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Marine Protected Areas for Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises : a World Handbook for Cetacean Habitat Conservation / by Erich Hoyt

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Marine Protected Areas for Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises : a World Handbook for Cetacean Habitat Conservation / by Erich Hoyt MARINE PROTECTED AREAS FOR WHALES, DOLPHINS AND PORPOISES This book is dedicated to those who work on behalf of cetaceans and marine ecosystems, and to those who cannot speak, write and argue for their place in the sea: the whales, dolphins and porpoises and other marine species ‘There is a tide in the affairs of men, which taken at the flood leads on to fortune… The flood is occurring regarding the high seas’ Graeme Kelleher (paraphrasing William Shakespeare in Julius Caesar) saying that now is the time to create and fight for high-seas marine protected areas MARINE PROTECTED AREAS FOR WHALES, DOLPHINS AND PORPOISES A World Handbook for Cetacean Habitat Conservation Erich Hoyt London • Sterling, VA First published by Earthscan in the UK and USA in 2005 Copyright © Erich Hoyt, 2005 All rights reserved ISBN: 1-84407-064-6 paperback 1-84407-063-8 hardback Typesetting by MapSet Ltd, Gateshead, UK Printed and bound in the UK by Cromwell Press Ltd, Trowbridge, Wiltshire Cover design by Anthony Waters Cover photo: Sperm whale off Kamchatka, Russia, © Hal Sato, Far East Russia Orca Project (WDCS) Maps: Lesley Frampton Illustrations: © Pieter Arend Folkens/A Higher Porpoise Design Group For a full list of publications please contact: Earthscan 8–12 Camden High Street London, NW1 0JH, UK Tel: +44 (0)20 7387 8558 Fax: +44 (0)20 7387 8998 Email: [email protected] Web: www.earthscan.co.uk 22883 Quicksilver Drive, Sterling, VA 20166-2012, USA Earthscan publishes in association with WWF-UK and the International Institute for Environment and Development The royalties from sales of this book will go toward the MPA work of WDCS, the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hoyt, Erich. Marine protected areas for whales, dolphins, and porpoises : a world handbook for cetacean habitat conservation / by Erich Hoyt. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-84407-063-8 (hardback) – ISBN 1-84407-064-6 (pbk.) 1. Cetacean–Conservation. 2. Cetacea–Habitat. 3. Marine parks and reserves. I. Title. QL737.C4H675 2005 333.95'95–dc22' 2004016778 This book is printed on elemental chlorine-free paper CONTENTS List of Figures vii List of Tables viii List of Boxes and Case Studies x Acknowledgements xi List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xiv PROLOGUE xix INTRODUCTION 1 1 OCEAN SANCTUARIES, MARINE RESERVES OR PARKS? 14 History of marine protected areas and cetaceans 14 Ocean sanctuaries, marine reserves or parks – which one and why? 18 Biosphere reserves – a strategy for thinking about MPAs 25 Defining critical habitat 28 Networks of MPAs 31 High-seas MPAs 33 2 WHY SPOTLIGHT WHALES, DOLPHINS AND PORPOISES? 55 Introduction 55 Red List assessment of cetacean species, subspecies and populations 56 The value of cetaceans for marine-based conservation 57 3 CREATING BETTER MARINE PROTECTED AREAS FOR CETACEANS: STEPS TOWARDS THE DESIGN, ESTABLISHMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF MARINE PROTECTED AREAS FOR CETACEANS 68 Basic principles 68 Cetacean habitat needs 69 The value of ecosystem-based management 71 Steps to creating better MPAs for cetaceans 74 4 STRATEGIES FOR PROTECTING CETACEANS TO COMPLEMENT AND SUPPLEMENT MARINE PROTECTED AREAS 83 Conservation strategies for cetaceans besides MPAs 83 Other pragmatic approaches 85 vi Marine Protected Areas for Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises 5 HABITAT PROTECTION FOR CETACEANS AROUND THE WORLD: STATUS AND PROSPECTS 87 Introduction 87 Marine Region 1: Antarctic 96 Marine Region 2: Arctic 107 Marine Region 3: Mediterranean 130 Marine Region 4: Northwest Atlantic 162 Marine Region 5: Northeast Atlantic 182 Marine Region 6: Baltic 212 Marine Region 7: Wider Caribbean 216 Marine Region 8: West Africa 234 Marine Region 9: South Atlantic 260 Marine Region 10: Central Indian Ocean 284 Marine Region 11: Arabian Seas 294 Marine Region 12: East Africa 299 Marine Region 13: East Asian Seas 314 Marine Region 14: South Pacific 340 Marine Region 15: Northeast Pacific 358 Marine Region 16: Northwest Pacific 378 Marine Region 17: Southeast Pacific 396 Marine Region 18: Australia–New Zealand 418 EPILOGUE 448 References 453 Index 479 LIST OF FIGURES I.1 The exclusive economic zones (EEZs) of the world ocean 7 I.2 El Vizcaino Biosphere Reserve 10 1.1 The architecture of a biosphere reserve 27 5.1 Map of the 18 marine regions of the world 88 5.2 Map of Marine Region 1: Antarctic MPAs and sanctuaries 103 5.3 Map of Svalbard 110 5.4 Map of Marine Region 2: Arctic MPAs and sanctuaries 115 5.5 Map of the Pelagos Sanctuary for Mediterranean Marine Mammals 134 5.6 Map of Regno di Nettuno 139 5.7 Map of Marine Region 3: Mediterranean MPAs and sanctuaries 143 5.8 Map of Gerry E Studds Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary 164 5.9 Map of Marine Region 4: Northwest Atlantic MPAs and sanctuaries 173 5.10 Map of the Shannon River Estuary SAC 185 5.11 Map of the Irish Whale and Dolphin Sanctuary 189 5.12 Map of Marine Region 5: Northeast Atlantic MPAs and sanctuaries 191 5.13 Map of Marine Region 6: Baltic MPAs and sanctuaries 213 5.14 Map of Marine Region 7: Caribbean MPAs and sanctuaries 219 5.15 Map of Marine Region 8: West African MPAs and sanctuaries 237 5.16 Map of Marine Region 9: South Atlantic MPAs and sanctuaries 265 5.17 Map of Marine Region 10: Central Indian Ocean MPAs and sanctuaries 287 5.18 Map of Marine Region 11: Arabian Seas MPAs and sanctuaries 298 5.19 Map of Marine Region 12: East African MPAs and sanctuaries 301 5.20 Map of Komodo National Park 318 5.21 Map of Marine Region 13: East Asian Seas MPAs and sanctuaries 323 5.22 Map of Marine Region 14: South Pacific MPAs and sanctuaries 345 5.23 Map of Marine Region 15: Northeast Pacific MPAs and sanctuaries 361 5.24 Map of Marine Region 16: Northwest Pacific MPAs and sanctuaries 383 5.25 Map of the Galápagos Marine Resources Reserve and Whale Sanctuary 399 5.26 Map of Marine Region 17: Southeast Pacific MPAs and sanctuaries 405 5.27 Map of Marine Region 18: Australia–New Zealand MPAs and sanctuaries 423 LIST OF TABLES I.1 Top twelve whale watching countries and their MPAs for cetaceans 12 1.1 List of international cetacean sanctuaries and high-seas MPAs: existing and proposed 16 1.2 List of national cetacean sanctuaries: existing and proposed 17 1.3 Marine protected areas – names in use around the world 19 1.4 The management objectives of the various IUCN MPA/PA categories 26 1.5 Cetacean species and the location of their critical habitat 34 1.6 International and regional treaties, conventions and other agreements with a bearing on MPAs and the conservation of cetaceans 43 2.1 IUCN Red List status designations 58 2.2 Key to world Marine Regions 1–18 58 2.3 Baleen whales. World distribution and status of species, subspecies and key populations 59 2.4 Toothed whales: sperm and beaked whales. World distribution and status of species, subspecies and key populations 61 2.5 Toothed whales: river dolphins, belugas and narwhals. World distribution and status of species, subspecies and key populations 62 2.6 Toothed whales: ocean dolphins. World distribution and status of species, subspecies and key populations 63 2.7 Toothed whales: porpoises. World distribution and status of species, subspecies and key populations 65 5.1 Marine regions: countries, biogeographic zones and key treaties 89 5.2 Marine Region 1: Antarctic MPAs and sanctuaries 104 5.3 Marine Region 2: Arctic MPAs and sanctuaries 116 5.4 Mediterranean and Black Sea cetaceans belonging to appendices of international conventions, directives and agreements 133 5.5 Cetacean research in the Mediterranean, focusing on the Pelagos Sanctuary for Mediterranean Marine Mammals 137 5.6 Marine Region 3: Mediterranean MPAs and sanctuaries 144 5.7 Marine Region 4: Northwest Atlantic MPAs and sanctuaries 174 5.8 Marine Region 5: Northeast Atlantic MPAs and sanctuaries 192 5.9 Marine Region 6: Baltic MPAs and sanctuaries 214 5.10 Marine Region 7: Caribbean MPAs and sanctuaries 220 5.11 Marine Region 8: West African MPAs and sanctuaries 238 5.12 Marine Region 9: South Atlantic MPAs and sanctuaries 266 5.13 Marine Region 10: Central Indian Ocean MPAs and sanctuaries 288 5.14 Marine Region 11: Arabian Seas MPAs and sanctuaries 296 5.15 Marine Region 12: East African MPAs and sanctuaries 302 List of Tables ix 5.16 Indonesian laws regarding cetaceans and cetacean habitat 320 5.17 Marine Region 13: East Asian Seas MPAs and sanctuaries 324 5.18 Marine Region 14: South Pacific MPAs and sanctuaries 346 5.19 Marine Region 15: Northeast Pacific MPAs and sanctuaries 362 5.20 Marine Region 16: Northwest Pacific MPAs and sanctuaries 384 5.21 Marine Region 17: Southeast Pacific MPAs and sanctuaries 406 5.22 Marine Region 18: Australia–New Zealand MPAs and sanctuaries 424 E.1 Total sanctuaries and MPAs with cetacean habitat in each marine region 449 LIST OF BOXES AND CASE STUDIES BOXES I.1 Critical habitat 2 I.2 Ecosystem-based management (EBM) 4 I.3 The precautionary approach 9 1.1 IUCN management categories I–VI for protected areas (PAs), also applied to marine protected areas (MPAs) 24 1.2 Activities excluded from core areas and buffer zones: a proposed management regime for cetacean protected areas 30 3.1 Summary of basic requirements for an MPA 75 5.1 Notes about the marine region tables (5.2–5.22) in Chapter 5 95 5.2 The view on MPAs in Iceland 109 5.3 Legislation on MPAs and cetaceans in Italy 141 5.4 The flagship US national marine sanctuaries programme 166 5.5 MPA developments in Canada 171 5.6 Brazil: A wide variety
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