As Relações Diplomáticas Entre Portugal E Marrocos

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As Relações Diplomáticas Entre Portugal E Marrocos Mohammed Nadir AS RELAÇÕES DIPLOMÁTICAS ENTRE PORTUGAL E MARROCOS DO TRATADO DE PAZ (1774) AO PROTECTORADO (1912) Coimbra Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra 2013 Mohammed Nadir AS RELAÇÕES DIPLOMÁTICAS ENTRE PORTUGAL E MARROCOS DO TRATADO DE PAZ (1774) AO PROTECTORADO (1912) Dissertação de Doutoramento em Letras, área de História, especialidade de História Contemporânea, apresentada à Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra, sob a orientação do Professor Doutor Maciel Santos e co- orientação do Professor Doutor José Manuel Azevedo e Silva. Bolseiro da Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia no âmbito do programa POPH/QREN e FSE. Coimbra Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra 2013 1 2 À Memória de meu Pai, Homem nobre, íntegro e honrado E de Vitorino Magalhães Godinho que me inspirou o Jihad do Humanismo À minha Mãe 3 4 ÍNDICE AGRADECIMENTOS 9 RESUMO 13 ABSTRACT 15 SIGLAS 17 INTRODUÇÃO 19 Primeira Parte AS RELAÇÕES POLÍTICO-DIPLOMÁTICAS Capítulo Primeiro A GÉNESE DAS RELAÇÕES DIPLOMÁTICAS LUSO-MARROQUINAS: DO SEGMENTO À LINHA CONTÍNUA 31 1 - Enquadramento histórico e diplomático até à questão de Mazagão 31 2 - Mazagão, o último casus belli (1757-1769) 40 3 - A caminho do Tratado de Paz 47 4 - O Tratado de Paz de 1774, uma leitura do texto e do contexto 50 4.1 - O contexto interno e externo (Maghreb, Mediterrâneo e Atlântico) 50 4.1 - O Tratado à luz de outros compromissos internacionais de Marrocos 58 5 - A fase Pós-Tratado (1774-1790) 66 6 - Mawlay al-Yazid (O sultão terrible) e Portugal: 1790-1792 68 Capítulo Segundo PORTUGAL E MARROCOS NO REINADO DE MAWLAY SULAYMAN (1792- 1822): DIFICULDADES VERSUS SOLIDARIEDADE 71 1 - Os contextos internos e externos 71 2 - A “diplomacia solidária” nos tempos difíceis 81 5 Capítulo Terceiro AS RELAÇÕES LUSO MARROQUINAS ENTRE 1822 A 1859: UMA CONJUNTURA DE MUDANÇAS 97 1 - Marrocos de Mawlay ‘Abd al-Rahman e Portugal sem Brasil 97 1.1 - Marrocos e Portugal, de 1822 até à derrota marroquina em Isli (14 de Agosto de 1844): A estagnação 112 2 - De 1850 até 1859. O “boom” diplomático português em Marrocos 118 2.1 - A visita do rei D. Fernando (20 de Maio 1856) 120 2.2 - Visita da divisão naval portuguesa pelo infante D. Luís (1859) ou a “diplomacia das canhoneiras” portuguesa! 123 Capítulo Quarto PORTUGAL E MARROCOS DE 1859 ATÉ 1906: A “DIPLOMACIA CORDIAL” 125 1 - O conflito hispano-marroquino (1859-1862) e a posição/intervenção portuguesa 125 2 - Portugal e a questão da protecção consular em Marrocos 140 2.1 - A génese do problema 140 2.2 - Portugal e a questão dos marroquinos de confissão judaica 143 2.3 - A Conferência de Madrid (1880): posição lusa 145 2.4 - Protegidos e naturalizados portugueses: exemplos 153 3 - A “diplomacia cordial” e os conflitos diplomáticos entre Portugal e Marrocos pós- Madrid 157 3.1 - Incidente de Larache (Agosto de 1888) 158 3.2 - Incidente de Rosita (1897) 164 4 - A Conferência de Algeciras e a internacionalização da questão marroquina 164 4.1 - A Conferência de Algeciras (1906): causas e consequências 164 4.2 - Portugal e a Conferência de Algeciras 168 6 Capítulo Quinto AS RELAÇÕES DIPLOMÁTICAS LUSO-MARROQUINAS DE 1907 ATÉ 1912. 171 1 - Portugal e Marrocos, do bombardeamento de Casablanca (1907) até ao advento de Mawlay ‘Abd al-Hafidh (1908) 171 1.1 - Marrocos e a conjuntura externa 179 1.2 - A conjuntura marroquina vista de Portugal 183 2 - A crise de Agadir (1911) e o início do protectorado (1912) vistos pela República Portuguesa 187 2.1 - A visão portuguesa sobre a crise de Agadir e o arranjo franco-alemão 191 3 - Portugal e o protectorado franco-espanhol (1912) em Marrocos. Viva o Sultanato! 197 Segunda Parte POR DETRÁS DAS POLÍTICAS: DIPLOMACIA, COMÉRCIO, AGENTES Capítulo Primeiro ORGANIZAÇÃO DIPLOMÁTICA E CONSULAR 211 1 - Os Colaço e o consulado de Tânger. 212 1.1 - Tânger: destino dum centro diplomático 212 1.2 - Dar al-niyaba al-charifa e a política externa marroquina 215 1.3 - Os Colaço e a legação portuguesa de Tânger: destino duma família 222 2 - Colónia portuguesa em Marrocos: do Algarve d’aquém ao Algarve de além-mar 239 3 - Embaixadas e embaixadores 246 3.1 - Uma missão, uma conjuntura 247 3.2 - A questão protocolar 254 7 Capítulo Segundo O COMÉRCIO LUSO-MARROQUINO DE 1774 ATÉ 1856 275 1 - A base estrutural do comércio: moedas, pesos e medidas, comunicações 275 1.1 - As moedas 275 1.2 - Pesos e medidas 280 1.3 - Caminhos, pontes, portos e meios de transporte. 284 1.4 - Portos e circuitos comerciais 294 2 - Relações comerciais luso-marroquinas: perspectiva global e linhas de força 298 2.1 - O comércio luso-marroquino do Tratado (1774) até 1822 307 2.2 - O Comércio luso-marroquino, durante o reinado de Mawlay ‘Abd al-Rahman318 Capítulo Terceiro O COMÉRCIO LUSO-MARROQUINO DE 1856 AO PROTECTORADO EM 1912 323 1 - Contextualização político-económica deste período 323 2 - As Relações Comerciais com Portugal 329 3 - O comércio luso-marroquino de 1856 a 1912: linhas de força 332 CONCLUSÃO 367 FONTES E BIBLIOGRAFIA 379 Quadros e figuras 395 8 AGRADECIMENTOS Eis uma tarefa difícil, a de agradecer àqueles que, de longe ou de perto, contribuíram para que eu pudesse levar a bom-porto este trabalho de longos e árduos anos. Existe uma mistura do emocional e do racional, uma vez que a dureza da investigação científica, o receio de não atingir os objectivos, bem como a tendência para querer alcançar a ilusória e inatingível perfeição só foi superável pelo carinho e apoio dos professores, da família e dos amigos. No meu caso, era difícil ou quase impossível realizar este trabalho sem o apoio financeiro da Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia a quem, por isso, estou muito grato. Os meus agradecimentos não podem deixar de se dirigir aos meus orientadores, aos primeiros e aos últimos. Com efeito, este trabalho começou sob a orientação do Professor Doutor João Marinho dos Santos e da Professora Doutora Maria Regina Mongiardim, por conseguinte, muitas ideias nele incluídas são fruto da sua orientação que muito agradeço. Aos meus actuais orientadores, os Professores Doutores Maciel Santos e José Manuel Azevedo e Silva, um eterno agradecimento pela compreensão, apoio científico e metodológico e pelo incentivo moral em momentos de grandes angústias e dificuldades. O Professor Maciel Santos disponibilizou-me, amigavelmente, além da sua casa quando estive na cidade do Porto, a sua biblioteca e, sobretudo, os seus conhecimentos profundos em história contemporânea e política, quer da Europa, quer de África. Em relação ao Professor Doutor José Manuel Azevedo e Silva, co-orientador desta tese, é uma história fantástica, na medida em que são muitos anos de convivência desde que cheguei a Coimbra, como aluno de mestrado em História da Expansão Portuguesa e, mais tarde, em trabalhos em conjunto ou viagens de estudo e conferências em Marrocos e/ou Portugal. O seu apoio pari passu na revisão do texto desta tese, sugestões e chamadas de atenção para tentar atingir a objectividade necessária num trabalho científico foram, sem dúvida, cruciais. 9 A minha família foi um suporte fundamental, sobretudo a minha Mãe, que compartilhou comigo esta marcha académica, não raras vezes angustiante. O seu carinho e estímulo, além das condições na casa de família, em Salé, foram uma bênção. Ao longo destes anos de idêntico nomadismo entre andanças em arquivos e bibliotecas são muitas e muitas pessoas com quem cruzei, conversei e partilhei momentos inesquecíveis da vida académica, pelo que a todos são devidas as mais sentidas palavras de gratidão. Contudo, se eu quiser especificar uma pessoa e com ela todas as outras, escolherei o nome da Dra. Isabel Fevereiro, antiga Directora do Arquivo Diplomático de Lisboa, a quem devo muito tempo poupado, graças à documentação disponibilizada, bem como as informações úteis facultadas sobre os fundos com mais interesse às relações diplomáticas luso-marroquinas. Por tudo isso e também pela simpatia, aqui lhe deixo a minha sincera e grata lembrança. Nesta ocasião, não posso deixar de referir outros mestres que, por ou sem terem sido meus professores directos, foram ao longo destes anos um modelo historiográfico e de humanismo que tentei seguir. A este respeito, cito, entre outros, as Professoras Doutoras Maria Helena da Cruz Coelho, Irene Vaquinhas e o Magnifico Reitor da Universidade de Coimbra, Professor Doutor Fernando Rebelo. Uma palavra de afecto à D. Conceição França, do Instituto de História da Expansão Ultramarina e D. Eugénia do Instituto de Paleografia, da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra. Em Lisboa, o saudoso Professor Doutor Vitorino Magalhães Godinho, notavelmente lúcido com seus noventa anos, recebeu-me em sua casa, em 2009, e relembrou-me a importância de Marrocos nas relações transatlânticas com a presença influente dos Estados Unidos de América no Mediterrâneo após a guerra de Cuba que também influenciou a política marroquina de Espanha, na segunda metade de Oitocentos e ao longo do século XX. Essa importância espacial e temporal (século XX) me foi igualmente sublinhada e sugerida, para ser melhor explorada no futuro, pelo Senhor Embaixador José Manuel Duarte Jesus. Por tudo isso, resta-me registar a honrada confiança e simpatia e a minha gratidão. 10 Em Marrocos e nomeadamente em Rabat, teve o apoio do Senhor Director da imprensa real, Boubeker Benmansour que me facultou generosamente várias obras de fontes marroquinas publicadas pela editora da dita instituição, por conseguinte estou muito grato. Ao Professor Doutor Uthman Al Mansouri, uma dedicação muito amiga pelas ideias sugeridas e estimulo na fase inicial deste trabalho. A dívida alarga-se aos meus amigos: o Engº Paulo Pereira que me ajudou na elaboração e organização dos dados estatísticos dos mapas gerais do comércio, Ricardo Marques, Lina Madeira, Lívia Galveias, Luís Simões, Carlos Armani, Sara Duarte Feijó e Ana Maria Paupério que não obstante a distância foram sempre disponíveis e sensivelmente amáveis.
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