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VYTAUTAS MAGNUS UNIVERSITY Asta PETRAITYTĖ-BRIEDIENĖ THE ACTIVITY OF THE HEAD OF THE DIPLOMATIC SERVICE OF LITHUANIA STASYS LOZORAITIS (1940-1983) Summary of Doctoral Dissertation Humanities, History (05 H) Kaunas, 2011 This dissertation was prepared in the period of 2005 - 2011 at Vytautas Magnus University in Kaunas, Lithuania The doctoral study license is granted to Vytautas Magnus University by resolution No. 926 of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania on the 15th of July, 2003 Scientific supervisor: Dr. Daiva Dapkutė (Vytautas Magnus University, Humanities, History – 05 H) The dissertation is defended at Vytautas Magnus University at the Council of Scientific Field of History of Vytautas Magnus University Chairman: Prof. Habil. Dr. Egidijus Aleksandravičius (Vytautas Magnus University, Humanities, History – 05 H) Members: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sandra Grigaravičiūtė (Vilnius Pedagogical University, Humanities, History – 05 H) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Algirdas Jakubčionis (Vilnius University, Humanities, History – 05 H) Prof Dr. Bronius Makauskas (Vytautas Magnus University, Humanities, History – 05 H) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Saulius Pivoras (Vytautas Magnus University, Humanities, History – 05 H) Opponents: Prof. Dr. Juozas Skirius (Vilnius Pedagogical University, Humanities, History – 05 H) Dr. Algimantas Kasparavičius (The Lithuanian Institute of History, Humanities, History – 05 H) The official defense of the dissertation will be held at 11:00 on the 20th of May, 2011, at a public sitting of the defense Board at Vytautas Magnus University, in the Adolfas Šapoka lecture - hall (No. 508), K. Donelaičio Street 52, Kaunas Address: K. Donelaičio Street 52, LT-44244, Kaunas, Lithuania Phone: (+370 37) 32 783 6 The summary of the doctoral dissertation was sent out in the… th April 2011 The dissertation is available at the National Martynas Mažvydas library, library of Vytautas Magnus University and library of Institute of Lithuanian History 2 VYTAUTO DIDŽIOJO UNIVERSITETAS Asta PETRAITYTĖ-BRIEDIENĖ LIETUVOS DIPLOMATIJOS ŠEFO STASIO LOZORAIČIO VEIKLA (1940-1983) Daktaro disertacijos santrauka Humanitariniai mokslai, istorija (05 H) Kaunas, 2011 3 Disertacija rengta 2005-2011 metais Vytauto Didžiojo universitete Doktorantūros teisė suteikta Vytauto Didžiojo universitetui 2003 m. liepos 15 d. Lietuvos Respublikos Vyriausybės nutarimu Nr. 926. Mokslinė vadovė: Dr. Daiva Dapkutė (Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas, Humanitariniai mokslai, Istorija – 05 H) Disertacija bus ginama Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto Humanitarinių mokslų srities istorijos krypties taryboje Pirmininkas: Prof. habil. dr. Egidijus Aleksandravičius (Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas, Humanitariniai mokslai, Istorija – 05 H) Nariai: Doc. dr. Sandra Grigaravičiūtė (Vilniaus pedagoginis universitetas, Humanitariniai mokslai, Istorija – 05 H) Doc. dr. Algirdas Jakubčionis (Vilniaus universitetas, Humanitariniai mokslai, Istorija – 05 H) Prof. dr. Bronius Makauskas (Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas, Humanitariniai mokslai, Istorija – 05 H) Doc. dr. Saulius Pivoras (Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas, Humanitariniai mokslai, Istorija – 05 H) Oponentai: Prof. dr. Juozas Skirius (Vilniaus pedagoginis universitetas, Humanitariniai mokslai, Istorija – 05 H) Dr. Algimantas Kasparavičius (Lietuvos istorijos institutas, Humanitariniai mokslai, Istorija – 05 H) Disertacija bus ginama viešame Humanitarinių mokslų srities istorijos krypties tarybos posėdyje, kuris vyks 2011 m. gegužės 20 d. 11.00 val. Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto Adolfo Šapokos auditorijoje (nr. 508), K. Donelaičio g. 52. Adresas: K. Donelaičio g. 52, LT-44244, Kaunas, Lietuva Tel.: (8 37) 327836 Disertacijos santrauka išsiuntinėta 2011 m. balandžio ... d. Disertaciją galima perskaityti Lietuvos nacionalinėje Martyno Mažvydo, Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto ir Lietuvos istorijos instituto bibliotekose. 4 THE ACTIVITY OF THE HEAD OF THE DIPLOMATIC SERVICE OF LITHUANIA STASYS LOZORAITIS (1940-1983) Introduction The Diplomatic Service of Lithuania (DSL), which acted abroad during 1940-1991, its history and diplomatic practice itself nowadays is acknowledged as exceptional and unique. It was the only one state authority, more precisely part of it, which remained and did not terminate its activity after occupation of the country. DSL not only acted, patronized and protected its country people but was also officially or not officially acknowledged by certain states, such as the USA, Great Britain, France and the Holy See. Overstepping the limits of usual official diplomatic activity DSL had all available means for independence. The other objective of the Diplomatic Service of Lithuania was to remain acknowledged, keep up, and that was the most difficult task of DSL because its acknowledgement necessary for the institutional activity was alive and the only connection with independent Lithuania and the proof of Lithuania’s statehood. Stasys Lozoraitis (1898-1983) was the Head of the Diplomatic Service of Lithuania from 1940 until his death in 1983. The activity of the Head of DSL lasted for more than forty years and first of all was designated for retention of all diplomatic service. However, this activity was not narrowly emblematical and was not limited by mentoring of DSL framed into “primus inter pares”. The influence of S. Lozoraitis was also sensible among Lithuanian emigrants. Retaining the distance necessary for the leader of a state institution he chose the form of intellectual dialogue in relations with the most active political and non- governmental organizations of the Lithuanian emigration. In his opinion, position, decisions and their motivation in particular disclose complicated relations of the diplomatic service itself and political Lithuanian emigration. Diplomatic struggle for Lithuania, attitude towards the case of Lithuania’s independence as well as the evaluation and the foresight of international politics nowadays allow introducing S. Lozoraitis as a unique example of a mature statesman and diplomat. Object of research. Until now no researchers had thoroughly and deeply studied activity of the Head of the Diplomatic Service of Lithuania within the years of the occupation. This activity is closely related to the history of the whole DSL and particularly to its separate episodes. The connections and relations of the Head of DSL 5 with the political organizations of Lithuanian emigration and with the main its members is one more part of S. Lozoraitis activity. The influence of the diplomat on the actions of Lithuania release has left significant imprints in history of the Lithuanian emigration and in the case of the liberation of Lithuania. Aim of research. To analyze the activity of S. Lozoraitis, the Head of the Diplomatic Service of Lithuania, to separate and present the most important stages of this activity, as well as reveal the role of S. Lozoraitis in the actions of DSL and separate the organizations of Lithuanian Emigration with a view to the liberty and independence of Lithuania. Tasks of research. To disclose the activity of S. Lozoraitis during 1940-1945; to introduce the status of the Diplomatic Service of Lithuania and S. Lozoraitis after the occupation of Lithuania; to analyze the limits and possibilities of the actions of the Head of DSL and to reveal the attitude of the diplomats towards the powers of the chief of diplomacy; to explore the activity of S. Lozoraitis in the diplomatic service when dealing with the issues of retention of the legations and personnel; to analyze the relations and cooperation of the Head of DSL with the political groups of the Lithuanian emigration such as the Supreme Committee for the Liberation of Lithuania (SCLL) and the representatives of the liberal wing; to disclose and analyze S. Lozoraitis’ political decisions, provisions, attitude towards the case of the liberty of Lithuania and towards the struggle for the restoration of independence; to assess the influence of S. Lozoraitis as a politician to the development of Lithuania statehood and the political life of emigration. Chronological boundaries. The years from 1940 until 1983, i.e. from the occupation of Lithuania (15th June, 1940) and the commencement of the powers of the Head of DSL until the death of S. Lozoraitis. Nevertheless, these boundaries are logically overstepped in the text. It is returned to the beginning of 20th century and the career of S. Lozoraitis, his coming to the diplomatic service and his activity within the years of independent Lithuania are presented. Historiography. No exceptional attention of researchers had been paid to the biography of S. Lozoraitis until now. This diplomat in Lithuanian historiography is more often mentioned as the minister of foreign affairs than the Head of DSL. It stands to reason 6 that S. Lozoraitis is introduced as a minister of foreign affairs in majority of studies where the political peripatetic of prewar period was analyzed. Literature. During the years of activity of DSL diplomats themselves had thoughts to write a history of the Lithuanian diplomacy since 1918. However all their intentions remained as intentions with the exception of the history “Diplomatic Service of Lithuania (1940 06 15 – 1990 03 11)” written by S. A. Bačkis, PhD. Without any doubt, much more would be known about the activity of S. Lozoraitis within the years of Lithuania occupation if the idea about the history of DSL would have been realized. Until now the most circumstantial published text about the Diplomatic Service of Lithuania in emigration is the book “Lead by Destiny: the Activity