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Saint Martial De Limoges

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Saint Martial De Limoges 10 SAINT MARTIAL DE LEUGES Mes études sur les catalo(riie,^ épiscopaux de lancienne Gaule mamèneront procli ai ne in en t à traiterdes, origines e ce] é- ,siastiques de lAquitaine. Au seuil de ce vaste dornaine, jai rencontr^ saini Martial. Daprès une tradition qui Mt loi du onzième ait flix-septième, siècle, saint Martial aurait été le le premier missionnaire (tu piys, principhem et fons (le toute était Jorganisation ecclê^siastique dans les trois A(pitaines. il (le mon ffi!voir dexailliner (-Mte tradition, ll » (!Il (léteriiiiiif^t- 1:1 date, lorigine, lautoriu ; hi^torique- . Je 'leDtt 'e p as ici sur u n t e rrain vierge. On sait avecquelle P assi o li l ' a P ost o lat (l e sailit Nfarti.al fut ilo' fp ii(lit ait (itiziètilt> siècle par le chroniqueur U énar. A i l dix-septième siècle, la tradition avant it(î par un savant cliailoinc (le Limo- Poscordes l , elle fot (li *!I(^ii(itit^ par tii) carme déchaux, le I l. Bonaveribre de letpwl rappelle beaucoup Adeniar par léLoiiil^it,, (le son ériffliLioti, 1,1 110 s^-1 cri- sa tiquc ., la prolixite et, la veli( *^rrieii(^o (le Iitti^1-at,tire. ^. ,lairlt p est aux inains (je-natit la (fi-feiise titi pallailhiin Iirnousiii Ni. labbé chanoine coinnie ^jpo.sLOIici^,te comme Bonaventure, érudit cori;1110 Fun et fautre. Jaurai bien des ob^ervatioiis à faipe sur ses procetiés inais C, 0 1 . Acta SS, tunii, 1. V , p. .538. e 2. Histoire de saint Martial, apdire des Gaules. Limoges, 1676, 1683 ANNALES DU MIDI. — IV. ^ 1 19 ^7C CH),^14e0 0 n M Document 9M il il M 1111 il 1 il il 1 il Ili 0000005384600 -.dd 1 2m L. DUClIrSNE. je dois rendre hommage à létendue (le ses recherches et à la persévérance de soli labeur. Il est sùr que ses études et ses découvertes ont introduit dans la question non seulement plus, (le précision sur CerLains points, inais (les pièces inconnues jus.qua lui, Un autre témoi g na g e lui est dû. Dans- les nom- breuses controverses oÙ ses idéos ]ont enga gé, il est toujours demeuré calme et poli. se distinguant ainsi dAdéniar, de Bo- naventure et (le la plupart des apostolicistes modernes, per- -onness ^ faciles à indi ^1g ner, promptes a injurier leurs contradic- teurs et nième a les ealomuier. M. Arbellot a(irnf^t volontiers que lon aiL une opinion diflèrente (le [a sienne sans être pour cela le dernier des miserable---, et jaliséniste qili 11is est. M La lradfflon jusquà lan mil. Grégoire (le. Tours. — J.F ,. martyrologe liiérotivini(, n. — Le sarirtmire (le. Limogrs- — J,e momistére. — livr os de Miravi os . — Laririemit , vio de saint Marwl. — Saini Marlial unvoyé pm- saint Pierre. — Saint Mar- tial âl^^(re de lAquimine. -- La ^ i,! de smille valérie. Le plus ancien auLeur de noin connu et do date inrontro- versee qui se s-oit occup^ (le, saint Martial, do son histoire et 1. Voici des hmchuresde M Arbdlot, en ce qui eoncerne la question (le saint Mirtial : Dissertation sur lapostolat de saint Martial, 1855. Dociiiii(, iif^^ inéclits çur lalio,,Iolui de saint .41arlial, 1860. Étudi, m4r Adémar (le Chabannes, 4 S i 3. Afiracula s. Marlialis anno 1388 pairala Analecla lioli. t. 1 (18821, P. 41 1). Livre des gniracles d,? saint lexie latin inédit du neuvième siè,-Ie, M^9. Elude hist^pi« ique sur lancienne v^e de saint Martial, 1892. Autel de saint mamal dans la basilique de Sai^it-Pieire, à Rome d te.l. NIM., 11 SAINT MARTIAI, DE LIMOGES. 291 Dans (le son culte, c^est Grégoire de Tours. son Historia Fran. corum 1 , il le met an nombre des sept évêq ll p,, qu i auraient été envoyés en Gaul(, au milieu (lu troisième siècle , et ( lit qll,il fut destiné à la cité (le Lirnoges (Le^noviciWs). En (livers en- droits, il le représente comme U n confesseur celèbreet. vénéré. Dans son De gloKa confessorurn, il lit q ti ^iI av a it eté envoyé par l(s « évèqiies d(^ Roirje » et quil eu( pour compa- Irliolis de mission anienés par lui (Forielif, en Gaule. Ce détail donnerait a croire que le saint était ori g i- naire dOrient. indique en quelques inot s, les friiits (le sa prédication : abolitinu des rites j dolàtriques, conversion de la ville au culte du vrai Dieu. Piiis il donne (les renseigne- la ments sur disp(-)sition (les tombeaux des trois apôtres dans la crypte où on les avait réunis. Le sarcophage. de s ai nt mar- tial (1fait (Fabord masqué par (,.elui l (le ses (leux compagnons. Un inatiii. ori trouva les choses arrangees de telle soi-te que Voil pouvait accéder sans difficulté ai, tombeau (le lévêque. Grégoire termine en racontant deux miracles opérés dans ce sanctuaire. Le inartyrolwm hiéronymien, doctiment contemporain de (i' réolloive de «ui cf^ qui re garde la Gaule), mar- la que ait 30 juin fêt t d o saint Martial - Lenzovicas, de- .1)OS1110 s. AfaKialis el)!,^col)i el co)^fessoriy. cp texte est etlt "( ( lans (le nlai-t Yrol(),^Iles postérieurs.. Raban, Adon , etc. Le sanctuaire auquel se rapportent les indications de Gré- goire (le, Tours et (lit vieux inart vi ,^)log(^ se tro^ i vait dans la banlieue de Limoges, à peu de distance (W l a v ille. Il consista i, 30^ Hist. Fr., 1, 30 ; IV, 16 ; X, 29. 3. P. 27. 4. Lexprrssioii coniunclis sarcofagis donneriit lieu, en raison du Plu- riel, (le croiré que chacun (les deux Prêtres avait son sarcophage. Le con- texte SÙ "Ibla ilidi (l uer, au contra ire, quil ny en avait quun seul Pour eux denx, J j ^ Pl 1 >ai consulté sur ce 1)()illt ^I. ^I^jx jWjjnet^ 1,110,111, e f, ( s versé dans la langue spéciale de Grégoire de Tours. Son expertise est on L ié- remenL daccord avec ma propre impression. .dd 0 292 L. DUCUESNE. dabord en une crypte à trois compartiments ou chambres communiquant entre elles. Un escalier 0 donnait accès dans la première chambre B, où se trouvait, à langle A, If, sarco- D abrita, jus- pliaCge de saint Martial. La chambre suivante 41nau neuvièmP siècl e à tout le moins, le tombeau dune sainte Valérie, qui a un rôle important dans la tradition locale; enfin, la dernière chambre E contenait et conserva jusquà la -Ré- volution le sarcophage dun duc Étienne dont il est déjà ques- tion dans un document du neuvi éme siècle. (Juno éer]i S(, plu S élevée Lescalier dentrée 0 partait de niveau que le fond (le la crypte et, (]ont labside, se trouvait à 1 ,0 ,)posé (je CPtt,^ église, connue dans le pi t ys s o us 1 P, o el 1 ps nom de, re ^1 4. l' a (i_doss^US Pst ^, n)pruiitée à la brochure de ^Ni. Arlufflot, Livre des miracles de saint Mirtial. hib.- 293 -UNT MARTIAL DF LIMOGES- IP là que lon célébrait le, offices - de C,,régoire (le Tours i. Cest et assez longtemps après, Àu temps de Grégoire de Tours ,, conn^ 1 en dehors de saint M^,lrtia1 ne paraît pas avoir éte très Paris cependant, saint Éloi , qui était (le Liino- lAqtlitain3 . A .,e dont la dedicace flit signalée par (les ges, lui éleva Un(^ ^gli , (Il, nouviè li-je siècle, Raban, miracles". Les in art yrol AdO1l ^ ne le connaissent guèri., que par le Wandalbert, ils répètent, la formule. n1arùyrolo cl e hie ronyr-ilio a, dont eux prêtres compa- cependant, illeiltiOtIlle aussi les 11 ^ (^ (lIl(,, navait pas fait Gré- gnons do saint Nlartial. et WAlle, c^ il rapport. e leurs noms, Alpinieu et Strato- goire (le Tours, ai nt N^ jartial lill i t (^^pe 1i dant, par se repandre -tu Le culte de S il avait sa (-,hapelle dans la basiliq ue loin. .1^ii onzie1n(^ ierre (le Rome. Cotte fondation renionte, il est vr i, (le.. Sai li t-il Li au ^lIi duc dAquit,aine - GUillaUtne , V (993-1030), Pr' ce n _^^ ^ qui fai.,ait t ous les ans le. pèlerina nge de éclaire et pie In ^l11qII a pas , on peut le croire, dintéresser 10 Roine et qui ne an lxipe patron tJ(^^ son pays. Mais revonons à Limoges . Le sanctuaire (Ille je (ICWrivais c , e. st-à-ilii, e la crypte et la P etite basilique (10, fut desservi, JW^q U' aU n - etIviènle (lotit le plus qualitié avait le d^o de siècle, par il,,,s i 8. S ^%iut L()11l) ^ é vèque ilé Liniogos au temps- de martyrarlu 1 Saint-Marliall. Clotzlil .e ll ^ été dabord rna?-IY>^aî-ius le o lli mencernent du Léglise et son clergè constituaient, (lès le (A a a 1 . Il lle parie pas déglise dans son texte proP renlent dit ; nla ' s, d 11 1', 1 il est (l ues t ion dune basilica. table des chapitres du De qi. C01af-, ,2. Vila S. Eligii, 18, ^19 (P. L., L. p- 49Î) seiitf,.iidre en écrit el) 3. Pour Wandalbert, (1111 ,;on ii-Iartyi1^loge ilorte au tenant compte d es 111-1lifi(ultioll iu l . : ii iis honore. prid. kal. 1.etnovicas pridie colitur Marti duohus presbyteris Li^ntovicas civiLate, %, c"In qq,mi n, ^q t a jnira^-_uloruni signis adil) o-Iut " effui - ,^l J1injaliO et Sti-ato^li;,110, sit. , v. Arhellot, Autel de saini Marlial. 5. Sur cette chapell O iguin . Germ. Scr., t. XV 1 , P. 280 , 1 - 35 6.
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