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Home , Marine Protected Area

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND introduction and background to this report 1 Regardless of where we live, all people depend upon healthy Many of these issues are highly inter-related, but have been ecosystems.The role that marine protected areas separated out in this report for ease of description and J why do we need marine (mpa) networks? 2 (MPAs) can play in promoting the health of our and communication. Issues such as the need for public education What is an MPA network? has been recognized at the highest levels.The World and political will are pertinent throughout the process of Why are MPA networks important for sustainable development? Summit on Sustainable Development, the IUCN’s World establishing MPA networks. No sequence or hierarchy is Commission on Protected Areas, the Convention on implied; in fact, all elements included in this report are J what are the ecological design criteria for mpa networks? 4 Biological Diversity, and the G8 group of Nations have all seen as fundamental to implementing MPA networks.The Representativeness called for establishing a global system of MPA networks by emphasis on particular issues will change, depending on Replication the year 2012. Our challenge is to transform these commit- the individual circumstances of each region or country. ments into meaningful action. Viability This summary is intended to help: Precautionary design Yet global progress on building marine protected area (MPA) J politicians, policy advisors and decisions makers who have Permanence networks has been slow, in part because they embrace a range a role in ensuring that policy commitments to establish MPA Maximum connectivity of issues greater than conservation alone. For conservationists networks become a reality; J Resilience and managers, identifying the conservation the donor community supporting work on MPA networks actions needed to establish MPA networks can be a difficult in assessing the importance of proposals; Size and shape process, but including concerns outside their immediate sphere J planners, managers and other practitioners at regional, J what are the best practices for planning and implementing of experience can be even more challenging and complex.This national and local levels who implement MPA networks to mpa networks? 6 is where this report comes in. It seeks to capture emerging set their actions within a broader comprehensive setting; and Clearly define objectives international best practice on the full range of considerations J international organizations, especially regional seas con- Establish long-term political commitment and will needed to build such networks. ventions, who act as enabling bodies for implementing agreed commitments to deliver MPA networks. Encourage stakeholder participation The following considerations are essential to developing Make best use of available information successful MPA networks: From this work, three things are clear: Develop integrated management frameworks J eight ecological criteria of network design; J no single strategy can succeed in all circumstances; rather, Employ adaptive management techniques J six areas of best practices for establishing networks; network designers must consider and draw from a broad J four broader considerations to help successfully embed matrix of inter-related elements; J what are the broader considerations needed to ensure that J mpa networks are set in context? 8 MPA networks within a wider social context; and MPA networks need to be more than just lines on maps; J five key elements to make MPA networks happen and managers need to make a real difference by sustaining or Economic and social considerations achieve their goals. recovering wildlife and ecosystem processes; and Spatial and temporal considerations J work on building networks should start now if we are Key aspects of building MPA networks Scientific and information management considerations to accomplish the 2012 goal and achieve meaningful conser- Institutional and governance considerations vation benefits worldwide. Making It Happen J what are the key elements needed to make mpa networks This summary and the full technical report are intended to 12 happen and achieve their goals? provide designers and managers with a solid framework for ecological design criteria Political will and leadership public education, political will beginning the process. But strategies for individual networks Public education, communication and awareness communication & leadership will need to evolve over time. & awareness best practices for planning & Monitoring and assessment implementation We hope that this document will improve people’s under- Sustainable financing selling MPA networks in a broader context standing of what it takes to build successful MPA networks. economic & social considerations Compliance and enforcement spacial & temporal considerations We also hope that it will guide the entities involved in building scientific & information management considerations the capacity they needed to deliver such networks.Without the next steps 16 monitoring institutional & governance considerations compliance & & assessment enforcement question, MPA networks can provide enormous benefits to the ocean environment, to communities and to nations. But acknowledgements 16 sustainable financing none of this will happen unless people commit the practical and political resources to start now.

Introduction & Background | 1

What is an mpa ‘network’? Why are mpa networks important for sustainable development? An MPA network is an organized collection of indi- vidual sites, designed to link individual areas and to MPA networks contribute to sustainable develop- comprehensively represent the region’s spectrum ment goals by fostering integrated ocean and of characteristics. International commit- coastal management. ments to MPA networks recognize that they fulfill J Ecologically. A network can help to ensure ecological and social aims that a single MPA alone function by encompassing the cannot. Given the difficulty of coordinating actions temporal and spatial scales at which ecological among many countries at once, a global system systems operate. of MPAs will most likely consist of national and regional networks distributed across the globe. J Socially. A network can help resolve and An MPA network can therefore be defined as: manage conflicts in the use of natural resources A collection of individual marine protected and ensure that reasonable uses can occur with minimal conflict. HY DO WE NEED MPA NETWORKS? areas operating cooperatively and synergistically, at various spatial scales, and with a range of J Economically. A network facilitates the efficient protection levels, in order to fulfil ecological use of resources by preventing duplication of effort, The best available scientific information tells us that, to protect aims more effectively and comprehensively than such as when small, individual areas attempt to individual sites could alone. The network will and manage resources, we must establish representative maintain their own management resources. W also display social and economic benefits, though MPA networks across 20 to 30 percent of our seas and oceans.These networks the latter may only become fully developed over Representative networks of MPAs – those that may have different uses and levels of protection within them, but all should include long time frames as ecosystems recover. contain examples of all and ecological communities of a given area – also provide a cost- reserves or no-take areas and should include representative examples of the Areas with full protection – that is, areas where no effective means of safeguarding large-scale processes different ecosystems, habitats and communities in our seas and oceans. extractive activities such as or the removal while delivering local benefits. Networks can also of resources are permitted – should be part of help reduce the degradation of coastal and marine Yet most countries and regions have only just started to develop small MPAs, every network.These areas act as benchmarks for habitats, slow the loss of endangered marine and many have only one or a few MPAs. It is unrealistic to expect that building assessing the state of the environment and the species, and restore depleted . MPA networks can be achieved in a single step. Instead, planners should expect success of management regimes; they also contribute significantly to the recovery and protection of marine to develop a gradual strategy for implementing a full network. ecosystems.The proportion of fully protected areas versus less strictly protected areas within a network In the beginning, countries and regions may want to focus on developing a few will depend on the degree of protection and recovery well-managed MPAs that benefit local communities.These areas can be used to being sought and the level of decline in an area’s model the benefits of the larger network for decision makers and the public at marine resources. large.At all times, however, MPA networks must be viewed realistically and in context; they cannot solve broader deficiencies in ocean governance or management.

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Viability. MPA networks should incorporate self- Permanence. Network design must provide long- sustaining, geographically dispersed component sites term protection to effectively conserve diversity of sufficient extent to ensure population persistence and replenish resources. through natural cycles of variation.These sites should Maximum connectivity. be independent (as far as possible) of activities in MPA network design should surrounding areas. seek to maximize and enhance the linkages among individual MPAs, groups of MPAs within a given eco- Precautionary design. Network designers should region, or networks in the same and/or different base their decisions on the best information currently regions. available, rather than delaying the process to await Resilience. more and better information.Where information MPA networks must be designed to is limited, designers should adopt a precautionary maintain ecosystems’ natural states and to absorb shocks, particularly in the face of large-scale and approach. long-term changes (such as climate change).

Size and shape. Individual MPA units within the HAT ARE THE must be of sufficient size to minimize DESIGN CRITERIA FOR MPA adverse impacts from activities outside the protected NETWORKS? area (avoiding what is called the “edge effect”). The scale of benefits derived from individual MPAs W will depend on their location, design, size, and These eight criteria can help identify the ecological considerations that lie at relationship to other forms of management. MPA the heart of designing MPA networks: networks magnify the benefits of individual sites and protect the large-scale processes that maintain Representativeness. MPA networks should represent the range of marine and healthy populations, such as connectivity, gene flow coastal biological diversity (from genes to ecosystems) and the associated and genetic variation. physical environment within the given area.

Replication. All habitats in each region should be replicated within the network and distributed spatially throughout the network.

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for the network and component sites build. The indigenous and local groups have gained about an more aware elected officials are of the planning area’s ecology, accumulated by experience and process and of community support, the more they passed through generations. New data that emerges will support the network during planning, implemen- during or after the planning process can be applied tation and beyond. through adaptive management. Delaying design and implementation rarely, if ever, benefits marine con- In some parts of the world, legal frameworks are servation. often the only way to ensure consistency or to avoid the concept of a “paper park”-that is, a park that Develop integrated management frameworks. has been announced or designated, but not truly It is important to establish a hierarchy of planning implemented.Voluntary support can be susceptible and management scales, ranging from national plan- to changes in political priorities; these changes can ning frameworks to regional and local coordination, force governments to focus on short-term gains at to local planning and site planning.A spatially based the expense of longer-term and wider benefits for planning system will help coordinate and improve society as a whole. HAT ARE THE BEST PRACTICES FOR management; separate conflicting uses; and ensure PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTING Encourage stakeholder participation. appropriate spatial allowances for industry, wildlife MPA NETWORKS? and healthy ecosystems.When ecological boundaries Developing effective MPA networks requires involving are not consistent with jurisdictional or political relevant stakeholders from the very beginning. boundaries, planners can help ensure consistency W Engaging stakeholders enhances information By following the key best practices below during network design and development, across jurisdictions by creating management strategies exchange, fosters the accountability of experts and planners can create networks that achieve maximum environmental, economic, that mirror each other in most aspects, such as authorities, reduces mistrust in the decision-making and social benefits. rules and regulations, but still retain unique juris- process, and enables stakeholder groups to collab- dictional aspects. Clearly define network objectives. orate and find mutually acceptable solutions.An open, participatory process also fosters a sense of Employ adaptive management techniques. At the very outset, designers must clearly define objectives in three broad areas: ownership and accomplishment among the groups J Ecological objectives seek to protect, manage and/or restore marine ecosystems “Adaptive management” means using the best involved, thereby strengthening support and political and their components; available information to develop the MPA network will for the MPA network.Timely, planned consulta- J Economic objectives determine how the region will benefit from the network, and creating monitoring and evaluation systems tion processes operating at meaningful spatial scales and who may suffer negative economic impacts; to test the effectiveness of management methods are critical to success.These include indigenous J Socio-cultural objectives include the full range of benefits that biodiversity and refine them over time.Adaptive management community meetings led by traditional leaders, provides, especially those that directly affect human health and well-being.The empowers managers to assess the success of their government-sponsored opportunities for information lead organization should work to ensure that all MPA network objectives are efforts and to adapt their methods as conditions sharing and comment, or inter-governmental planning determined through an open, transparent and balanced process involving users, and knowledge change. meetings. industry, government representatives, and other groups with an interest in the Adaptive management can be used to improve area.Timetables for achieving targets and milestones should be appropriate, Make best use of available information. management capacity and effectiveness, particularly realistic and err on the side of caution. Rather than waiting for perfect data, involved parties through professional development programs for Establish long-term political commitment and will. must use the best information available for gap network managers and staff. Capacity building also analysis, planning and decision making.This information leverages opportunities to attract and provide Political commitment and will must be established early in the process and should not only consist of scientific and socio- additional expertise, resources and technology to maintained throughout. In some regions, the political will and resources needed economic data, it should include traditional and the MPA. to implement all components of a network may already exist. But in most cases, local ecological knowledge-the knowledge that implementing an MPA network will take time, as political will and commitment

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Spatial and temporal considerations reflect the J Develop and employ appropriate scientific fact that ecosystems function at different scales and skills, tools, training and partnerships to design change over time due to factors such as human and systematically monitor MPA networks. activities or climate change. Planners should: Planners can address this in a number of ways: by setting research priorities and training requirements J Take actions to address ecological processes, based on management needs; by creating auditing resources and impacts that extend beyond net- science programs that seek to assess and optimize work boundaries or influence MPA networks. results; and/or by incorporating end-user and Network design must account for connectivity manager input into multi-annual scientific work within and between networks, as well as the programs. impacts of activities outside network boundaries, including upstream areas such as catchments. Given J Ensure standardization, synthesis, storage the fluid nature of the ocean environment, network and access to information across and among planners must apply all available information on MPA networks. Information on individual MPAs HAT ARE THE BROADER biological, chemical, and physical linkages–within may be scattered across institutions and /or indi- the network and beyond. viduals. Planners should foster coordination among CONSIDERATIONS NEEDED TO institutions, develop information archives and create J Address the concept of “shifting baselines” ENSURE THAT MPA NETWORKS mechanisms for ensuring broad access to informa- in network design. The “ syndrome” tion. Such systems should be actively managed and ARE SET IN CONTEXT? is the failure of managers and decision makers W should provide relevant historical data as well as to fully grasp the enormous changes that have To help ensure the success of MPA networks, designers must also reflect on: current scientific knowledge. occurred in ocean ecosystems because they have Economic and social considerations: occurred gradually over many years. Managers Institutional and governance considerations. often fail to see that their baseline already repre- Integrate the network into the economic and socio-cultural setting and J sents a disturbed state.Therefore, it is especially Institutional and governance arrangements can have promote activities that maximize positive benefits. Planners need to identify important that planners set historically appropriate a significant effect on network design and manage- the broad costs and benefits provided by effectively managed MPA networks, as objectives for the MPA network. ment. In some cases, these institutional arrangements well as the indirect and opportunity costs incurred by people living in and around have taken shape over many years and were devised protected areas. One tool for making these calculations is economic valuation Scientific and information management to meet the demands of the time, rather than the of consumptive and non-consumptive activities and non-use values, such as those considerations. Science and information play need for developing representative and effectively provided by ecosystem services. Current social relationships and aspirations, fundamental roles in planning and implementing managed MPA networks or meeting sustainability cultural traditions and values, and political processes that influence attitudes and MPA networks. Yet managers must do more than objectives. Network planners and managers should, decisions about coastal and marine resource use and protection are also important apply available information; they must seek new therefore: considerations. information that is pertinent to management and J Develop and maintain effective coordination create mechanisms for gathering such information. Evaluate the economies of scale provided by networks, as well as the and linkages across sectors and jurisdictions. J Network planners and managers should: costs of inaction. Network planners should consider the increased benefits and Government agencies often fail to coordinate their economies of scale when moving from an individual MPA to a network of MPAs, marine-based activities, resulting in a divided and as well as the costs of inaction – that is, of not creating a network. For example, insular management approach aligned with sector- MPA networks may provide value-added benefits over individual MPAs, such as based laws.This can mean duplication of effort, failure increased ecosystem services and reduced management costs per unit area. to address cumulative impacts and a poor outcome

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for the environment.This complexity is often exac- J Recognize that the diversity and capacity erbated by the fact that government agencies may of the institutions and other groups involved have different-and even opposing–mandates. in developing MPA networks can influence the network’s efficacy. It is rare for a single agency J Develop the legal authorities and institutional to have complete authority over a comprehensive frameworks needed to deliver MPA networks. MPA network.To develop effective arrangements Where agency responsibilities and authorities over- for MPA governance, planners must consider the lap, participants will need to clarify responsibilities environmental and ecological circumstances, the or elect one of the parties to play a leadership cultural and socio-political context, and the eco- role. Effective coordination across agencies requires nomic and logistical aspects of management. sustained leadership, either by one agency or a specially formed committee or council that can Creating an MPA network can proceed only as coordinate overlapping and complex jurisdictional quickly as the institutions and individuals responsible arrangements. Complementary and/or consistent for key functions develop the skills and attributes legal and institutional frameworks can help resolve needed to manage the network and its component inconsistencies where jurisdictions or institutional MPAs well. Frequently, existing organizations will responsibilities overlap. need to take on new and different roles; sometimes, entirely new institutions will need to be created to J Clarify the legal framework for developing oversee or coordinate activities at the network level. MPA networks. Many countries have special or single-purpose legislation enabling individual MPAs, J Promote trans-boundary MPA networks as and often a variety of agencies share responsibilities instruments for shared management, conservation for these areas. Only a few have legislative or insti- and cooperation. Ecosystems, habitats and species tutional arrangements that provide a comprehensive rarely correspond to political or jurisdictional bound- basis for an MPA network.A poorly integrated aries.Therefore, they require cooperative manage- array of legal and institutional responsibilities can ment among states, regions, nations, and jurisdictions. lead to problems such as competing mandates, Trans-boundary protected areas, those that straddle overlaps, gaps and inefficiencies. the boundaries of jurisdiction and sovereignty and often involve high-level political initiatives, represent one strategy for cooperative management.

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Public education, communication and awareness Information derived from ongoing monitoring can help MPA managers to secure political support, Education and outreach can enhance people’s atti- justify requests for additional staff or funding, and tudes, behaviors, understanding of, and appreciation build stakeholder support. Moreover, successful for, MPA networks. Education programs can address evaluation strategies in one area can also serve as specific resource management issues, help achieve effective models for other areas in the network management objectives and promote other essential and beyond. services such as research, monitoring and enforcement. Sustainable financing In developing a communication plan, designers and managers must first identify key audiences, including Creating and maintaining representative, effectively managing agencies, as well as local stakeholders and managed networks of MPAs requires substantial even traditional site users or owners. funding from local, national, regional and even international entities (e.g. Global Environment Education and outreach efforts may focus on the Facility and other donors).A financially sustainable unique natural and cultural resources of each com- MPA network should be able to meet, on a ponent MPA. But they must also be part of a larger HAT ARE THE KEY ELEMENTS continuing basis, the minimum level of recurrent strategy for the network, ensuring that the objec- NEEDED TO MAKE MPA NETWORKS and investment costs needed to achieve its conser- tives of component MPAs are consistent with the HAPPEN AND ACHIEVE THEIR vation objectives. network as a whole.A communication plan should GOALS? W also strengthen communication between and among Individual MPAs are frequently supported by ad networks, promoting global cooperation and hoc, short-term or piecemeal funding. MPA net- Political will and leadership understanding. works introduce a new level of complexity and a need to share resources among protected areas Political support is fundamentally important throughout the process of developing Monitoring and assessment an MPA network. Public participation and political support are inter-related and and institutions, some of which may depend on are critical to achieving significant and lasting outcomes.To Monitoring and assessment allows managers to other areas in the network-and indeed on areas successfully implement a network, designers must remain aware of the political determine whether progress is being made towards not formally protected-to sustain critical functions, environment at every step. network objectives and goals. It is also crucial to habitats, and resources. Even with major initiatives a successful adaptive management approach (see to mobilize financing for MPA networks, resources Many scientists and marine managers may not have an adequate level of political Best Practice 4.6, above). Systematic monitoring will be limited relative to the challenge. Network savvy, nor do they have the appropriate political contacts. In such instances, planners builds a base of knowledge to improve decision designers and managers must therefore ensure and managers will need to be creative in finding contacts to ensure the partici- making, and positive results can increase the sup- that funds are used cost-effectively. pation of political leaders. Moreover, some conservation objectives may be polit- port of target groups, whether they be stakeholders What are the key elements of a successful ically untenable, so planners must be prepared to forge compromises in order or other relevant parties. financing strategy? to make progress. To be truly beneficial monitoring and assessment Sound financing strategies consist of four main structures must built into MPA networks from the elements. very outset.They should include sites outside the network, creating a system of controls against which overall performance can be assessed.

12 | Establishing Marine Protected Area Networks Establishing Marine Protected Area Networks | 13 J Conduct cost-benefit analyses of the MPA net- Education and compliance should be the first option, work, set within the broader land and ocean area. and enforcement, the last resort. Both depend on the legal and judicial support of the national gov- J Include the potential for generating resources ernment. However, compliance strategies must or for creating partnerships as an explicit criterion match the economic and socio-cultural context of for selecting which MPAs or areas should make up the MPA network.The following actions will help a network. ensure effective compliance and enforcement. J Clearly identify MPA network objectives and J Build in compliance and enforcement consid- the activities essential to meeting them, and seek erations at the MPA network planning stage. funding sources and partnerships that are compatible Primary considerations include feasibility, affordability, with those ends. public understanding and protecting areas most J Identify existing and potential funding sources vulnerable to impact from human activities. J Sharing costs and management responsibilities. J Political support for implementation. and ways to reduce or share management costs. J Educate to build compliance. To ensure com- Many of the investments and recurrent expenditures Generating broad-based political support – among J Develop a strategy that includes diverse finance pliance, managers must educate policy makers and needed to sustain MPA networks can be shared government agencies and key stakeholders – is as mechanisms and management approaches. government leaders, as well as citizens, about the by building local support for network objectives. essential for securing revenue sources as it is for MPA network and why regulations are needed. Alternatively, they may be assumed by communities, ensuring the governance systems and policies needed J Identify management (including collaborative Gaining public support for laws can contribute NGOs, private businesses, or others with a relevant to build MPA networks.Wherever possible, planning management), accountability, and oversight arrange- to “cooperative enforcement,” whereby citizens interest, or funding leveraged from local governments and budgeting for MPA networks should be incor- ments needed to generate and allocate resources themselves willingly help to enforce rules. for activities that benefit communities in or near porated into regular government processes and efficiently. J Develop surveillance programs to support protected areas. sustainable development strategies. Compliance and enforcement compliance and enforcement. J Building diverse portfolios. Resilient financing How do you create sustainable financing strategies “Surveillance” entails monitoring people’s activities “Compliance” is when people voluntarily accept strategies comprise diverse portfolios of comple- for MPA networks? within the MPA network to ensure that they follow and act in accord with the rules and regulations of mentary revenue sources and cost-effective man- the rules. Some new technologies can increase the As a country begins to scale up from individual the MPA network.“Enforcement” is the action agement approaches. Sources may include govern- efficiency of enforcement while requiring less man- MPAs to MPA networks, it may not be sufficient to taken against those people who fail to abide by the ment funds, grants from private foundations and power.Agreements among nations, government simply expand or replicate mechanisms that have rules. Network planners must make it more prof- non-governmental organizations, and endowment agencies, local communities and resource users can worked for specific MPAs. Financing strategies at itable and preferable for the public to comply with funds. help to mobilize resources that are already available. the network level will involve trade-offs, such as the MPA network regulations than not to comply. J Administrative and governance systems. retaining income at specific sites versus pooling Enforcement across an MPA network allows for J Enforcement should be supported by Funding for MPA networks must be channeled resources for the network overall. economies of scale.Aerial surveys, for example, are appropriate penalties. In order to foster compli- effectively to activities on the ground; this is vital more cost effective when employed across an MPA ance and ease enforcement, regulations and penalties Here are some steps that governments, communities, in building local confidence in, and support for, network as opposed to a single MPA. must be clear, understandable, and appropriate to NGOs, businesses, donors, and others should take individual networks.To help secure long-term the socio-cultural context of the network. Penalties to help determine their own strategies for achieving funding, network designers must create mechanisms can range from a public verbal reprimand to confis- financial sustainability: to track and report spending with a high degree of cating property, suspending a license, or prosecution. accountability.

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THE NEXT STEPS

This report is intended to demonstrate how to transform policy aspirations into practical action. In compiling it, we employed global experience and knowledge to inspire countries to plan carefully and to build their capacity for developing effective MPA networks.We did not intend to be exhaustive, but to describe the key areas where countries need to make practical progress now and in the future.

Because of the complex mix of social, ecological and economic issues involved, building MPA networks takes time.The aim of this report is to provide clear and straightforward advice on this issue without denying those complexities.

This work also raises some important issues beyond developing MPA networks, which must be addressed through other means, including better management of industries such as fisheries and and improved pollution control.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Numerous individuals and organizations have worked Generous funding support was provided by a number of collaboratively to make this initiative a reality.This report organizations: reflects the collective wisdom of the global marine J Parks conservation community about what is required to build J U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, effective MPA networks. , International Program Office, National Marine Sanctuary Program and the Marine Special thanks to Dan Laffoley,WCPA - Marine Vice Chair, Protected Areas Center and Principal Specialist - Marine in Science and Evidence at J Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Natural England, for his keen wisdom and sustained involvement. J Ghislaine Llewellyn,WWF - ,Program Manager Oceans, J Environmental Defense Scott E Smith, Senior Marine Policy Advisor,The Nature J WWF Conservancy, Jon Day, Director, Conservation, Heritage & J Natural England/English Nature Indigenous Partnerships, J Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority Authority, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Meetings held in the development of these documents: Administration, National Ocean Service team:Annie Hillary, J World Parks Congress, Durban, , September 2003 Gonzalo Cid, and John Parks, International Program Specialists, J Planning Meeting, Paris France, November 2003 International Program Office, Daphne Pee, Outreach Specialist, J Author’s Meetings,April 2005 and April 2006 National Marine Protected Area Center,Victoria Wedell, Program J International Workshop, Coastal Zone ‘05, July 2005 Analyst and Anne Walton, International MPA Training Coordinator, J IMPAC 1, Satellite Meeting, Geelong,Australia, 2005 National Marine Sanctuary Program contributed substantially to this document and the technical version. INFORMATION FROM THIS REPORT SHOULD BE CITED AS: Many thanks also to the Coastal Zone ‘05 International WCPA/IUCN. 2007. Establishing networks of marine protected areas: Workshop facilitation team: Eileen Alicea, Gonazalo Cid,Angela A guide for developing national and regional capacity for building Corridore, Nick Drayton, Emily Goodwin,Andrew Gude, Nina MPA networks. Non-technical summary report. Hadley, and Monika Thiele and participants at the IMPAC 1 The views expressed in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily Satellite Event for your insights that helped to produce these reflect the official views or policies of their affiliated institutions or agencies. documents.

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