The Martians As the Representation of the British Empire in H.G. Wells's the War of the Worlds Rizky Novrizal Rivai

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THE MARTIANS AS THE REPRESENTATION OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE IN H.G. WELLS’S THE WAR OF THE WORLDS

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

By RIZKY NOVRIZAL RIVAI Student Number: 154214038

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2019

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THE MARTIANS AS THE REPRESENTATION OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE IN H.G. WELLS’S THE WAR OF THE WORLDS

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

By RIZKY NOVRIZAL RIVAI Student Number: 154214038

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2019

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

NOTHING IS GIVEN. EVERYTHING IS EARNED. (Lebron James)

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Dedicated to My Amazing Father and Cheerful Mother My Wonderful Brother And My Lovely Rahayu

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I send thanks and gratitude to Allah S.W.T, for his blessing, guidance, and strength that he gives me every day so that I could pass every obstacle and finished my Undergraduate thesis. May salawat and salaam be with our Prophet

Muhammad S.A.W whom we seek guidance during the Judgement day. I also give great thanks to my beloved parents, Mr. Aris Sudanang and Mrs. Budi

Kartika Ningsih who always gives full support and love to me so that I could stay determined in finishing my Undergraduate thesis. I also want to thank my brother

Riza Fahmi Rahmadi who always be there to listen to my nonsense

I would like to give my great gratitude to Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka, M.Hum. for his attention, guidance, and support throughout the process of this thesis. I would like to say thank you to my co-advisor Dr. Gabriel Fajar Sasmita Aji,

M.Hum. for his support and suggestion. I know that I owe them for their willingness to spare their time to help me complete this thesis.

I also give thanks to my lovely Titik Susanti Rahayu who always loves and supports me during the process of this thesis. I would also give my gratitude to all my friends especially the members of PR Squad: Katon, Vena, Ardhia, Lintang,

Santi, Indah, Emma, Christien, and Mr. Harris for supporting and encouraging me to finish my Thesis. I also do not forget to mention my friends from Grup Talas:

Charli, Agnes, and Putri with their entertaining chat will always make me laugh during the hard times.

Rizky Novrizal Rivai

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ...... ii APPROVAL PAGE ...... iii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ...... iv STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ...... v LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH .. vi MOTTO PAGE ...... vii DEDICATION PAGE ...... viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... x ABSTRACT ...... xii ABSTRAK ...... xiii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 A. Background of the Study ...... 1 B. Problem Formulation ...... 3 C. Objective of the Study ...... 3 D. Definition of Terms ...... 4

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...... 5 A. Review of Related Studies ...... 5 B. Review of Related Theories ...... 7 1. Theory of Character and Characterization ...... 7 2. Theory of Setting ...... 9 3. Theory of Society in the Novel ...... 10 4. Relation between Literature and Society ...... 11 C. Review of the British Empire (1497-1997) ...... 11 D. Theoretical Framework ...... 14

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ...... 15 A. Object of the Study ...... 15 B. Approach of the Study ...... 16 C. Method of the Study ...... 17

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ...... 19 A. The Characteristics of the Martians in the Novel ...... 19 1. The Martians Characteristics seen from the setting ...... 19 2. The Physical Characteristics of the Martians ...... 20 B. The Societies of the Martians and the Human ...... 26 1. The Martians Society ...... 26 2. Human Society ...... 27 C. Martian as the Representation of British Empire ...... 31 1. The representation of British Empire Technology ...... 31 2. The representation of British Empire Motive ...... 36

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3. The representation of Conquest to seek Valuable Resources ...... 37 4. The representation of Decline and Downfall ...... 39

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ...... 43

REFERENCES ...... 46

APPENDIX ...... 48 Appendix 1: Herbert George Well’s the War of the Worlds ...... 48

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ABSTRACT

RIVAI NOVRIZAL, RIZKY. (2019). The Martian as the Representation of British Empire in H.G Wells’ The War Of The Worlds. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

The War of the Worlds by H.G Wells is a famous and influential novel. This novel is about the invasion of the Martians to earth in order to replenish their resources. The Martians were depicted as a representation of the British Empire. Through this novel, Wells criticized the British Empire attitude towards the colonized countries as well as their imperialist agenda. This study was composed by using library research method that used the novel The War of the Worlds as the primary data and for the secondary data, some books and journals contain criticism on the novel, literary theories, and historical reviews of the novel are used. This study used the theory of character and characterization, theory of setting, theory on society in the novel, and the relation between literature and society. The review of the British Empire (1497-1997) was used to get a better understanding of the British Empire, from the rise until the downfall. The sociocultural-historical approach applied in order to help the writer understand the society of British Empire colonies. The first analysis of the study shows that the Martians were having a physical limitation which makes them relied heavily on machines. Despite the fact that the Martians unable to do physical activity, they were highly intelligent creatures with advanced technologies and weapon. With their technological advancement, the Martian could easily invade the earth as well as annihilated the human. The second is the comparison between the Martian’s society and Human society. The society of the Martian was very advanced and also a workaholic and well organized compared with the society of human which very traditional and primitive. The third analysis of the study shows that the Martian with their high intelligence and technological advancement were representing the British Empire itself. Both the British Empire and The Martian were having the same motive and attitude during their conquest to the new world/continent which is gaining valuable resources. However both of them would slowly declining and suffered downfall, with the Martian failed to predict the earth’s bacteria that destroyed their body cells and killed them while the British Empire with the cost of war which resulted in debts followed by their failure to financially support their colonies therefore they had no choice but to granted independence for their colonies.

Keywords: British Empire, the Martians, colony

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ABSTRAK

The War of the Worlds karangan H.G Wells merupakan novel yang terkenal dan paling berpengaruh, menceritakan tentang invansi bangsa mars ke bumi untuk mencari sumber daya. Bangsa Mars digambarkan sebagai representasi dari Kerajaan Inggris. Melalui novel ini, penulis mengritik Kerajaan Inggris kebijakan imperialisnya dan perlakuan terhadap koloni-koloninya Studi ini menerapkan metode perpustakan dan menggunakan novel The War of the Worlds sebagai data primer. Data sekunder diperoleh dari buku-buku dan jurnal yang memuat ulasan novel, teori literature, dan latar belakang sejarah dari novel tersebut. Teori-teori yang diterapkan terdiri dari teori karakter dan karakterisasi, teori setting, teori masyarakat dalam novel, dan hubungan antara literatur dan masyarakat. Sejarah kerajaan Inggris (1497-1997) juga digunakan untuk mengetahui sejarah dari kerajaan Inggris. Pendekatan sosiokultural-historis juga digunakan untuk memahami masyarakat dari kerajaan Inggris saat itu. Analisis pertama menyimpulkan bahwa bangsa mars merupakan ras yang tidak mampu melakukan aktivitas fisik dan bergantung sepenuhnya pada kecerdasan dan alat-alat untuk mempermudah melakukan segala pekerjaan namun seiring waktu, planet mereka tidak mampu lagi memenuhi kebutuhan sumber daya berbekal dengan kecerdasan dan kecanggihan alat- alat, bangsa Mars kemudian menginvansi bumi. Analisis kedua menyimpulkan adanya perbedaan masyarakat antara bangsa Mars yang sangat moderen dan canggih dengan Manusia yang lebih sederhana dan primitif menyebabkan bangsa Mars dapat dengan mudah menginvasi bumi. Analisis ketiga menghasilkan bukti bahwa bangsa Mars dan Kerajaan Inggris mempunyai motivasi yang sama yaitu untuk mencari dan menguasai sumber daya, kemudian bangsa Mars dan Kerajaan Inggris juga memiliki kecanggihan teknologi dan pada akhirnya keduanya juga mengalami kemunduran dan kejatuhan yang disebabkan oleh faktor internal yaitu bangsa Mars yang tidak kebal terhadap serangan bakteri di Bumi dan Kerajaan Inggris yang menanggung beban hutang yang besar akibat dari perang yang akhirnya membuat mereka tidak mampu membiayai dan harus melepas semua negara- negara jajahan.

Kata Kunci: British Empire, the Martians, colony

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Science fiction is the branch of literature that deals with the effects of change on people in the real world as it can be projected into the past, the future, or to distant places. It often concerns itself with scientific or technological change, and it usually involves matters whose importance is greater than the individual or the community; often civilization or the race itself is in danger (Gunn, 2005, p. 05).

From many science fiction writers, H.G. Wells was the most influential science fiction writer and even considers as the “father of science fiction” (Roberts, 2000, p. 48). A visionary, who often write a large number of utopian works. His works often about the airplane, the tank, space travel, atomic bomb, time travel, alien invasion, and the human beings with the power of gods (James, 2016, para. 1). His notable science fiction works are The Time Machines (1895), The Invisible Man

(1897), and The War of the World (1898).

In this study, I would like to use one of Wells’ novels The War of the

Worlds. This work become the first earliest stories to detail a conflict between mankind and an extraterrestrial race (Flynn, 2005. p. 5). Other than that, this novel also received widely praise by many critics. This novel is about the invasion of earth by the Martians in order to seek and replenish resources. The human in this story depicted as primitive and ignorant being as their weapons and technology could not match against the Martian’s weapon while also ignorant towards anything outside

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Their own interest, therefore, they fail to sense the Martian’s arrival. The invasion and the annihilation of the Human begin as the Martians mercilessly kills and destroyed everything on its way as well as collecting the earth’s resources.

However, the Martians fail to predict the danger which comes from inside, the Earth bacteria. The bacteria slowly killing them as their body system are not immune thus failing their plan to invade the earth.

Wells in this story, commenting that the Martians are having similarities with the British Empire, which also seeking to expand their territory and exploited the natural resources of the country which colonized by them. Wells said to his brother what would happen if the Martians did the same thing as the British Empire did with the indigenous people of Tasmania (Ball, 2018, para 13). The other is that

H.G. Wells lives during the late 19th century, which also known as the Victorian era. During this era British Empire was predominant colonial and naval power in the globe, making its domestic heart a poignant and terrifying starting point for an invasion by the Martians with their own imperialist agenda (Bruce, 2008, p. 65).

To specify the study, the writer focuses on one of the characters in the novel which is the Martians that can reveal the related points that are analyzed. The writer analyzes the characteristics of the Martians in order to get a better understanding of the Martians. From there, the writer compares the society between

Martians and Human to reveal the technological gap, advantages, and disadvantages between two races.

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The comparison between Martians and Human will be use to discover similar characteristics between the Martians and British Empire thus will reveal how the

Martians become the representation of the British Empire.

B. Problem Formulation

Based on the background of the study, the writer formulates three

questions:

1. How are the characteristics of the Martians in the story?

2. How are the societies of the Martians and Human described in novel?

3. How the Martians represent the British Empire?

C. Objectives of the Study

The purpose of this study is to find out that the Martians in this story represent the British Empire from the rise to the downfall. This objective can be found by answering all three questions in the problem formulation. First, the writer will find out how the Martians are described in the story. Second, the writer will identify and compare the society from both the Martians and the Human in the story.

Then, the writer will find out how the Martians represent the British Empire.

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D. Definition of Terms

Before the writer further discussing the main thing in this study, it is important to define the key terms used in this thesis. The explanation is meant to avoid misunderstanding. Below are the terms used by the writer related to the topic of the study the first term is Representation. Stuart Hall (2003) states that

Representation is the production of the meaning from the concepts in our minds through the language. It is the link between concepts and language which enables us to refer to either ‘real’ world of objects, people, or events, or indeed to imaginary worlds of fictional objects, people, and events (p. 17). The second term is British

Empire, Ashley Jackson (2013) said that British Empire comprised over 13,000,000 square miles or nearly one-quarter of the earth’s land surface and its merchant marine and navy were supreme at sea. Occupied the colonies in Africa, the Middle

East, and the Pacific in the wake of the First World War, Britain was responsible for ruling 500 million people, over a fifth of the earth’s population (p.18).

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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A. Review of Related Studies

The War of the Worlds is a science fiction novel about the Martians invasion to earth in order to replenish their limited resources. Published in 1898, this novel took place in England in the late 19th century. H.G Wells analyzed his experiences as a member of society including social problems and convert it into society in his novel. Gascoigne (1994) said that Wells wrote his early novel about social matters as society changing and improving (p.684). H.G Wells was considered as one of the greatest novelists ever, Kathleen Kuiper (1995) stated that

H.G Wells was an English novelist journalist, sociolinguist, and historian, best known for his science fiction novels. His first attempt at fiction writing was merely imitative, but he eventually set himself up as a freelance writer. Almost immediately he became a successful journalist and short story writer, the possessor of a lively and humorous style and the exponent in fiction of relatively new subject of science (p.1191).

Arthur C. Clark (1999) in Greetings, Carbon-Based Bipeds! Said that The

War of the Worlds is one of the H.G Wells’ writing that contains poetry and passages to catch throat. He believes that this novel could surprise the readers who never been read this novel before. Clarke also adds that in this novel H.G. Wells tried to pretend that he was not an artist (p.21). This novel had also ever discussed by Putu Rizki Saputra (2010) as his undergraduate thesis in the Faculty of Letters of Sanata Dharma University Yogyakarta.

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His thesis entitled The Martians as The Representation of The 19th Century British

Industrial Revolution’s Dynamic Revealed in H.G. Wells The War of The Worlds.

He discuss how the Martians become the representation of the 19th-century British industrial revolution by analyzing through the characteristic of the Martians. He finds out that the Martians are workaholic, highly productive, discipline, and well- organized this represented the dynamic characteristic of 19th-century British industrial revolution (p. xi).

Another Undergraduate thesis discussing the novel is written by Sytse

Durkstra (2015) from Faculty of Arts of Radboud University entitled The War of the Worlds – Postcolonialism, Americanism, and Terrorism in Modern Science

Fiction Film. This thesis focuses on the movie adaptation of The War of the Worlds and comparing it with another movie which have similar theme, Independence Day.

Both the War of the Worlds and the Independence Day explored the fear of being invaded by the aliens and what their intention might be. However while Independence Day described the Humanity as very optimistic being and puts the aliens as purely external threat, The War of the World is infused with fear of terrorism, distrust of stranger, and a bleak picture of humanity, while the aliens are hidden amongst humanity, became active only as outside threats come in action (p. 6-7)

The quotation above shows that both the War of the Worlds and

Independence Day explore the fear of terrorism which come from external threats or aliens. However, there are differences between them which Independence Day have a slightly lighter tone as it is depict Human as optimistic being and united as one to face the external threat which is the aliens.

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In contrast with the War of the Worlds which has darker tone and describe the

Human as pessimistic, suspicious at one another and prioritize their own survival.

Being different from the two previous studies, the writer analyzing the characteristics of the Martians both from the setting and physical and comparing the societies between the Human and The Martian in order to find how the Martian representing the British Empire.

B. Review of Related Theories

1. Theory of Character and Characterization

The characters are split into two categories which are the main and minor characters according to Abrams (1981). In literary works, the main character can be the center of the story. He/she become the most important character in the story and the acts of the story focus on the main character from the beginning to the end of the story. Characters are the person presented in a dramatic or narrative work who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral and dispositions qualities through their dialogue and their action (p.20) there is also a similar statement from

Milligan (1983) about characters. He split characters in the story into two types which are a major and minor character (p.155). According to Rohrberger and Woods (1997) character also plays important roles in the story, they help readers to participate into the characters experience throughout the story by sharing imaginatively the feelings or the activities of the characters in the story (p.19). Meanwhile, MJ Murphy (1972) stated there are nine important factors that are needed to understand which are:

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a. Personal Description

The author can describe the character by his/her physical appearance. The character can be thin, fat, ugly, or handsome. While the economic status is shown by the clothes, the rich character could be described by the quality of his/her clothes.

b. Character seen by another

The author describes the character using the perspective or opinion from another character.

c. Speech

The author describes the character in the novel through his/her speech, when the character communicating with another character, and how the character expresses his/her opinion.

d. Past life

The author can describe the character by telling the past experience of the character. This could be described from the author’s direct comment, the character’s thought, his/her conversation, or through another character.

e. Conversation of Others

The author describes the character through the conversation between characters or the things the other character say about the character.

f. Reactions

The author can describe the character by how he/she react to various situations or events.

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g. Direct Comment

The author describes the character directly.

h. Thought

The author can describe the character by letting the reader know the character thought.

i. Mannerism

The author gives a description of the character’s habit and manner

(p. 161-171).

2. Theory of Setting

According to Abrams (1981), Setting are consists into two. First is the general locale, historical time, and social circumstances in which the action occurs.

Second is the physical location where the action takes place (p.175). Setting in the story are divided into two which are setting of place and time. The setting of the place is the physical environment of a story: a house, a landscape, a street, a city, It sometimes called ‘locale’. The setting of time involves the time of the story, the hour, year, or century (Kennedy & Gioia, 1999, p.107).

M.J Murphy (1972) states that setting in the novel is the background where the character lives. While in some novel setting is essential, the other novel is less essential.

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Setting are concerned with the place in which the character lives as well as the time.

He further adds that the setting has a heavy influence on personalities, action, and how the character thinks (pp.141-146).

3. Theory on Society in the Novel

According to Langland (1984) society, as all other aspects in the novel function as an element in a structure that is, at least a part self-referential. The definitions of society that explicitly and implicitly see society always an imitation of an outside world have tended to obscure the formal variety of social presentation in the novels (p.4). In the novel, there are two kinds of society which are the society influenced by the outside world and the society which are not influenced by the outside world. Yet, it is rare to find the same society between society in the novel and in the outside world. If there’s one then it’s not quite the same.

Langland (1984) also explains that society in the novel has possibilities in commenting roles and possibilities of society in the outside world. Stated that society in a wider sense, not merely people and their classes, but also customs, conventions, beliefs, values, their institutions – legal, religious, cultural, and physical environment. Society remains everything we have seen it be – norms, conventions, codes, backgrounds, places, people, institutions – but its role within the work will determine its particular manifestation in the novel (p. 6-7).

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4. Relation between Literature and Society

According to Warren and Wellek (1956), Literature is a social institution that uses a social creation as its medium language. As a member of society, an author must become ‘representative’ of his age and society, in most social criticism they seem to mean that an author should be aware of specific social situations (pp. 94-95).

Langland (1984) further states that society in the novel is the same as the real society.

The author describes the society in the novel are based on the real society where he lives in. Langland further explains that the society in the novel does not depend on the society in the real world as it is only a reflection of any concrete. The author can expresses the society in his novel in a form of a house, city, country, institution, object, or a group of relationship through characters, patterned interactions and their common expectation of one another (Langland, 1984, pp. 5-6).

From the quotation above it was clear that the society in the novel is a reflection of

the real society in which the writer lives and it often influence the writer to create a

society in the novel.

C. The Review of the British Empire (1497-1997)

The British Empire consists of dominions, colonies, protectorates,

mandates, and other territories ruled or administered under the United Kingdom,

However the British Empire imperialism was not founded purely on aggressive

invasion or conquest but in the matter of trade (All About History- Book of British

Empire, 2016, p. 27). It began establishing overseas possessions and trading post

between the late 16th century and early 18th century. The British Empire settled in

its colonized countries and exploited its resources.

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These new resources, as well as the establishment of new industries and trade routes, boosted the economic growth and military power of the country (All about

History – Book of British Empire, 2016, p.27). The British Empire first settlement to seek valuable resources happened on 16th commenced by protestant from both

England and Scotland, they established a plantation of Ireland (Kenny, 2006, p.5).

In the early 17th century, The British Empire commenced another expedition to the

Caribbean. Seeking gold deposit, the Empire attempted three colonies in the

Caribbean which are Guiana in 1604, St Lucia in 1605, and Grenada in 1609 eventually this attempt are leading into failure (All about History – Book of British

Empire, 2016, p. 29). However, the Empire is successfully established settlement in St Kitts (1624), Barbados (1627), and Nevis (1628). From those settlements, the

British Empire gained valuable resources which are sugar and quickly establishing sugar plantation (Llyod, 1996, p. 22).

The sugar plantation system relies greatly on the slaves and the Caribbean could not provide slaves anymore, the British Empire begin exporting slaves from

Africa as a solution. In 1660 the Royal African Company formed and granted authority by King Charles to supply slaves from Africa to British colonies of the

Caribbean (Llyod, 1996, p. 37). The company itself begin acquiring slaves from

Africa using diplomatic method to avoid a bloodbath. They are buying slaves directly from the local tribes who provide their own people and prisoners. However, the Company also using violence to acquire slaves by hiring gangs of raiders to attack village or inland settlements (All about History – Book of British Empire,

2016, p. 30).

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The huge exports of African Slave are having impact on the rise of African descent population in the British Caribbean from 25% in 1650 to 80% in 1780, and in

Thirteen Colonies from 10% to 40% over the same period (Canny, 1998, p.228).

The slave trade is extremely profitable and become a major economic mainstay for the British Empire. Until its abolition in 1807, the British Empire was responsible for the transportation of 3.5 million African Slaves to the Americas, and third of all slaves transported across the Atlantic (Ferguson, 2004, p.62).

Following the British Empire defeat during the American Revolution and the

Loss of thirteen American colonies, The Empire are forced to find a new settlement to transports convicts. In 1770 James Cook discover the eastern coast of Australia and claim it for British Empire. However, he is aware that indigenous people already there but he ignored them as Australia is a Terra Nullius or wasteland

(Cashmore, 2004, p.1). Australia aside from becoming a place to transport convicts, become the profitable exporter of Gold as in 1867 the British Empire establish the

Gold Coast colony by purchasing and seizing the land (All about History – Book of

British Empire, 2016, p.41). Eventually, in 1815-1913 the British Empire reaches its peak, with around 10,000,000 square miles (26,000,000 km2) and governing over 400 million people (Parson, 1999, p.3). However, the British Empire slowly declining following the death of Queen Victoria in 1901 which greatly influenced the Empire on the world stage both political and symbolic (All about History –

Book of the British Empire, 2016, p.139). The British Empire participation in both

World Wars also contribute to its decline, although it emerges victorious the Empire suffers greatly on economic.

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After World War II, the British Empire essentially bankrupt and incapable to cover all the debts without the loan from the United States (Brown, 1998, p.331).

The decolonization begin with India grants independence on 1947, followed by the independence of South Asia colonies (Burma, Ceylon, India, and Pakistan) while

Palestine are return to the United Nations, there is no decolonization until mid-

1950s. Sudan, Ghana, Malaysia, and Singapore grants independence in 1957 thus in the mid-1960s most of Britain’s African territories gain independence (Jackson,

2013, p.95). The decolonization continues when more colonies which the small islands in the Caribbean and Pacific are given independence in the 1970s and the last ‘big’ colony of Hong Kong was handed over to China in 1997 (Jackson, 2013, p.56).

D. Theoretical Framework

As the focus of this thesis is focusing on how the Martians become the representation of the British Empire. The writer uses some theories in order to obtain information that could answer the questions of the study. First, the theory of character and characteristic and theory of setting in order to find the Martians characteristics. The theory of setting and theory of society in the novel also applied in finding the description of society between human and Martian in the novel. In order to reveal about the British Empire, The theory on Society in the novel also helpful in order to reveal how the writer of this novel expresses his idea to the world outside this novel. The Review of the British Empire is needed to help the writer understand further about the British Empire, from the rise until the downfall.

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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

The War of the Worlds is a novel written by H.G. Wells. This novel becomes one of the first science-fiction genres novels in its era, the first edition of the novel was published by William Heinemann in 1898. The book that the writer used in writing this study is the first edition e-book by Atria Books, published in 2012. The novel had also adapted into one of the episodes of American radio drama anthology series The Mercury Theatre on the Air produced by Orson Welles. It was performed and broadcast live as a Halloween episode in 1938 over the Columbia Broadcasting

System radio network and cause widespread chaos all over America that the people thought they were invaded by the Aliens. The novel had also been filmed for two times in 1953 and 2005. Both films have the same titles as the novel. The 1953 film, directed by Byron Haskins, starred by Gene Barry, Ann Robinson, Les Tremayne, and Robert Cornthwaite. The 2005 film, directed by Steven Spielberg, starred Tom

Cruise, Dakota Fanning, and Justin Chatwin.

The War of the Worlds told about the invasion of the Martians to the earth, seeking the resources of the earth in order to replenish their own resources. The technology gap between the human and the Martians was too far, the Human were struggled to repel the attack from the Martians. The human could only run and hide while the Martians mercilessly destroyed and took every valuable resources.

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Eventually, the Martian were killed by the earth’s bacteria as their body could not stood against it.

B. Approach of the Study

According to Rohrberger and Woods (1971), the only way to locate the real work is in the civilization that produced it. They also defined civilization as the attitudes and actions of a specific group of people and point out that literature takes these attitudes and actions as its subject matter. There are two important points about literature, first is that literature is not created in a vacuum and second, literature embodies ideas significant to the culture that produced it (p.9). It can mean that the environment affects the author in making his works and the works itself contributed to the environment while the society creates their culture and history, the literature itself comes from society. Here it can be concluded that there is a connection between society, culture, history, and literature.

The sociocultural-historical approach is suitable to analyze further about society as this study mainly focuses on investigating a civilization, which defined as the attitudes and actions of a specific group of people and the social background

(Rohrberger & Woods, 1971, p 9). Literature preserved as the most picturesque and expressive representation of manners; literature was primarily a treasure of costumes and customs, and also a source book for history of civilization (Warton as cited in Wallek & Warren, 1956, pp. 102-103). The definition of sociocultural- historical approach makes me choose this approach in analyzing this novel. While the topic of my study is about the relationship between society and literature.

Therefore, this approach is suitable for analyzing this study.

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C. Method of the Study

In order to get the answer formulated in problem formulation, the method that the writer used is library research. There are two kinds of data as the sources of library research, which are the primary and secondary data. For the primary data, the writer uses H.G. Wells’ the War of the Worlds. While for the secondary data, the writer uses some books related to the topic such as books, undergraduate thesis, encyclopedia, and journals. To obtain the information about H.G. Wells and the previous works about The War of The Worlds, the writer uses Encyclopedia of

Britain (Gascoigne, 1994). In order to get the information about the character and characterization, the writer uses Understanding Unseen: An Introduction to English

Poetry and the English Novel for Overseas Students (Murphy, 1972), A Glossary of Literary Terms (Abrams, 1981), and A Handbook of Literature (Holman, 1986).

In getting the information about the society and its relation with literature, the writer uses Theory of Literature (Warren and Wellek, 1956), and Society in the Novel

(Langland, 1984).

Additionally, in order to get the information about British Empire from the rise until the decline and decolonization the writer uses several sources which are

The British Empire: a very short introduction (Ashley Jackson, 2013), The Origins of Empire, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume I (Nicholas Canny,

1998), Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lesson for Global Power (Niall Ferguson, 2004), The Eighteen Century, The Oxford

History of the British Empire Volume II (PJ Marshall, 1998), The British Empire

1558-1995 (Trevor Owen Lloyd, 1996), All About History- Book of the British

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Empire (Image Publishing, 2016). The writer also uses Reading and Writing about

Literature (Rohrberger and Woods, 1971) to get the definition of sociocultural- historical approach.

In order to answer the problem formulation the writer did some steps. First, the writer read the novel several times for the deep and clear understanding of what the novel was about. Second, the writer looked on several theories and approaches related to the topic. The theories which used by the writer were theory of character and characterization, theory of setting, the theory of society in the novel, and the relation between society and literature. While the approach that was used is

Sociocultural-historical approach. The third step was the writer re-read the novel and applying the theories and approach that the writer used. After that, the first problem formulation answered using the theory of character and characterization and the theory of setting. The second problem formulation was answered used the theory of society in the novel and relation between literature and society, then in order to answer the third problem formulation the writer also applied theory of character and characterization and theory of setting while the answer from the second problem formulation also helped the writer to find the last answer. Finally, after answering all the problem formulations the writer making the conclusion of this study.

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

This chapter is intended to answer the questions stated in the problem

formulation. There are three parts of the chapter. The first part is answering the

question about how the characteristic of Martian described in the novel The War of the

Worlds. In this part, the writer discussed the description of the Martian seen from the

setting and the physical appearance. The second part is talking about how the society

of the Martian and Human, the differences between these two societies and how these

societies become the reflection of the society in which the author lives. The third part

is talking on how the Martian in the novel The War of the Worlds representing the

British Empire from the rise until the fall of the Empire by finding the similarities from

both motives, technology, and their behavior towards the indigenous people thus also

finding the factors which make both the Martian and the British Empire are declining

and eventually facing downfall.

A. The Characteristics of the Martians in the Novel

1. The Martians Characteristics seen in the Setting

The Martians in The War of the Worlds are depicted as a highly intelligent

being, ambitious, and also ruthless especially toward the human. First, the writer will

start discussing the description of the Martian, especially through the setting, while

the Martian’s physical appearances will be discussed in the second part.

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According to Murphy (1972), the characteristic of a character could be seen using nine important points (pp. 161-171). Unfortunately, in The War of the Worlds, the

Martians did not explicitly spoke or communicate with one another, which limits the reader into analyzing the Martian through four points from nine important points stated by Murphy. The four points consist of Personal description, Character seen by another, Direct Comment, and Reactions. The discussion begins with the Martian’s description through the setting. The Martian by the writer are described as more advanced and more intelligent than the human, but most importantly they are also detail and precise being as they also studied human as well as the earth before commencing Invasion.

No one would have believed in the last years of the nineteenth century that this world was being watched keenly and closely by intelligences greater than man’s and yet as mortal as his own; that as men busied themselves about their various concerns they were scrutinised and studied, perhaps almost as narrowly as a man with a microscope might scrutinise the transient creatures that swarm and multiply in a drop of water (Wells, 1898, p.10).

From the quotation above it can be concluded that The Martian not only far more intelligence than the human but also a detail-oriented being as they pay close attention to both the Earth and its inhabitant as well as studied them. The human which also become their object of study is unaware of this as usual because they’re too busy with their own business. The good and precise preparation and the Human lack of awareness already making the Martian one step closer toward their goal, which is invading the Earth in order to gain its resources. With their technological advancement, the Martian began invading the earth by pods which have the same size as the meteor. By the time they landed deep inside the earth’s soil,

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Human fails to sense danger. They thought that this is an ordinary meteorite and began surrounding it curiously. The Martian use this as their advantage to exterminate the human. So when the human is gathered near their pods, they began to activate their machines which had octopus-like appearances. Once again the human fails to recognize this and the Martian seize this opportunity by shooting their heat ray towards everything that comes on their way. The Martian mercilessly destroying every environment and exterminate the human with their heat ray.

A bright glare leaping from one another, sprang from the scattered group of men. It was as if invisible jet impinged upon them and flashed into white flame. It was as if each men were suddenly and momentarily turned into fire (Wells, 1898, p.33)

The Martian seems not satisfied using only the heat ray, so the carnage continues with them releasing canisters which contain poisonous gas to the ground.

This canister slowly spreading the gas to the environment near it, killing the human which could evade the heat ray and destroying the plants and other living things.

Besides the weapons, The Martian’s machine also equipped with baskets on the back of the machine. The basket itself is used to store everything they took during the slaughter such as humans, animals, and other material from the earth. With those dominating machine combined with deadly weapons, The Martian could easily be overpowered and dominated the human race. The main reasons are, first they are more intelligence as they precisely planned everything before invading the earth and second is the technological gap between the human and the Martian, as the human weapon could not match the Martian’s machines.

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Though the human still initiate resistance towards the Martian, still they are no

match to the Martian’s dominance with more and more region falls to the Martian.

2. The Physical Characteristics of the Martians

In this section, the writer is discussing Martian’s characteristic through the

setting to the physical description of The Martians. The Martians physical

appearances are different than the human and their body worked differently than the

human. During their first arrival, the human curiously investigates the Martians

because of their strange physical appearances without realizing the annihilation that

comes after. However, it might be different with the Martians who already aware the

Human are different than them as they already studied them even knows how to

defeats and dominated the human. In the novel, the author describes the Martians

based on the human characters in the story. The Martians were having a different

appearance with the human. They are described as having a big head and some long

hands in the form of tentacles with large dark eyes and it seems to also not having

the sense of smell. It seems that their body is having the same appearances as their

fighting machines.

They were, I now saw, the most unearthly creatures it is possible to conceive. They were huge round bodies –or, rather, heads- about four feet in diameter, each body having in front of it a face. This face had no nostrils –indeed, the Martians do not seem to have any sense of smell, but it had a pair of very large dark-coloured eyes, and just beneath this a kind of fleshy beak (Wells, 1898, p.158).

Their body is much larger than the human and every parts of its body worked

differently than the human body.

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The Martians are naked and also not wearing any clothes or armor to protect their body from any harm. It seems that their skins already designed to adapts into a new environment.

The Martians wore no clothing. Their conceptions of ornament and decorum were necessarily different from ours; and not only were they evidently much less sensible of changes of temperature than we are, but changes of pressure do not seem to have affected their health at all seriously (Wells, 1898, p.164).

Based from the quotation above which shows the fact that the Martians had adaptive skins that allows them to adapt to the earth’s environment already making them as a race that is much stronger than the human thus giving them another advantage other than the superior intelligence and technological advancement.

Another difference between the Human and Martian other than their body counterparts is their reproduction systems. The Martians are having different ways to breed their new species. Unlike human, The Martians did not need sexual intercourse with one another. The young Martian were attached in the parent’s body which enables them to breed the new species anytime with just separating their body

This kind of breeding make the Martians spent less time in creating new species thus enable them to focus again in invading the earth as well as taking its resources. The

Martians also had much simpler internal organs than the Human, they only had some organs like the brain, lungs, nerves, lungs, heart, and vessels. Only possessing these organs making the Martians could not do the physical work, otherwise they mainly do the work using their intelligence and relies greatly on the machines that they built to do the physical work.

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The internal anatomy, I may remark here, as dissection has since shown, was almost equally simple. The greater part of the structure was the brain, sending enormous nerves to the eyes, ear, and tactile tentacles. Beside this were the bulky lungs, into which the mouth opened, and the heart and its vessels (Wells, 1898, p.159).

The simple organs which the Martians possessed are making them losing the ability to digest anything. This is why the Martians did not need food to support their life, the only essential thing that acts as a “food” for them is blood. They consume blood from the human or animals through the injection. Besides their ability to survive without physical food, The Martians are able to work without sleeping or resting and it seems that they have no fatigue too. Different than the human who could be tired and will become fatigued if they are working in a huge amount of time,

The Martians did not feel tired and fatigue because their body is not designed to do physical work as they did not have any muscular mechanism. As their lack of physical capabilities and only having the intelligence as their main arsenal, The

Martians are building fighting machines to do any physical work. With their fighting machines, the Martians could easily overpower the Human and could invade the earth easily. These fighting machines could turn the Martians from the weak creature into the stronger and dangerous creature. The Martians also brought some kind of plants during the invasion of Earth, this plant was red colored and could creep to the building and growth in the water.

Apparently the vegetable kingdom in Mars, instead of having green for dominant colour, is of a vivid blood – red tint. At any rate, the seeds which the Martians (intentionally or accidentally) brought with them gave rise in all cases to red – coloured growths. Only that known popularly as the red weed….. (Wells, 1898, p.163).

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From the all strange physical appearance of the Martians above, in the end, they are defeated with the bacteria in the earth. It is not surprising as their body is not developed as the human body, the Martian’s body is not having any defensive system or antibody that could prevent them from any disease. The reason is that in Mars, there are no single bacteria that could infect them. Therefore by the time they invade the earth, the earth’s bacteria slowly infect them and because their body lack of antibody the Martians could not stand a chance against it and meeting their demise.

It is written “The Martians- dead !- slain by the putrefactive and disease bacteria against which their systems were unprepared; slain as the red weed was being slain”

(Wells, 1898, p.214).

The analysis is given above clearly stated that although the Martians had a weak body, they could still easily invading the earth and dominating the Human race. It’s because they had superior intelligence which enables them to create the fighting machines which are no match against human’s weapons, also their body which worked differently than the Human body giving them additional advantages. One is that they could work efficiently and effectively because the Martians doesn’t need any foods as they gained energy from the blood of the human and animals through injection, second is they could work for a long period of time without taking a break or sleeping because the Martians are not working using their physical ability but using their mind and let the machines doing the physical work, therefore, they could preserve their energy although working restlessly. Their superiority in both intelligence and technology are defeated with their own weaknesses which is their body system.

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Their own body system failed to contain the earth bacteria that infect them, this

bacteria slowly eradicate their body cells thus, in the end, killing all of them.

B. The Societies of the Martians and Human

1. The Martians Society

Langland (1984) stated that society in the novel serves as the element which is

self-referential (p.4). While as a member of society, an author must become

‘representative’ of his age and society (Warren & Wellek, 1956, p.94-95). In the other

hand, it can be said that the society in the novel is the reflection of the society from

the outside world. Therefore in the second part of this chapter, the writer is going to

describe how the society from both the Martians and the Human are depicted in the

novel and comparing both societies. The first is the society of the Martians. In the

previous part of this chapter we can find that the Martians is much more advanced

race than the Human, they are more intelligent and well- organized as they planned

everything from the start before started invading the earth. “Gifted with intelligence

also enables them to build more machines to do some physical works, as their body

is not possessing any muscular mechanism” (Wells, 1898, p.160). From here we

could see that in Mars their society mostly relies on machines, They are creating

machines to do anything that involves physical strength as their body anatomy are

not capable to do. Besides the superior intelligence, The Martians are also a highly

workaholic creature this is shown with this quotation “In twenty-four hours they did

twenty-four hours of work, as even on earth is perhaps the case with the ants.” (Wells,

1898, p.160).

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The workaholic behavior of the Martians combined with their ability to gained

energy without physical food enable them to works efficiently without resting or

sleeping. More working time means more energy and resources, perhaps this

behavior is contributing to the energy crisis of their own planet. Therefore they have

to find another source of energy in other than from their own planet and the Earth

becomes their target. So they started to organize plans and calculated everything

before started invading the earth and it seems worked as they could easily overpower

the Human with their technology. However, no matter how perfect their plan, there

is also a flaw in their plan which they are fails to see. The earth bacteria which their

body not prepared for are killing them from the inside thus failing their effort to

conquer the earth. In contrary to the Martians which are far more advanced in both

technology and intelligence despite their lack of physical strength.

2. Human Society

The Human put a huge ignorance towards the Martians, even during their

arrival on Earth. Although the majority of them are seeing it, they still take it as the

ordinary falling star and put little interest to investigate it.

Many people in Berkshire, Surrey, and Middlesex must have seen the fall of it, and, at most, have thought that another meteorite had descended. No one seems to have troubled to look for the fallen mass that night (Wells, 1898, p.18).

The majority of the Human is still putting little interest of the falling star, mainly

because they thought that it was an ordinary falling star. The fact that the falling star

is happening in the night also makes them less interested and choose to continue

sleeping. During the early morning on the next day, One person discovering the

“meteorite” and begin investigating it.

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The meteorite turns out to be a huge cylinder and it carrying a “thing” which the person mistakenly see that as the human who half-roasted to death. The person attempt to help it when the heat from the radiation prevents him, the person then flee from the place and tried to tell anyone whom he meets on the way. Nobody listens to him and even labeled him as lunatic until one person, a journalist started to listen to him. Both the man returned to the cylinder to investigate it further but with their limited knowledge and the unfamiliarity on this thing unable them to do anything except running again to the city and seeking help. The news about the Cylinder and the “dead” Martian spreading all across the city and caught everyone attention. The citizen then began surrounding the location of the huge cylinder including the narrator himself. Every people who are present on the area started to look at it with huge interest and a big question on their minds as the Human society are unfamiliar with this kind of alien technology which far beyond their reach. It seems that all their technology is nothing comparing to this which requiring advanced scientific knowledge to perceive it.

As the human stood and watch with huge admiration, the Martians began to operate their Cylinder to commence the invasion of Earth. Blinded with admiration and curiosity the Human fails to sense the danger and by the time they started to realize something wrong, the Martian already shooting the Heat-ray to them. The effect of the Heat-ray itself is very devastating as many humans were killed and destroying the environment. The human begins running to save themselves and only minding their own safety.

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After the first attack of the Martian, the military was called to repel the Martian’s attack but with the unfamiliarity of the Martians prevents them to take further action.

He told me that during the night the Martian had been surrounded by the troops, and that guns were expected. Then-a familiar, reassuring note- I heard a train running towards Woking. “They aren’t to be killed,” said the milkman. I saw my neighbor gardening, chatted with him for a time, and then strolled in to breakfast (Wells, 1898, p.50).

Despite the fact that the military cannot take further action against the Martians, The human society seems returned back to their daily life. The fact that the milkman still delivering the milk and the Narrator’s neighbor still doing his routine which gardening and chatted with everyone near him. The massacre that happened during the first attack of the Martians did not bother them as people still doing their daily routine although some of them still followed the latest news about the Martians, perhaps the military presence among them could bring order to the chaos although there is no further action taken by the military.

The military could not take further action against the Martians mainly because of their unfamiliarity and perhaps there are no combat strategy and technique that can be used against the Martians, therefore, the officers could not decide anything and the soldiers have no idea what are they supposed to do except stay alert and remains on the defensive state. This condition is once again become another advantage for the Martians to continue the invasion, they began landing another pod to another city and operating another cylinder. The Martian’s cylinders begin to operate again in multiple cities, this forcing the military to fight against it. As the war rages on in this one-sided battle, the military is overwhelmed by the Martians.

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Their weapon could not match the Martian’s advanced weapons despite they could bring down one of the cylinders. With the growing intensity of the war, the human is forced to evacuate from the battlefield. They began to realize that the military could not repel the Martian’s invasion and that they have to fight for their own life. Some people eventually made it to another town and could avoid the Martian’s cylinder temporary, while others could only hide on the places they considered a safe haven and slowly but surely losing hope.

“Are you trying to hide?” “That’s it.” “Come into the house,” I said. I Went down, unfastened the door, and let him in, and locked the door again. (Wells, 1898, p.68).

It is clear that the human are unable to do anything against the Martians, their ignorance, lack of knowledge, and technology simply make them weak in the eye of the Martians. The majority of human society are ignorant towards the report of unusual activities on Mars and choose to focus on other business prevents them to sense the potential danger. Their lack of knowledge results on higher curiosity on everything which is unusual and strange, they are approaching the Martian pods and cylinders with admiration. as they never saw anything like this before and once again leading into their demise as they never got a chance to save themselves when the

Martians began operating their pods and shooting heat-ray towards them. In terms of military, their weapons are far more primitive than the Martians. The human society in this story reflected with the society outside the novel which during the late 18th to the early 19th century the Industrial Revolution began to rise and the early mechanized inventions are invented although it’s still simple.

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The Martians society in this novel are far more advanced both in intelligence and

technology could be seen as the desire of knowledge and never-ending learning

which could lead into something which the human society could achieve in the future.

C. The Martians as the representation of British Empire

1. The representation of British Empire technology

In this part, the writer tries to prove how the Martians in this story are

representing the British Empire in terms of technology. In the novel, The Martians

are having more advanced technology than the Human. This is because of their

physical limitation which then forced them to use their brain to create machines

which could help them do a certain task. However, their vast technological

development is slowly destroying their planet as they need more resources to keep

inventing and building machines until they run out supplies, therefore the Martian

begins to shift their attention to Earth in order to seek more resources. They send

pods to the Earth during the first arrival, these pods have a size of large meteorite and

the human thought it was a falling star.

Then came the night of the first falling star. It was seen early in the morning, rushing over Winchester eastward, a line of flame high in the atmosphere. Hundreds must have seen it, and taken it for an ordinary falling star (Wells, 1898, p.18).

Having no idea about the Martian’s arrival, the Human is gathering the location

which the Martians lands with curiosity. Did not want to waste this perfect

opportunity, The Martians then operating the cylinders. Blinded by their curiosity,

the Human fails to sense the danger and have to pay the price. The human were

annihilated by the heat-ray which attached on the Martian’s cylinder.

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The Martians mercilessly shooting its Heat-ray on every directions, destroyed everything on its way. Adding more damage, the Martians released a poisonous gas from their cylinder to the ground thus killing more human who avoided the heat-ray as well as the ecosystem around it. However, the military is called to repel the

Martian’s attack but fails to contain it. They could not do anything as their weapons only bring zero damage to the Martian’s cylinders, their rifles and machines guns are no match against the Martian’s heat-ray. The fact that the Martians could easily defeat the military forcing the Human to evacuate to the safest place. Most of them spent time hiding underground to avoid being killed or taken by the Martians, The human is simply losing hope against the invaders which are far more powerful in both intelligence and technology.

Being the same as the Martians, The British Empire which had advanced sea technology and technology begin sending the explorers to discover new continent in order to expand the empire which consisting of trading, migration, and strategic rivalry (Jackson, 2013, p. 52). Their technological advancement combined with an impressive sea voyage and the benefits in wealth sparks the great interest of many

British people to do several expeditions to the new continent. The explorer traveled into groups and some of the also bring their family members with the intention to establish a new continent. By the time they arrive in the new continent, these Britain settlers began scouting the new continent in order to gain information regarding the possibilities of trading, valuable resources, and potential colony establishment.

During the scouting, they often encounter dangers which come from disease, animals, and indigenous people.

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However with their skills and knowledge which they possessed the British settlers are able to solve the problem. The technological advancement which the British

Empire possessed enables them to battle the indigenous people which often attacks them. The first encounter of indigenous people was written in the journal of Joshua

Stroud, a Puritan missionary who joined the expedition led by Captain John Smith to the Jamestown, Virginia. He stated that the indigenous people who he refers as savages are approaching their camp at night with the intention of attacking them, however, the group could manage to repel the attack as their weapon are more advanced than the indigenous people had thus proceeded further to established settlement in Jamestown, Virginia.

Another conflict between the British Empire and the indigenous people happened during the Colonization of Australia in 1770 under the command of

Captain James Cook. He claimed the eastern half of Australian continent and judging the indigenous people were not the owner of the island thus took without negotiation with the indigenous people as Australia was considered as Terra Nullius or wasteland

(Cashmore, 2004, p.1). The conflicts first occurs between the indigenous people which are Eora and the British convicts took place on 10 March 1788 in the bush not far from the settlement, then followed by another attack on 22 May 1788 which killed

Peter Burn, a British convict. The following day another attack also occurs again but this time was done by the convicts and killed the one Eora, by the end of 1791 the

Eora killed at least eight convicts and two unarmed marine and naval officer while the Eora casualties are impossible to calculate in the written records as both the convicts and the marine never confess any Eora they killed to avoid punishment

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(Connor, 2002, p.25-26). Perhaps one of the bloody conflicts during the British colonization of Australia and resulted in high casualties of the indigenous people was the Black War during the middle 1820s to 1832 on Tasmania, claiming the 600-900 aboriginal people, and almost annihilating the indigenous people in the island

(Clements, 2004, p. 1). The conflict escalated in the late 1820s when Lieutenant-

Governor George Arthur declared martial law which providing legal immunity for killing Aboriginal people and in late 1830 commenced massive six-week military offensive known as the Black Line. In which 2200 civilians and soldiers drive the aboriginal people from the colony’s settled district to the Tasman Peninsula

(Clements, 2014, p.141-144). This conflict was driven by the heated tension between both Tasmanian Aboriginal and the British Empire, The Tasmanian was driven by the hunger as their agricultural livestock and the Hunting ground was decreasing because of the rapid spread of British settlers. Another factor was the increasing number of raping and murder of the Tasmanian girls and women done by the convicts, settlers, and soldiers.

Meanwhile, the British Empire justifying their action because of the

Tasmanian constant attack and terrors which the violence was the solution to gain peace and according to Clements (2014) as black violence grew in intensity, so too did the frequency of revenge attacks and pre-emptive strikes by frontiersmen (p.42-

50). The Tasmanian usually commenced the attack during daylight using weapons such as spear, rocks, and waddies (hunting stick) while the British settlers attack them at night using modern weapons such as muskets and pistols. However, the frequency of the Tasmanian attacks ceased to the low level during 1830 although in the North

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side of the island still remains a dangerous place as several attacks still happened

(Clements, 2014, p.155-159). The other thing which reducing the frequency of the

Tasmanian attack is the expedition done by Humanitarian George Augustus

Robinson from; November 1830 to December 1831 in attempt to reconcile with the

Tasmanian and persuade them to surrender and be relocated to the other island which some of the Tasmanian group accepted his offer (Clements, 2014, p.177). By the end of the Black War, the casualties of the Tasmanian are still unclear. Consequently, the estimated number of casualties was 900 died during the conflicts from a total 1000 population of Tasmanian, leaving only 100 Tasmanian aboriginals that survived the conflicts. However, Clements (2013) states that the true figure might be as low as

400 or as high as 1000 (p.329-331). Wells also referring to the Black War in his novel the War of the Worlds.

The Tasmanian, in spite of their human likeness, were entirely swept out of existence in a war of extermination waged by European immigrants, in the space of fifty years. Are we such apostles of mercy as to complain if the Martian warred the same spirit? (Wells, 1898, p.12).

Based on the quotation above, both the Martian and the British Empire are having advantages against their enemy. Those advantages are in terms of technology and knowledge, The Martian could easily dominating the Human race with their machines and weapons that are no match with the Human weapons. In the other hand, the technological gap between the British Empire and the indigenous people as they could easily repel all the attack or commenced an attack against the indigenous people and this are giving the British Empire advantages during their conquest of colonizing new continent as well as exploiting the valuable resources.

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2. The Representation of British Empire Motives

It is already stated in the novel that the Martians are more intelligence being

than the human but weak in terms of physical as their body is not designed to do the

heavy task. Despite their lack of physical strength, the Martians is a workaholic

creature which could work without resting as they could gain energy from the liquid

food which directly injected to their body and also the asexual reproduction which

allows them to create new breed without sexual intercourse. However, the workaholic

behavior resulted in never ending invention and slowly draining their planet

resources. The risk of energy crisis forcing the Martian to seek new sources of

energy, therefore they started doing observation to the nearest planet, the earth. After

they gathered all the information they needed about planet Earth and its inhabitants

including the Human, the Martian then commencing the direct invasion to the earth.

Being the same as the Martian, The British Empire also commencing several

expeditions to the new continent in order to seek valuable resources and expanding

their Empire.

The British Empire in the late 15th century has started to do some early

exploration to commenced overseas exploration following the successful exploration

by Spain and Portugal. However the British Empire is not purely focused on

aggressive invasion or a conquest but they are more focusing on trading in order to

improve their economy as well as finding resources for their own thus resulting on

the establishment of new industries and trade route which give a huge boost to the

British Empire economy as well as the Military (All About History- Book of the

British Empire, 2016.p.27).

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Both the Martian and the British Empire are sharing the same motive which is

seeking new resources for their own benefits, but they use different approach during

their conquest to seek new resources. The Martian is using direct and aggressive

violence against the unprepared Human race then proceed to exploit the valuable

resource, The British Empire on the other are using “less” violence against the

indigenous people and only engage when they are forced to.

3. The Representation of Conquest to seek valuable resources

Being similar with the British Empire, the Martian in this novel also wanted

to seek and exploited the Earth’s resources because of the Mars could not provide

energy anymore as the result of endless mechanical usage and workaholic behavior

of the Martians itself. During the invasion of Earth, The Martians are taking any

resources they could find along the way. Using their cylinders the Martians are taking

the Human, Animal, and other things then store that on the basket which attached on

the back of their cylinder. However, they are picking only living beings such as

human and animal then consumed the blood in order to give them energy. Another

resource which the Martians are seeking is metals, Metal was the most essential

resources to build the machines which they are greatly relying on. Because Mars

already running out of metal, the Martian are invading the Earth in order to gather

more metal and gather as much as they could. After they finished gathering resources

in one place then they moved to another place and so on.

The Martians, I thought, had gone on and left the country desolated, seeking food elsewhere. Perhaps even now they were destroying Berlin or Paris, or it might be they had gone northward. (Wells, 1898, P.188).

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The British Empire also done the same thing as the Martians did, they commenced several expeditions to discover and established colonies to another continent. However several early attempts of colonization are failed, that failed colonization was on Guiana in 1604, St Lucia in 1605, and Grenada 1609 mainly to find gold deposits (Canny, 1998, p. 71). Eventually, the colonization of the Caribbean was successful as the British Empire could apply the system of a sugar plantation on

St. Kitts (1624), Barbados (1627), and Nevis (1628). The slaves are needed in order to support this system, therefore the British Empire began capturing slaves both locally and from another continent. Africa become the main sources of slaves and eventually, the Empire established the industry of slave labor, the Empire has several methods to force the indigenous people into enslavement. From trading with the local chief of local tribes which some of them were prisoners of war to hire the gangs of raiders to attacks the villages and settlements inland and brought back the new slaves.

The British Empire paid little attention to the origin of these slaves, as long as they were fit and free of disease. The British Empire was responsible for transporting 3.5 millions of African slaves to the Americas while the third of all slaves were transported across the Atlantic until the abolition of the slave trade in 1807.

(Ferguson, 2004, p.62). Other valuable resources for the British Empire were Cocoa which comes from the small cocoa farm established on Gold Coast and Nigeria, The opium which directly exported from China also gives the great impact to both British culture and economy.

Golds were also became the important trade treasure of the British Empire after established the Gold Coast colony seizing the land along with the deposits

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that had been found in Australia and New Zealand (All About History – Book of the

British Empire, 2016, p.40-41). From here it can be concluded that the British Empire

aside from expanding continent also exploited its resources in order to replenish the

resource for their own Empire and also increase the growth of their own economy

thus dominating the trades with another country. While the Martian is also

commenced invasion in order to gain valuable resources in Earth such as blood as

energy, and other things such as metal which are used to build more machines,

however, it is unclear whether the Martian also colonizing the Earth or not as they

are killed by the bacteria before they could annihilate all the human and expanding

their invasion.

4. The Representation of Decline and Downfall

The Human’s weapon could not give significant damage to the Martian’s

machine while on the other hand the Martians weapon could easily destroy and

annihilate everything on its way this also supported with the workaholic behavior of

the Martians and also the ability to eat using injection and asexual breeding which

enables them to work efficiently. Fortunately when hope seems lost and the Human

are facing extinction, the Martians were defeated. Turns out that their body cells

cannot stand against the earth bacteria, which are unexpected as they already watch,

observe, and studied the Earth and its inhabitant including the Human.

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It was unfortunate that they never predicted about the earth’s bacteria which turns out to gives a fatal consequences as the virus itself are killing the Martians from the inside, making the machines a useless junk as it fail to prevent the threat from the inside.

the Martians—DEAD!—slain by the putrefactive and disease bacteria against which their systems were unprepared; slain as the red weed was being slain; slain, after all man’s devices had failed, by the humblest things that God, in his wisdom, has put upon this earth (Wells, 1898, p.214).

The British Empire which during its peak comprised over 13,000,000 square miles or 24% of Earth’s total area and ruling 500 million people which over fifth of earth’s total population and dominating in both merchant and navy at sea (Jackson,

2013, p.1). The decline of the British Empire took place in the early 20th century after World War I which tearing the supremacy of the military and naval supremacy and The Treaty of Versailles in 1919 which promotes the right for countries are challenging British Empire’s as colonized countries demand independence, starting with Ireland which is rebelled and split into two – with Northern Ireland stays under the British Empire and the other was gained full independence, become Republic

Ireland. Despite emerge victorious in World War II, the British Empire suffers the legacy of debts which making them no longer able to financially support and afford an Empire. As two new power blocks, the USSR and the United States emerges and spreading their ideology to other countries also weakened the Empire position in the world stage (All About History – Book of the British Empire, 2016, p.11).

The Rise of the pro-decolonization Labor government in 1945 general election and led by Clement Atlee, quickly shifted the attention to the most pressing issue of the

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empire which is Indian independence (Lloyd, 1996, p. 322). However the increase of civil unrest and mutiny by the Royal Indian Navy in 1946 forcing Atlee to promise the independence no later than 30 June 1948, unfortunately, the urgency of the situation and the risk of civil war become apparent the new appointed Viceroy, Lord

Mountbatten changed the date to 15 August 1947 (Smith, 1998, p.67). The Indian independence soon resulted on the borders drawn by the British Empire to separate

India into Hindu and Muslim area left tens of millions as minorities in the newly independent India and Pakistan (Lloyd, 1996, p. 325).

The decolonization continues as the British Malaya started a resistance against the British Empire after the Japanese surrender. This resistance leading into the Malayan Emergency which lasted until 1960, however in 1957 the British Empire agreed to grant the Federation of Malaya independence (All About History – Book of the British Empire, 2016, p. 143). However, Brunei which becomes the British protectorate since 1888, decline to join the union and maintained the status until its independence in 1984 (Lloyd, 1996, p. 396). After the Suez crisis in 1950s more countries were given independence, Countries such as the gold coast, Sudan, and

Suez Canal all granted independence in 1956. In 1960s many African countries also granted Independence, including Nigeria (1960), British Somaliland (1960), Sierra

Leone (1961), Southern Cameroon (1961), Tanganyika (1961), Uganda (1962),

Zanzibar (1963), Kenya (1963), Northern Rhodesia (1964), Nyasaland (1964),

Rhodesia and Gambia both granted in 1965), Basutoland and Bechuanaland (1966), and the last are Swaziland and Mauritius (1968).

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Many territories in the Pacific and Caribbean also granted Independence in the 1960s followed by other nations. In 1997 British Empire formally signed the control over

Hong Kong to the People’s Republic of China which for many are considered as “the end of the empire”. It is clear that no matter how dominant and strong the Martian and the British Empire against their enemy, in the end, they eventually facing decline and downfall. The Martian fails to realize that their body is not immune to the earth’s bacteria while the British Empire fails to support and stabilize its colonies.

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CHAPTER V CONCLUSION

This study finally comes to some important points as the final conclusion. This study is intended to answer three problem formulations to be analyzed. First problem formulation is the characteristic of the Martians in the story. The second problem is how the societies of Martians and Human are described in the story. The third problem is how the Martians represent the British Empire. The analysis of this study is supported by some theories. The theories are the theory of character and characterization, the theory of setting, the theory on society in the novel, and the theory of the relation between literature and society. Review of the British Empire also added in order to complete this study.

The advancement of both intelligence and technology possessed by a society increasing the desire to discover more resources outside. The society which possessed advancement in both intelligence and technology could dominating another society which is more traditional and primitive in both intelligence and technology. The War of the Worlds, a novel by H.G Wells is depicting the Invasion of the Earth by the Martians. With their superiority in both intelligence and technology, they could easily overpower the Human. As a member of society during the reign of the British Empire, H.G. Wells represented what he saw, thought, and felt. In this novel, H.G. Wells used the Martians as the character who represent the

British Empire. Both the Martians and the British Empire also share some similarities, the first is both are gifted with high intelligence.

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The Martians with its intelligence could build machines as their body is not capable to do the physical task and the British Empire with its intelligence enables them to build several technologies especially in maritime.

The second is both the Martians and the British Empire shares the less similar motives during their attempt on colonization, The Martians needed more resources to build more machines and to support their life as Mars incapable to provide them resources they shifted attention to the Earth which still rich in resources thus commenced the invasion and also gathering Earth’s resources. While the British

Empire was driven by its ambition to dominate another European country in trades, therefore they launched an expedition to discover another continent. During the expedition, they also discover a valuable resource in some continents such as Golds,

Sugar, Cocoa, and Slaves. The British Empire then exploited all those resources in order to enrich their Empire and to boost the economic growth by exporting those resources to another country.

The third is both the Martians and the British Empire are showing no mercy towards the indigenous people. The Martians during their invasion on earth are annihilated almost all the human before they could commence any resistance.

However, when the Human began resisting against the Martians, their weapons are unable to give significant damage to the Martian’s cylinders as there’s a technological gap between them. In the end, their resistance is actually useless against the Martian’s weapon. The British Empire also doing the same thing towards the indigenous people who are resisting their arrival. During the colonization of

Australia, they almost annihilate the Aboriginal Tasmanian and the surviving

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population of the Tasmanian is getting annihilate in terms of culture in the attempt to

“civilize” them. The weapon which indigenous people had are mostly traditional and no match against the British Empire weapon which is more modern and advanced.

The fourth, however, both the Martian and the British Empire also facing decline and downfall despite their superiority in both intelligence and technology. The Martians, in the end, were killed by the earth’s bacteria which they never predicted before as their body cells are not immune against the infection of earth’s bacteria. On the other hand, the British Empire is facing the decline after suffers great debt after the World

War I and II which leading into bankruptcy and the Empire are unable to financially support and afford an Empire anymore. This also leading further into the downfall of the Empire as many colonies are demanding independence thus forcing the British

Empire to do decolonization and granted independence to its colonies.

From the explanation above, it could be concluded that the British Empire is represented by the Martians. The similarities between the British Empire and the

Martians from the rise to the fall are proving the facts that the Martians is the representation of the British Empire. This study makes us learn that no matter how advanced and strong society is, they will eventually face a downfall and there is no permanent hegemony.

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REFERENCES

Abrams, M.H. (1981). A Glossary of Literary Terms. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. Ball, Phillip. (2018). What the War of The Worlds means now. Retrieved from https:// www.newstatesman.com/2018/07/war-of-the-worlds-2018-bbc-hg-wells.

Canny, Nicholas. (1998). The Origins of Empire, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Flynn, J.L. (2005). War of the Worlds: From Wells to Spielberg. United States: Galactic Books Ferguson, Niall. (2004). Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World order and the Lesson for Global Power. London: Basic Book. Gunn, E.J. (1988). The new Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. Michigan: Viking. Gascoigne, Bamber. (1993). Encyclopedia of Britain. California: Macmillan Pub. Holman, H.C. (1986). A Handbook to Literature. California: Macmillan. James, J.S. (2016). H.G Wells: A Visionary who should be remembered for his Social Prediction, not just his scientific ones. Retrieved from https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/hg-wells-a-visionary-who- should-be-remembered-for-his-social-predictions-not-just-his-scientific- a7320486.html.

Jackson, Ashley. (2013). The British Empire: a very short introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kennedy, XJ. and Dana Gioia. (1999). Literature: An introduction to Fiction Poetry, and Drama. Seventh ed. New York: Longman. Kuiper, Kathleen. (1995). Merriam Webster’s Encyclopedia of Literature. Massachusetts: Merriam Webster, Inc Llyod, O.T. (1996). The British Empire 1558-1995. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Langland, Elisabeth. (1984). Society in the Novel: London: The University of North Carolina Press. Murphy, M.J. (1972). Understanding the Unseen: An Introduction to English Poetry and the English Novel for Overseas Students. London: George Allen and Unwin. Ltd.

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Marshall, P.J. (1998). The Eighteen Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume II. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Rohrberger, Marry and Samuel H. Woods. (1971). Reading and Writing about Literature. New York: Random House Inc. Wellek, Rene and Austin Warren. (1956). Theory of Literature. New York: A Harvest Book Harcout, Brace & World Inc.

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APPENDIX

Appendix 1: Summary of H.G Well’s The War of the Worlds

The story opened with the narrator’s argumentation about the possibility of

invasion done by the creatures from Mars. He described them as the Martians who

planned an invasion to the Earth. The night of the first arrival came, the Martian’s

ship fell to the Ottershaw. Many people are started to gather around the crashed ship

until the Martians which had a form like an octopus, came out and started operated

their cylinders and killed all the human nearby with Heat-ray. In Friday night, the

second cylinder fell not far from the first one. On Saturdays, the Martians began

commenced the Invasion and annihilated everything on its way including Human,

Animal, and Buildings with Heat-ray. The Martians also use poisonous gas to add

further damage to the environment. Many people started to evacuate from the city

including the narrator with his wife, unfortunately, they got separated at the

Shepperton to Weybridge ferry. After being separated from his wife, The Narrator

proceeds to return to his home. During his way back, he met an artilleryman outside

his house and told him that all his unit were wiped out by the Martians.

Soon after, The Narrator and the Artilleryman went to London and along the

way, they passed another Army division and then the Artilleryman decides to join

them. The Narrator then found curate who was panic and decide to take the curate

with him to London. During their escape, they looked at how the Martians destroyed

the Army and how the ship called Thunder Child destroyed the Martians before it

was finally sunken by another Martian.

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After they arrived in London, they hid in a house and scavenge any food and supplies. In the hideout, the Curate could not stop complaining about the food. As the Curate went mad, he could not keep silent and this made the Narrator killed him. After fifteen days, the Narrator came out from his hideout and wandered the

London which already becomes a dead city and most of the people already restarted their life. Along the way, he found out that the Martians already dead and he heard that the scientist found out the Martian is killed by the Earth’s bacteria in which their bodies are not prepared. The narrator thought that he was the only survivor, fortunately, when he went home his wife is survived and they could be reunited again. In the end, the Government learned about the Martians and prepared themselves for another invasion that was possible to come.