Karim, Ibrahim (2012), "the practical experience of the Zionist project: successes, failures, problems," in, Barakat, system, (Editor), "Change projects in the Arab region and its future," Oman: Middle East Studies Center.

B- List of Periodicals

Barakat, system, and Rawaf, Osman, sweet, Mohammed, (1989) Principles of Political Science, Amman: Dar Carmel for publication and distribution, i 3. Barakat, system (1984), "The concept of the ruling elite as one of the driving patterns," Journal of the researcher, the fifth year, No. 26, Beirut, March. Abu piggy blokes (1999), the ruling elite in Yemen 1978-1990, Madbouly Library, Cairo. Alnashef, Tayseer, (1975) "the political elite in the Arab community in Palestine," Palestinian Affairs, the number 48, Beirut.

C – Internet

Site of the Knesset, see https://www.knesset.gov.il/main/arb/home.asp Biographies of members of the Government, see site Knesset, the Knesset sixteen https://www.knesset.gov.il/mk/arb/mkindexbyknesset.asp?knesset=16 The Israeli government site http://www.pmo.gov.il/Arab/History/PastGovernments/Pages/gov30.aspx site of Israeli Foreign Ministry http://mfa.gov.il/MFAAR/Pages/default.aspx Aref, Nasrm Mohammed (2000), the theory of the elite and the study of Arab political systems, the third conference for young researchers entitled "The political elite of young researchers", 1996), see http://bohothe.blogspot.com/2010/03/blog-post_4388.html

Books

Al- Jabali, Saqer.”(2013) The Ruling Israeli Elite and the Unilateral Withdrawal Plan from Gaza” in the issue 5-6 of volume 12 of Perspectives on Global Development and Technology Goldmann, Nahum,( 1978) The Jewish Paradox, trans.Steve Cox (NY: Grossest and Dunlap).)

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