Creencia, Identidad Y Praxis Ritual En La Wicca: El Camino Espiritual Hacia La Transformación Personal

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Creencia, Identidad Y Praxis Ritual En La Wicca: El Camino Espiritual Hacia La Transformación Personal UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE FILOLOGÍA TESIS DOCTORAL Creencia, identidad y praxis ritual en la Wicca: el camino espiritual hacia la transformación personal MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Aura Fernández Tabernilla Directores Andrés Piquer Otero Mónica Cornejo Valle Madrid © Aura Fernández Tabernilla, 2019 Aura Fernández Tabernilla CREENCIA, IDENTIDAD Y PRAXIS RITUAL EN LA WICCA: EL CAMINO ESPIRITUAL HACIA LA TRANSFORMACIÓN PERSONAL Tesis doctoral dirigida por los doctores Andrés Piquer Otero Mónica Cornejo Valle Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de las Religiones Universidad Complutense de Madrid MADRID, 2019 2 Agradecimientos A lo largo de estos años de investigación, he tenido la suerte de contar con personas e instituciones que me han ayudado enormemente con su apoyo y colaboración, siendo, por ello, que me gustaría mostrar mi agradecimiento. En primer lugar, me gustaría dar las gracias al Instituto Universitario de Ciencias de las Religiones por haber apostado por una tesis doctoral como la que presento. Agradezco muchísimo a mi director, el Dr. Andrés Piquer Otero, por la confianza que me ha mostrado en todos estos años, su inagotable paciencia, su inestimable consejo y su infinito conocimiento. Asimismo, quiero agradecer a mi directora, la Dra. Mónica Cornejo Valle, por sus palabras alentadoras y su optimismo. A mi madre, Begoña, por su amor, cariño y comprensión. Por ser mi roca y mi refugio. Por ser mi ejemplo y, sobre todo, por su preocupación y su paciente escucha. A mi padre, Jesús Isaac, por su visión del mundo y por darme siempre algo en lo que pensar. A mis amigos, Héctor, Wanda, Rosalía y Olavarri, por estar a mi lado, sostenerme y aguantarme. A Jen, por su espíritu positivo, su curiosidad y por las largas conversaciones telefónicas en las que hablamos “de todo y de nada”. A Marcos, por su apoyo incondicional y por sus continuos esfuerzos por crear momentos especiales y divertidos. A Asier, por su confianza, su cariño y su aliento. Por enseñarme a enfrentarme a lo que me da miedo y por ayudarme a salir de mi zona de confort. Por proporcionarme calma y consuelo en los momentos de angustia y ser mi ángel de la guardia. 3 4 A aquellos que nunca dejan de hacerse preguntas 5 INTRODUCCIÓN ................................................................................................ 11 Justificación: premisas, preguntas y contexto del estudio .................................. 12 Contexto y terminología .................................................................................. 14 Objetivos a alcanzar ........................................................................................... 15 Metodología ........................................................................................................ 17 Fases del trabajo ............................................................................................ 18 Interés del estudio y estado de la cuestión: estudios académicos sobre el fenómeno wiccano-pagano ................................................................................. 19 Configuración del trabajo .................................................................................... 20 1. “The Craft”: historia y definición de la Wicca ............................................. 23 1.1. Concepto y etimología de “Wicca” ......................................................... 23 1.1.1. Discusión etimológica .................................................................. 23 1.1.2. ¿Qué significa la Wicca?.............................................................. 26 1.2. Breve historia de la aparición y consolidación de la Wicca .................... 27 1.3. La Wicca en la cultura popular: su representación en series de televisión y literatura fantástica ........................................................................................... 33 Bloque I: La Tradición Esotérica Occidental y las principales bases de la religión wiccana ............................................................................................................... 37 2. La evolución de la Tradición Esotérica Occidental .................................... 42 2.1. La gnosis en el contexto del Gnosticismo y el Hermetismo ................ 44 2.2. La Cábala y el motivo del Árbol de la Vida en el esoterismo occidental.. .......................................................................................................... 49 2.3. La “magia instruida” del Renacimiento: los cuadrados mágicos como los antecedentes de las tablas de correspondencias.......................................... 54 2.3.1. El Neoplatonismo hermético de Marsilio Ficino y Pico della Mirandola……. .................................................................................................... 58 2.3.2. Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa: la magia y el lenguaje de los demonios……. .................................................................................................... 64 2.4. La tradición esotérica occidental desde el s. XVII hasta la época victoriana.. .......................................................................................................... 68 6 2.4.1. Las grandes fraternidades místicas y la transformación espiritual a través de la alquimia ........................................................................................... 71 2.4.2. El ocultismo francés: Eliphas Lévi y la relación entre el Tarot y la Cábala………. ..................................................................................................... 77 2.4.3. The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn y el establecimiento del sistema mágico moderno .................................................................................... 81 2.4.4. Aleister Crowley: Thelemic magick y la Ordo Templi Orientis ...... 89 3. Lo oriental y las importaciones “exóticas” en la práctica mágica del esoterismo occidental ......................................................................................... 95 3.1. La percepción occidental del “misterioso” Oriente y la práctica del Yoga……. ........................................................................................................... 99 3.2. Helena Blavatsky y la Sociedad Teosófica: “There is no Religion higher than Truth” ............................................................................................. 104 3.3. Tantra: magia, sexo y rebelión ......................................................... 108 4. El papel del Psicoanálisis en la práctica mágica contemporánea ........... 115 4.1. Carl Gustav Jung: el arquetipo y la religión como autoconciencia y experiencia ....................................................................................................... 117 4.1.1. Dion Fortune: la importancia de lo femenino.............................. 122 4.2. Wilhelm Reich: la terapia corporal y la fuerza vital ........................... 125 4.3. Las “psicologías de la contracultura” ................................................ 128 4.3.1. La “psicología del sentido y de la experiencia”: Abraham Maslow y Viktor Frankl… .................................................................................................. 128 4.3.2. La psicología humanista: el Post-psicoanálisis y el Human Potential Movement .......................................................................................... 131 Bloque II: Identidad y culto en la Wicca ............................................................ 134 5. Paganismo Contemporáneo, Wicca y New Age: ¿Estamos hablando de la misma realidad?................................................................................................ 139 5.1. Paganismo Contemporáneo: definición y significado ....................... 140 5.2. Paganismo y New Age ..................................................................... 143 5.3. Wicca y Paganismo Contemporáneo ............................................... 148 7 5.3.1. La problemática de los “conceptos-paraguas” y la pluralidad de movimientos de la Wicca: ¿Es correcto hablar de “Wicca” en singular? ........... 150 5.3.1.1. La Wicca esotérica ................................................................ 154 5.3.1.2. La Wicca exotérica: la Wicca Celtíbera y la reconstrucción “histórica” de la Brujería .................................................................................... 159 5.3.1.3. La Wicca “social”: la Espiritualidad de la Diosa y la Brujería Feminista……….. .............................................................................................. 165 6. Herramientas para la construcción de la narrativa wiccano-pagana ....... 171 6.1. La llamada a la “autenticidad”: reconstrucción, folklore y tradición... 173 6.2. Literatura y mitología como fuentes de inspiración ........................... 178 6.2.1. La literatura de fantasía y su relación simbiótica con la Wicca .. 182 6.3. La “mitologización” de la academia .................................................. 187 6.3.1. “El retorno de la Diosa” .............................................................. 187 6.3.2. La teoría del matriarcado de Marija Gimbutas ........................... 192 6.3.3. La cuestión de la brujería y la imagen de la “bruja”: la lectura wiccana del fenómeno ...................................................................................... 195 6.3.3.1. La criminalización de la brujería y la constitución del estereotipo……….. ........................................................................................... 195 6.3.3.2. Recuperación
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