School of Divinity, History and Philosophy

SCHOOL OF DIVINITY, HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY

ACADEMIC SESSION 2013-2014

HI 4015 – SPECIAL SUBJECT Roaring Shanghai: ‘The Paris of the East’ in the 1920s

30 CREDITS, 12 WEEKS

PLEASE NOTE CAREFULLY: The full set of school regulations and procedures is contained in the Undergraduate Student Handbook which is available online at your MyAberdeen page. Students are expected to familiarise themselves not only with the contents of this leaflet but also with the contents of the Handbook. Therefore, ignorance of the contents of the Handbook will not excuse the breach of any school regulation or procedure. You must familiarise yourself with this important information at the earliest opportunity.

COURSE CO-ORDINATOR Dr Isabella Jackson, [email protected]. 01224 273676; Room 102, Crombie Annexe Office hours: Monday 4-5pm and Thursday 10-11am, or by appointment.

DISCIPLINE ADMINISTRATION Mrs Barbara McGillivray/Mrs Gillian Brown 50-52 College Bounds Room CBLG01 01224 272199/272454 [email protected]

TIMETABLE Please refer to the online timetable on MyAberdeen

Students can view the University Calendar at: http://www.abdn.ac.uk/students/13027.php

COURSE DESCRIPTION Shanghai in the 1920s has attained legendary status as ‘the Paris of the East’, a ‘Paradise for Adventurers’, a decadent but corrupt city where western imperialism met Chinese civilisation in a tumultuous period of modernisation and revolution. British bankers and American tycoons lived side by side with Chinese and Russian dancing girls, dangerous underworld gang leaders and the most influential political and literary thinkers of the age. The Chinese Communist Party was established in Shanghai’s French Concession in 1921, the largest anti-imperial mass movement in Chinese history began on the streets of Shanghai in 1925, and the first bloody purge of the Chinese civil war took place in the city one night in 1927. This Special Subject will delve beneath the surface of this fascinating and formative period in the largest and most important city in China to separate myth from reality.

INTENDED AIMS AND LEARNING OUTCOMES The course aims to examine in depth the causes and consequences of key developments which took place in Shanghai in the 1920s, focussing in particular on the imperialism in Shanghai, the early development of the Communist movement and the growth of nationalism and anti-imperialism, as well as understanding the social fabric of the city against which these changes emerged. Students will, by the end of the course, be well-acquainted with this period of Chinese history and the debates that have concerned scholars of Shanghai. They will have developed strong skills in the critical analysis of a variety of English-language primary sources. They will be able to marshal convincing arguments on the basis of evidence in relation to the relevant secondary literature.

In addition, students will have enhanced the following personal and transferable skills:

 Verbal and written communication, through tutorial discussion, presentations, essay and examination work  Teamwork skills, through collaboration with fellow students in group work  Independent learning, through preparation for tutorials and written work  Analytical skills, through the evaluation of the strength of scholarly arguments and the value of primary sources  IT skills, through the use of bibliographical and word processing software

TUTORIALS Attendance at tutorials is compulsory and will be monitored. Failure to attend will result in the withdrawal of the Class Certificate.

East student will give a c. 15 minute presentation. Topics for presentations will be made available on MyAberdeen and the presenters assigned in class. The presentation topic should not overlap with the theme chosen for the class essay. Presentations must be accompanied by a one-page handout, which must be made available on MyAberdeen at least two workings days in advance of the presentation. Handouts should include an outline of the main points covered, a suggested reading list of secondary titles, as well as extracts from primary sources to be analysed during and after the presentation.

Students are encouraged to discuss their presentation, in advance, with the course co-ordinator. Students may make use of PowerPoint in their presentations. After each presentation there will be a general discussion. Everyone will read the assigned material for the presentation and those not presenting will be expected to respond and analyse the main argument(s) in the material under discussion.

TUTORIAL PROGRAMME Please note that this schedule may be subject to variation as the course progresses. Week 1 Tutorial 1 [T1]: Introduction: Aims & Objectives; Sources & Presentations T2: Arriving in 1920s Shanghai

Week 2 T3: Imperialism and Extraterritoriality T4: Who were the ‘Shanghailanders’?

Week 3 Election of Class Representatives T5: The May Fourth Movement in Shanghai T6: Beyond the Neon Lights

Week 4 T7: High and Low Culture in ‘the Paris of the East’: Music, Art and Literature T8: The Green Gang and Organised Crime

Week 5

T9: Women as Workers, Prostitutes and Revolutionaries T10: A ‘Modern’ Commercial and Industrial City

Week 6 Class Meeting T11: The Birth of the Chinese Communist Party T12: The May 30th Incident and its Aftermath

Week 7 T13: The Shanghai Incident and the Nationalist Party T14: Changes Afoot in the International Settlement

Week 8 Level Meeting T15: Sino-British Relations in Miniature: the Shanghai Municipal Council vs. the Shanghai Municipal Government T16: Debate: Can we and should we write a ‘China-Centred’ History of Shanghai?

Week 9 Working with Gobbets / Student Course Evaluation Form T17: Gobbets exercise T18: Gobbets mock exam

Week 10 Reading Week / Essay due 12 noon on Monday 2nd December Students should use this week to revise the course content to date in preparation for the mock exam.

Week 11 Staff-Student Liaison Committee Meeting T19: Mock exam T20: Overcoming the Shanghai Legend

Week 12 Essay Return Meetings to be Arranged T21: Revision and Feedback on mock exam T22: Is Shanghai China?

READING LIST Note: All students must prepare thoroughly for every class. Core and primary reading is compulsory, and you should draw on further reading according to interest. Further reading is an essential part of any course in History and will deepen your understanding and enjoyment of the period. The reading list provides points of departure for further reading on the topics covered in the tutorials. The footnotes and bibliographies of these books and articles are two sources of still further reading; the search-features of the library catalogue, browsing the open shelves, and consulting the course co-ordinator are other ways forward. A major outcome of a university education should be an ability to

4 find information on any topic within your field. You are encouraged to show initiative in developing this ability.

Where possible, readings have been made available on MyAberdeen. There are, however, limits to what can be made available this way, largely due to copyright restrictions, so all students will have to make use of the library. Most core readings from books that are not on MyAberdeen will be available in the Heavy Demand section of the library (First Floor – note this when searching for books in the catalogue) to ensure all students have the chance to access them. Journal articles are all available online, though you will most likely need to be on campus or access them via the university’s VPN service, as the library pays subscriptions to allow us access to them. If you do have any trouble getting hold of readings, please let me know in advance of the relevant tutorial and/or consult readings from the further reading list to substitute for any core readings you cannot obtain.

T1: Registration: Aims & Objectives; Secondary Sources & Presentations

Read what you can from the general secondary reading list below, some of which is on MyAberdeen, to prepare for the first tutorial.

T2: Arriving in 1920s Shanghai Core Robert Bickers, Empire Made Me: An Englishman adrift in Shanghai (London, 2003), ch 3 (this chapter on MyAberdeen, but you might like to borrow the book from the library or buy your own copy and read more)

Primary All About Shanghai and Environs: A Standard Guidebook (Shanghai, 1935) (on MyAberdeen)

Mao Dun, Midnight (Beijing, 1957; first published in Chinese in 1933), ch 1 (on MyAberdeen)

Maurice Karns and Pat Patterson, Shanghai: High Lights, Low Lights, Tael Lights (Shanghai, 1936) (on MyAberdeen)

Browse the images on the Visual Shanghai website http://www.virtualshanghai.net/ and the Visualizing China website http://visualisingchina.net/

Arnold Wright (chief ed.), Twentieth Century Impressions of Hong Kong, Shanghai and Other treaty ports of China (London: Lloyds Greater Britain Publishing Company, 1908): http://www.archive.org/details/twentiethcentury00wriguoft - beware, very large file

Further John King Fairbank (ed.), Cambridge History of China (Cambridge, 1983), Vol. 12, chapters 3 and 8 Christian Henriot, ‘The Shanghai Bund in myth and history: an essay through textual and visual sources’, Journal of Modern Chinese History, 4:1 (2010), pp. 1-27 (on MyAberdeen) Frederic Wakeman, Jr. and Wen-hsin Yeh, ‘Introduction’, in Wakeman and Yeh (eds.), Shanghai Sojourners (Berkeley, 1992), pp. 1-14 Meng Yue, Shanghai and the Edges of Empire (Minneapolis, 2006)

T3: Imperialism and Extraterritoriality Core Nicholas Clifford, Spoilt Children of Empire: Westerners in Shanghai and the Chinese (Hanover, New Hampshire, 1991), ch 2 Paul Cohen, Discovering History in China (New York, 1984), chapters 1 and 4 John King Fairbank, Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast: the Opening of the Treaty Ports, 1842-1854 (Cambridge, Mass., 1964), chapters 1 and 10

Primary Carl Crow, Foreign Devils in the Flowery Kingdom (Hong Kong, 2007; first published 1940), ch XIII (on MyAberdeen) A. M. Kotenev, Shanghai: Its Mixed Court and Council (Shanghai: North- China Daily News & Herald, 1925), ch XVI, Chinese Rules for Application of Foreign Laws, and International Settlement Land Regulations and Byelaws (on MyAberdeen) George Lanning and Samuel Couling, The History of Shanghai, vol. 1 (Shanghai, 1921), ch XXXV (on MyAberdeen – give selection only) Extracts from the Treaty of Nanjing http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/china/nanjing.pdf

Sun Yat-sen’s lecture on China as a ‘hypo-colony’: Wm. Theodore de Barry, Wing-tsit Chan and Burton Watson (eds.), Sources of Chinese Tradition (New York, 1964), pp. 15-16 (link on MyAberdeen)

Further Robert Bickers, Britain in China: Community, Culture and Colonialism 1900- 1949 (Manchester, 1999), ch 3 ----, The Scramble for China: Foreign Devils in the Qing Empire, 1832-1914 (London, 2011), especially ch 5 Edmund S.K. Fung, The diplomacy of Imperial Retreat: Britain's South China Policy, 1924-1931 (Hong Kong, 1991), chapter 3 Lucian W. Pye, ‘How China's Nationalism was Shanghaied’, Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, 29 (1993), pp. 107-133 Eileen P. Scully, Bargaining with the State from Afar: American citizenship in Treaty Port China, 1844-1942 (New York, 2001) C. M. Turnbull, ‘Formal and Informal Empire in East Asia’, in Robin W. Winks (ed.), The Oxford History of the British Empire, Vol. V: Historiography (Oxford, 1999) Rudolf G. Wagner, ‘The Role of the Foreign Community in the Chinese Public Sphere’, China Quarterly, 142 (1995), pp. 423-443 Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom, ‘Questioning the Modernity of the Model Settlement: Citizenship and Exclusion in Old Shanghai’, Merle Goldman and Elizabeth J. Perry (eds), Changing Meanings of Citizenship in Modern China (2002), pp. 110-32

T4: Who were the ‘Shanghailanders’? Core Robert Bickers, ‘Shanghailanders: The Formation and Identity of the British Settler Community in Shanghai 1843-1937’, Past and Present, 159 (1998), 161-211 Nicholas R. Clifford, ‘A Revolution Is Not a Tea Party: The “Shanghai Mind(s)” Reconsidered’, Pacific Historical Review, 59:4 (1990), pp.501-526. Nicholas R. Clifford, Spoilt Children of Empire: Westerners in Shanghai and the Chinese Revolution of the 1920s (Hanover, New Hampshire, 1991), ch 1

Primary – read at least 3-4 of the following:

George Lanning and Samuel Couling, The History of Shanghai, extract from vol. 1 (Shanghai, 1921) and vol. 2 (Shanghai, 1923, though it was never released) (on MyAberdeen – choose chapters) Extracts from George Nellist (ed.), Men of Shanghai and North China: A Standard Biographical Reference Work (Shanghai, 1933) (on MyAberdeen) http://www.bris.ac.uk/history/customs/ancestors/shanghainorthchina1.p df - give link instead of uploading files Arthur Ransome, The Chinese Puzzle (London, 1927), chapter on ‘The Shanghai Mind’: http://www.earnshaw.com/shanghai-ed-india/tales/t- mind.htm Edgar Snow, ‘The Americans in Shanghai’, American Mercury 20:80 (1930), pp. 437-445 (on MyAberdeen) R. Maurice Tinkler, letters to Edith, 3 October 1922, 17 June 1923 (source: Imperial War Museum, Department of Documents, RM Tinkler papers, RMT 1) (on MyAberdeen) Carl Crow, Foreign Devils in the Flowery Kingdom (Hong Kong, 2007; first published 1940), ch XV

Further Chiara Betta, ‘From Orientals to Imagined Britons: Baghdadi Jews in Shanghai’, Modern Asian Studies 37:4 (2003), pp. 999-1023 ----, ‘Marginal Westerners in Shanghai: the Baghdadi Jewish Community, 1845-1931’, in Robert Bickers and Christian Henriot (eds.), New Frontiers: Imperialism's New Communities in East Asia, 1842-1953 (Manchester, 2000), pp. 38-54 Robert Bickers, ‘Shanghailanders and Others: British Communities in China, 1843-1957’ in Robert Bickers (ed.), Settlers and Expatriates: Britons over the Seas (Oxford, 2010), pp. 269-301 Albert Feuerwerker, The Foreign Establishment in China in the Early Twentieth Century in Cambridge History of China, volume 12, pp. 128- 208 Peter Hibbard, ‘History of the Royal Asiatic Society China in Shanghai’, W. C. Kirby, “The Internationalization of China: Foreign Relations at Home and Abroad in the Republican Era”, China Quarterly, 150 (1997), pp. 433-58

Claude Markovits, ‘Indian communities in China, c. 1842-1949’, in Bickers and Henriot (eds.), New Frontiers, pp. 55-74 Lucien W. Pye, ‘How China’s nationalism was Shanghaied’, Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, 29 (1993), pp. 107-33 Jeremy Taylor, ‘The Bund: Littoral Space of Empire in the Treaty Ports of East Asia’, Social History 27:2 (2002) pp. 125-142 Frances Wood, No Dogs and Not Many Chinese: Treaty Port Life in China, 1843-1943 (London, 1998)

T5: The May Fourth Movement in Shanghai Core Rana Mitter, A Bitter Revolution: China’s Struggle with the Modern World (Oxford, 2004), especially ‘Shanghai: China’s Modern Challenge’, pp. 49-65 Elizabeth J. Perry, ‘Popular Protest in Shanghai, 1919-1927: Social Networks, Collective Identities, and Political Parties’ in Nara Dillon and Jean C. Oi (eds), At the Crossroads of Empires: Middlemen, Social Networks, and State-Building in Republican Shanghai (Stanford, 2008), pp. 87-109 (on MyAberdeen) S. A. Smith, Like Cattle and Horses: Nationalism and Labor in Shanghai, 1895-1927 (London, 2002), ch 5 (on MyAberdeen)

Primary Ding Ling, ‘Miss Sophie’s Diary’ and ‘Shanghai in the Spring of 1930’ (on MyAberdeen) Hu Shi, ‘Our Attitude Toward Modern Western Civilization’ in Wm. Theodore de Bary and Richard Lufrano (eds.), Sources of Chinese Tradition: From 1600 Through the Twentieth Century (New York, 2000), pp. 386- 7 (on MyAberdeen) North China Herald articles (on MyAberdeen) Zheng Wang, Women in the Chinese Enlightenment: Oral and Textual Histories (Berkeley, 1999)

Further Charles J. Alber, Enduring the Revolution: Ding Ling and the Politics of Literature in Guomindang China (Westport, Conn., 2002), chapters 3 and 7

Paul J. Bailey, Women and Gender in Twentieth-century China (Basingstoke, 2012), p. 58 ff. Tse-tsung Chow, The May Fourth Movement: Intellectual Revolution in Modern China (Cambridge, Mass., 1960) Bryna Goodman, ‘New Culture, Old Habits: Native-Place Organizations and the May Fourth Movement’ in Frederic Wakeman, Jr. and Wen-hsin Yeh, (eds), Shanghai Sojourners (Berkeley, 1992), pp. 76-107 (on MyAberdeen) Erez Manela, The Wilsonian Moment: Self-determination and the International origins of Anticolonial Nationalism (Oxford, 2007), ch 5 Lu Xun [pronounced ‘Lou Shoon’], ‘Diary of a Madman’ in Call to Arms (Beijing, 1981; first published 1922) – one of the most important publications from the May Fourth Movement. Also available in Lu Hsun (sic), Selected Stories of Lu Hsun (Honolulu, 2000). See also the other shorts stories in these collections. Wen-hsin Yeh, Shanghai Splendor: Economic Sentiments and the Making of Modern China, 1843-1949 (Berkeley, 2007), ch 5 (on Google Books)

T6: Beyond the Neon Lights Core Lu Hanchao, Beyond the Neon Lights: Everyday Shanghai in the Early Twentieth Century (Berkeley, 1999), ch 5 ----, ‘The Significance of the Insignificant: Reconstructing the Daily Life of the Common People in China,’ China: An International Journal, 1:1 (2003), pp. 144-59 Emily Honig, ‘Invisible Inequalities: The Status of Subei People in Contemporary Shanghai’, China Quarterly, 122 (1990), pp. 273-292

Primary ‘The Life of Beggars’ in Patricia Buckley Ebrey (ed.), Chinese Civilisation and Society: A Sourcebook (London, 1981), pp. 304-308 (on MyAberdeen) Sidney Gamble, The Household Accounts of Two Chinese Families (New York, c. 1930) (on MyAberdeen) Robin Porter, Industrial Reformers in Republican China (Armonk, NY, 1994), Appendix 1: Wage and cost of living data (on MyAberdeen) Xiao Jianqing, Manhua Shanghai (1936) (on MyAberdeen)

Further Lu Hanchao, ‘Away from Nanking Road: Small Stores and Neighborhood Life in Modern Shanghai’, Journal of Asian Studies, 54:1 (1995), pp. 93-123 ----, ‘Becoming Urban: Mendicancy and Vagrants in Modern Shanghai’, Journal of Social History, 33:1 (1999), pp. 7-36 Emily Honig, Creating Chinese Ethnicity: Subei People in Shanghai, 1850- 1980 (New Haven, 1992), ch 3 Samuel Y. Liang, ‘Amnesiac Monument, Nostalgic Fashion: Shanghai’s New Heaven and Earth’, Wasafiri, 23:3 (2008), pp. 47-55 ----, ‘Where the Courtyard Meets the Street: Spatial Culture of the Li Neighborhoods, Shanghai, 1870-1900,’ Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 67:4 (2008), pp. 482-503 David Strand, Rickshaw Beijing: City People and Politics in the 1920s (Berkeley, 1989) Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom, ‘New Approaches to Old Shanghai’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History 32:2 (2001), pp. 263-279 Xiong Yuezhi, ‘The image and identity of Shanghainese’, in Tao Tao Liu and David Faure (eds), Unity and Diversity: Local Cultures and Identities in China (1996)

T7: High and Low Culture in ‘the Paris of the East’: Music, Art and Literature Core Marie-Claire Bergère, Shanghai: China’s Gateway to Modernity (Stanford, 2009), chapter 10. Doug Slaymaker, ‘Shanghai Three Ways: The 1930s view from Tokyo, Paris and Shanghai’, in Anne-Marie Brady and Douglas Brown (eds.), Foreigners and Foreign Institutions in Republican China (London: Routledge, 2013), pp. 131-45. Maxwell K. Hearn, “Innovation within Tradition: Shanghai Scholar-Painters of the Early Twentieth Century”, Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, Vol. 58, No. 3 (Winter 2001), pp. 14-19 Yiyan Wang, ‘Modernism and its Discontent in Shanghai: The Dubious agency of the semi-colonized in 1929’, in Bryna Goodman and David S. G. Goodman (eds.), Twentieth-century Colonialism and China: Localities, the Everyday, and the World (London: Routledge, 2012), pp. 167-79

Primary

Ding Ling, ‘Miss Sophie’s Diary’ and ‘Shanghai in the Spring of 1930’ (on MyAberdeen) Mao Dun, Midnight (Beijing, 1957; first published in Chinese in 1933), ch 1 (on MyAberdeen) North China Herald articles (on MyAberdeen)

Further Charles J. Alber, Enduring the Revolution: Ding Ling and the Politics of Literature in Guomindang China (Westport, Conn., 2002), esp. chapters 3 and 7 Tani E. Barlow, “Buying In: Advertising and the Sexy Moder Girl Icon in Shanghai in the 1920s and 1930s”, in Alys Eve Weinbaum et al. (eds), The Modern Girl Around the World: consumption, modernity, and globalization (London, 2008), pp. 288-316 Robert Bickers, ‘“The Greatest Cultural Asset East of Suez”: the history and politics of the Shanghai Municipal Orchestra and Public Band, 1881- 1946’, in Chi-hsiung Chang (ed.), China and the World in the Twentieth Century: selected essays (Nankang, Taiwan, 2001), pp. 835-75 http://research- information.bristol.ac.uk/files/3021082/Bickers,%20Greatest%20cultura l%20asset%20east%20of%20Suez.pdf Madeleine Y. Dong, “Who is Afraid of the Chinese Modern Girl?”, in Alys Eve Weinbaum et al. (eds), The Modern Girl Around the World: consumption, modernity, and globalization (London, 2008), pp. 194-219 Andrew Field, Shanghai’s Dancing World: Caberet Culture and Urban Politics, 1919-1954 (Hong Kong, 2010), Introduction and ch 1 (on Google Books) Andrew Jones, Yellow Music: Media culture and Modernity in the Chinese Jazz Age (London, 2001) Tsi-an Hsia, The Gate of Darkness: Studies on the Leftist Literary Movement in China (1968) Shumei Shi, The Lure of the Modern: Writing Modernism in Semicolonial China, 1917-1937 (Berkeley, 2001) ----, ‘Gender, Race, and Semicolonialism: Liu Na'ou's Urban Shanghai Landscape,’ Journal of Asian Studies 55:4 (1996), pp. 934-956 Dewei Wang, ‘Crime or Punishment? On the Forensic Discourse of Modern Chinese Literature’ in Wen-hsin Yeh (ed.), Becoming Chinese: Passages to Modernity and Beyond (Berkeley, 2000), pp. 260-97

----, The Monster that is History: History, Violence, and Fictional Writing in Twentieth-Century China (Berkeley, 2004) Wen-hsin Yeh, Shanghai Splendor: Economic Sentiments and the Making of Modern China, 1843-1949 (Berkeley, 2007), ch 5 (on Google Books) Meng Yue, Shanghai and the Edges of Empire (Minneapolis, 2006), esp. ch 6 Zhen Zhang, An Amorous History of the Silver Screen: Shanghai Cinema, 1896-1937 (Chicago, 2005)

T8: The Green Gang and Organised Crime Core Brian G. Martin, ‘The Green Gang and the Guomindang State: Du Yuesheng and the Politics of Shanghai, 1927-37’, Journal of Asian Studies, 54:1 (1995), pp. 64-92 ----, ‘Du Yuesheng, the French Concession and Social Networks in Shanghai’ in Nara Dillon and Jean C. Oi (eds), At the Crossroads of Empires: Middlemen, Social Networks, and State-Building in Republican Shanghai (Stanford, 2008), pp. 65-83 Frederic Wakeman, Jr., Policing Shanghai, 1927-1937 (Berkeley, 1995), ch. 3.

Primary Shanghai Municipal Police files from Shanghai Municipal Archives (on MyAberdeen) Maurice Springfield, Hunting Opium and Other Scents (Halesworth, Suffolk, 1966) http://www.earnshaw.com/shanghai-ed- india/tales/library/opium/opium.htm North China Herald articles (on MyAberdeen)

Further Brian G. Martin, ‘The “pact with the devil”: the relationship between the Green gang and the French concession authorities, 1925-1935’, in Frederic Wakeman, Jr. and Wen-hsin Yeh, (eds), Shanghai Sojourners (Berkeley, 1992), pp. 266-304. ----, The Shanghai Green Gang: Politics and Organized Crime, 1919-1937 (Berkeley, 1996) Y. C. Wang, ‘Tu Yueh-Sheng (1888-1951): A Tentative Political Biography’, Journal of Asian Studies, 26:3 (1967), pp. 433-455

T9: Women as Workers, Prostitutes and Revolutionaries Core Christina Gilmartin, Engendering the Chinese Revolution: Radical Women, Communist Politics, and Mass Movements in the 1920s (Berkeley, 1995) OR Christina Gilmartin, ‘Gender, Political Culture, and Women’s Mobilization in the Chinese Nationalist Revolution, 1924-1927’, in Engendering China: Women, Culture, and the State, ed. by Gilmartin et al. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994), pp. 195-225. AND Gail Hershatter, “Courtesans and Streetwalkers: The Changing Discourses on Shanghai Prostitution, 1890-1949”, Journal of the History of Sexuality, 3:2 (1992) Emily Honig, “The Contract Labor System and Women Workers: Pre- Liberation Cotton Mills of Shanghai “, Modern China, 9:4, Symposium: The Making of the Chinese Working Class (1983) Christian Henriot, ‘“From a Throne of Glory to a Seat of Ignominy": Shanghai Prostitution Revisited (1849-1949)’, Modern China, 22:2 (1996), pp. 132-163

Primary North China Herald articles (on MyAberdeen) ‘On Freeing Slave Girls’ (Women’s Magazine, 1920) in Patricia Buckley Ebrey (ed.), Chinese Civilisation and Society: A Sourcebook (London, 1981) Hua R. Lan and Vanessa L. Fong (eds.), Women in Republican China: A Sourcebook (New York, 1999), ch 20: The Incident of Miss Xi Shangzhen’s Suicide at the Office of the Commercial Press (on MyAberdeen) Zheng Wang, Women in the Chinese Enlightenment: Oral and Textual Histories (Berkeley, 1999) – read a selection according to interest

Further Tani E. Barlow, “Buying In: Advertising and the Sexy Moder Girl Icon in Shanghai in the 1920s and 1930s”, in Alys Eve Weinbaum et al. (eds), The Modern Girl Around the World: consumption, modernity, and globalization (London, 2008), pp. 288-316

Rey Chow, Woman and Chinese Modernity: the Politics of Reading between West and East (Minneapolis, 1991) Madeleine Y. Dong, “Who is Afraid of the Chinese Modern Girl?”, in Alys Eve Weinbaum et al. (eds), The Modern Girl Around the World: consumption, modernity, and globalization (London, 2008), pp. 194-219 Louise Edwards, ‘Policing the Modern Woman in Republican China’, Modern China, 26:2 (2000), 115-47 Christian Henriot, Prostitution and Sexuality in Shanghai: A Social History, 1849-1949 (Cambridge, 2001) Gail Hershatter, Dangerous Pleasures: Prostitution and Modernity in Twentieth-Century Shanghai (Berkeley, 1997) ----, ‘Modernizing Sex, Sexing Modernity: Prostitution in Early-Twentieth- Century Shanghai’, in Susan Brownell and Jeffrey N Wasserstrom (eds.), Chinese Femininities, Chinese Masculinities: a Reader (Berkeley, 2002) ----, ‘State of the Field: Women in China's Long Twentieth Century’, Journal of Asian Studies, 63:4 (2004), pp. 991-1065 Emily Honig, Sisters and Strangers: Women in the Shanghai Cotton Mills, 1919-1949 (Stanford, 1986) Eileen P. Scully, ‘Prostitution as Privilege: The “American Girl” of Treaty-Port Shanghai, 1860-1937’, International History Review, 20:4 (1998), pp. 855-883.

T10: A ‘Modern’ Industrial and Commercial City Core Emily Honig, Sisters and Strangers: Women in the Shanghai Cotton Mills, 1919-1949 (Stanford, 1986) Marie-Claire Bergère, Shanghai: China’s Gateway to Modernity (Stanford, 2009), chapter 7 (on MyAberdeen) Wen-hsin Yeh (ed.), Becoming Chinese: Passages to Modernity and Beyond (Berkeley, 2000), Introduction and chapters 1-4

Primary SMC Child Labour Commission documents (on MyAberdeen) Sidney Gamble, The Household Accounts of Two Chinese Families (New York, c. 1930) (on MyAberdeen)

Eleanor Hinder, Life and Labour in Shanghai: A Decade of Labour and Social Administration in the International Settlement (New York, 1944) (extracts on MyAberdeen) Robin Porter, Industrial Reformers in Republican China (Armonk, NY, 1994), Appendix 1: Wage and cost of living data (on MyAberdeen)

Further Parks M. Coble, The Shanghai Capitalists and the Nationalist Government, 1927-1937 (Cambridge, Mass, 1986) Emily Honig, ‘Invisible Inequalities: The Status of Subei People in Contemporary Shanghai’, China Quarterly, 122 (1990), pp. 273-292 Kerrie L. MacPherson, ‘Designing China’s Urban Future: The Greater Shanghai Plan, 1927-1937’, Planning Perspectives, 5:1 (1990) Xiong Yuezhi, ‘The Image and Identity of Shanghainese’, in Tao Tao Liu and David Faure (eds), Unity and Diversity: Local Cultures and Identities in China (1996) Wen-hsin Yeh, Shanghai Splendor: Economic Sentiments and the Making of Modern China, 1843-1949 (Berkeley, 2007), ch 5 (available online through Primo)

T11: The Birth of the Chinese Communist Party Core Marie-Claire Bergère, Shanghai: China’s Gateway to Modernity (Stanford, 2009), chapter 8 Arif Dirlik, The Origins of Chinese Communism (New York, 1989) Patricia Stranahan, Underground: the Shanghai Communist Party and the Politics of Survival, 1927-1937 (Lanham, Md., 1998), esp. ch 1 Hans Van de Ven, From Friend to Comrade: The Founding of the Chinese Communist Party, 1920-1927 (Berkeley, 1991), ch 2 (on MyAberdeen)

Primary ‘The General Strike’ (1927) in Patricia Buckley Ebrey (ed.), Chinese Civilisation and Society: A Sourcebook (London, 1981), pp. 282-8. ‘Report of the Shanghai Locality (May 1924)’ and ‘Resolution on Shanghai’s Work Plan (July, 1926),’ in Tony Saich (ed.), The Rise to Power of the Chinese Communist Party: Documents and Analysis (Armonk, N.Y., 1996), pp. 128-9, 194-7

Wang Fan-hsi, Chinese Revolutionary: Memoirs 1919-1949 (1980) SMP file on Communist disturbances (on MyAberdeen)

Further Otto Braun, A Comintern Agent in China 1932-1939 (London, 1982) Harold R. Isaacs, The Tragedy of the Chinese Revolution (London, 1938), chapters VII-X S. A. Smith, A Road is Made: Communism in Shanghai, 1920- 1927 (Richmond, 2000) Patricia Stranahan, ‘Radicalization of Refugees: Communist Party Activity in Wartime Shanghai's Displaced Persons Camps,’ Modern China, 26:2 (2000), pp. 166-193 Lawrence R. Sullivan, ‘Reconstruction and Rectification of the Communist Party in the Shanghai Underground: 1931-34,’ China Quarterly, 101 (1985), pp. 78-97 Richard C. Thornton, The Comintern and the Chinese Communists, 1928- 1931 (Seattle, 1969)

T12: The May 30th Incident and its Aftermath Core Nicholas Clifford, Spoilt Children of Empire: Westerners in Shanghai and the Chinese (Hanover, New Hampshire, 1991), chapters 6 and 9 (and those between if you have time) S. A. Smith, A Road is Made: Communism in Shanghai, 1920-27 (Honolulu, 2000), ch 5 (on MyAberdeen) Jeffrey Wasserstrom, Global Shanghai, 1850-2010: a History in Fragments (Abingdon, 2009), ch 4 (on MyAberdeen)

Primary Shanghai Municipal Council minutes of post-May 30th 1925 meetings (on MyAberdeen) Shanghai Municipal Police account of ‘Communist Propaganda Bearing on the May 30 Anniversary’ (on MyAberdeen) North China Herald articles (on MyAberdeen)

Further

Robert Bickers, Britain in China: Community, Culture and Colonialism 1900- 1949 (Manchester, 1999), ch 4 Edmund S. K. Fung, The diplomacy of Imperial Retreat: Britain's South China policy, 1924-1931 (1991) (chapter 3) Christina Gilmartin, Engendering the Chinese Revolution: Radical Women, Communist Politics, and Mass Movements in the 1920s (Berkeley, 1995), ch 5 Elizabeth J. Perry, Shanghai on Strike: the Politics of Chinese Labor (Stanford, 1993) Steve Smith, Like Cattle and Horses: Nationalism and Labor in Shanghai, 1895-1927 (London, 2002), ch 9 ---, “Moscow and the Second and Third Armed Uprisings in Shanghai, 1927”, in Mechthid Leutner, Roland Felber, Mikhail L. Titarenko and Alexander M. Grigoriev (eds), The Chinese Revolution in the 1920s: Between Triumph and Disaster (London, 2002), pp. 222-43 Arthur Waldron, From War to Nationalism: China’s Turning Point, 1924-1925 (Cambridge, 1995), ch 11 Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom, Student Protests in Twentieth-Century China: the View from Shanghai (Stanford, 1991)

T13: The Shanghai Incident and the Nationalist Party Core Nicholas Clifford, Spoilt Children of Empire: Westerners in Shanghai and the Chinese (Hanover, New Hampshire, 1991), ch 15 Harold R. Isaacs, The Tragedy of the Chinese Revolution (London, 1938), chapter X S. A. Smith, A Road is Made: Communism in Shanghai, 1920- 1927 (Richmond, 2000), chapter 10

Primary Cabinet Papers, Memorandum on China (February 1929) (on MyAberdeen) Ernest O. Hauser, Shanghai: City for Sale (Shanghai, 1940), Chapter IX: ‘The General Sells his Soul’, pp. 162-84 North China Herald articles (on MyAberdeen)

Further

Marie-Claire Bergère, Shanghai: China’s Gateway to Modernity (Stanford, 2009), ch 8, ‘The Revolutionary Center’ (on MyAberdeen) George T. Yu, Party Politics in Republican China: the Kuomintang, 1912-1924 (Berkeley, 1966) Patricia Stranahan, Underground: the Shanghai Communist Party and the Politics of Survival, 1927-1937 (Lanham, Md., 1998) Pater Zarrow, China in War and Revolution, 1895-1949 (London, 2005), Part II

T14: Changes afoot in the International Settlement Core Robin Porter, Industrial Reformers in Republican China (Armonk, NY, 1994), ch 5 Robert Bickers, ‘Incubator City: Shanghai and the Crises of Empires’, Journal of Urban History, 38:5 (2012), pp. 862-58

Primary Extracts from the North China Herald, 1927 (on MyAberdeen) Eleanor Hinder, Life and Labour in Shanghai: A Decade of Labour and Social Administration in the International Settlement (New York, 1944) (extracts on MyAberdeen) Hansard, 22 June 1925, 23 February 1927, 21 March 1927, and make your own searches

Further Robert Bickers, Britain in China: Community, Culture and Colonialism 1900- 1949 (Manchester, 1999), ch 4 Robert A. Bickers and Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom, ‘Shanghai's "Dogs and Chinese Not Admitted" Sign: Legend, History and Contemporary Symbol,’ China Quarterly, No. 142 (Jun., 1995), pp. 444-466 Kerrie L. MacPherson, ‘Designing China’s Urban Future: The Greater Shanghai Plan, 1927-1937’, Planning Perspectives, 5:1 (1990), pp. 39- 62 Thomas Stephens, Order and Discipline in China: the Shanghai Mixed Court, 1911-27 (Seattle, 1992)

T15: Sino-British Relations in Miniature: the Shanghai Municipal Council vs. the Shanghai Municipal Government Core Nicholas Clifford, Spoilt Children of Empire: Westerners in Shanghai and the Chinese (Hanover, New Hampshire, 1991), ch 14

Primary SMP files (on MyAberdeen) North China Herald articles (on MyAberdeen)

Further Parks M. Coble, The Shanghai Capitalists and the Nationalist Government, 1927-1937 (Cambridge, Mass., 1980) Bryna Goodman, ‘Being Public: The Politics of Representation in 1918 Shanghai’, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 60:1 (2000), pp. 45-88 Christian Henriot, Shanghai, 1927-1937: Municipal Power, Locality, and Modernization (Berkeley, 1993), ch 2 Kerrie L. MacPherson, ‘Designing China’s Urban Future: The Greater Shanghai Plan, 1927-1937’, Planning Perspectives, 5:1 (1990), pp. 39- 62 Frederic Wakeman, Policing Shanghai 1927-1937 (Berkeley, 1995)

T16: Debate: Can we and should we write a ‘China-centred’ History of Shanghai? Core Paul Cohen, Discovering History in China (New York, 1984), esp. chapters 1 and 4 Arif Dirlik, ‘Reversals, Ironies, Hegemonies: Notes on the Contemporary Historiography of Modern China’, in Arif Dirlik, Vinay Bahl and Peter Gran (eds.) History after the Three Worlds: Post-Eurocentric Historiographies (Lanham, 2000) pp. 125-56 William C. Kirby, ‘The Internationalization of China: Foreign Relations at Home and Abroad in the Republican Era’, China Quarterly, 150, Special Issue: Reappraising Republic China (1997), pp. 433-458

Further

John King Fairbank, Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast: the Opening of the Treaty Ports, 1842-1854 (Cambridge, Mass., 1964)

T17: Gobbets exercise All students must bring in bring in two primary sources (either an image or a passage of 6-12 lines) and a rough attempt at a comment on one of them of approx. half a page typed prose. The comment should explain the context, content and contribution to our understanding provided by the source. You may bring in a source you are using for your essay.

T20: Overcoming the Shanghai Legend Core Robert A. Bickers and Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom, ‘Shanghai's "Dogs and Chinese Not Admitted" Sign: Legend, History and Contemporary Symbol,’ China Quarterly, No. 142 (Jun., 1995), pp. 444-466 Yomi Braester, ‘"A Big Dying Vat": The Vilifying of Shanghai during the Good Eighth Company Campaign,’ Modern China, Vol. 31, No. 4 (Oct., 2005), pp. 411-447 Jeffrey Wassertrom, ‘New Approaches to Old Shanghai’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol. 32, No. 2 (2001), pp. 263-79

Primary J. C. Ballard, Empire of the Sun (London, 1984) (adapted as a film, 1987) Chen Kaige (dir.), Temptress Moon (1996) - film Shanghai City Government’s description of the city’s revolutionary past: http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/shanghai/node17256/node17432/node17448/use robject22ai22055.html

Further Stella Dong, Shanghai: the rise and fall of a decadent city, 1842-1949 (New York, 2000) John Fitzgerald, ‘China and the Quest for Dignity’, The National Interest (1999), pp. 47-59 ----, Awakening China: Politics, Culture, and Class in the Nationalist Revolution (Stanford, 1996) Isabella Jackson, ‘The Raj on Nanjing Road: Sikh Policemen in Treaty-Port Shanghai’, Modern Asian Studies, 46:6 (2012), pp. 1672-1704

Hanchao Lu, ‘Nostalgia for the Future: The Resurgence of an Alienated Culture in China,’ Pacific Affairs, 75:2 (2002), pp. 169-186

T22: Is Shanghai China?

Jeffrey Wasserstrom, ‘Locating Old Shanghai: Having Fits about Where it Fits’, in Joseph Esherick (ed.), Remaking the Chinese City: Modernity and National Identity, 1900-1950 (Honolulu, 2000), pp. 192-210 – available online through Primo

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ADVICE To get the best out of primary sources, you should first read quickly through the document, bearing in mind certain questions:

 What kind of document is it? What is its general nature and purpose: a treaty, a charter, a private letter, a public letter or what? Whether it was private, open or confidential may be important. When was the document produced - i.e. is it contemporary with the events is describes?  What does the document say? Is its timing significant?  Is the document authentic or is it a forgery? Is it accurate and trustworthy? Was it designed to deceive?  Why might it be important: because of its author’s standing; because of the information or the views it contains; or because it had directly or indirectly an effect on events?

These questions can be broken down further through investigation of the background.

 Who was (were) the author(s)? What was the document’s provenance? What is known about the author? What bits of this information are particularly important for understanding and assessing the importance of the document?  Has the author first-hand knowledge of what she/he is writing about? Is she/he writing from hearsay or with hindsight? Is so, does this add or subtract from the value of the document?  Why is the author writing: to give an order, convey information or influence others? Does the document make significant omissions or assumptions?  Who was meant to see the document and who did see it?  What effects, if any, did the document have on events? If it was designed to bring change, did it do so and in the way expected? Was it designed to stave off developments and did it succeed in doing so? Did it influence a person or groups’ attitudes and actions, by design or unintentionally?

If you are asked to write a commentary on a document or documentary extract, the commentary should contain two or three major points. In writing your commentary, focus on the extract itself, referring to the document as a whole only when it helps your understanding or influences your assessment of the significance of the extract itself. Different extracts, like different documents, need to be investigated and assessed in different ways, so use the guidelines flexibly.

In writing a commentary you will necessarily have to be selective but generally aim to comment on who wrote, to whom, and why, what the extract says, and why the extract (and on occasion the whole document) is important for the historian in throwing light on the particular development or issue.

PRIMARY MATERIAL

Parliamentary Papers including Hansard records: http://parlipapers.chadwyck.co.uk/home.do Visual Shanghai http://www.virtualshanghai.net/ Virtualshanghai.net provides the full text of the minutes of the Shanghai Municipal Council: see here for the volumes from the 1920s: http://www.virtualshanghai.net/Texts/E-Library?pn=3 This website also has numerous other useful sources so please browse it at your leisure. Visualizing China http://visualisingchina.net/ Arnold Wright (chief ed.), Twentieth Century Impressions of Hong Kong, Shanghai and Other treaty ports of China (London, 1908): http://www.archive.org/details/twentiethcentury00wriguoft - beware, very large file Tales of Old Shanghai: http://www.earnshaw.com/shanghai-ed- india/tales/tales.htm Adam Mathew Digital (Here you can get a month's free access to their digital collections) Archive.org Contemporary Journals (Many academic journals from the period are available via Metalib) The Economist Digital Archive (covers 1843-2003) Hansard Historical Photographs of China Marxists.org (for works by prominent CCP leaders, etc.) The Times Digital Archive (1785-1985) Ernest O. Hauser, Shanghai: City for Sale (Shanghai, 1940), http://archive.org/details/shanghaicityfors009753mbp

SELECTED ACADEMIC JOURNALS

China Quarterly Journal of Asian Studies Modern China Twentieth Century China Pacific Affairs

GENERAL SECONDARY READING

Denis C. Twitchett and John K. Fairbank (gen. eds), Cambridge History of China vols. 12 and 13: The Republican Era – excellent, detailed background reading, though some articles are dated Marie-Claire Bergère, Shanghai: China’s Gateway to Modernity, trans. by Janet Lloyd (Stanford, 2009; first published in Paris as Histoire de Shanghai, 2002) Robert Bickers, Empire Made Me: An Englishman Adrift in Shanghai (London, 2003) Nicholas Clifford, Spoilt Children of Empire: Westerners in Shanghai and the Chinese Revolution of the 1920s (Hanover, New Hampshire, 1991) John King Fairbank and Merle Goldman, China: A New History (Cambridge, Mass., 1992), chapters 13-15 – a clear, brief overview of important developments in a traditional narrative of the period Rana Mitter, A Bitter Revolution: China’s Struggle with the Modern World (Oxford, 2004) Jonathan D. Spence, The Search for Modern China (New York, 1999), chapters 13-15 – an authoritative general history Jeffrey Wasserstrom, Global Shanghai, 1850-2010: A History in Fragments (New York, 2009) Odd Arne Westad, Restless Empire: China and the World Since 1750 (London, 2012) – a highly readable new survey history, with particularly relevant chapters on ‘Imperialisms’, the Republic, and ‘Foreigners’.

NOTE ON THE USE OF CHINESE You are naturally not expected to be familiar with Chinese for this course, but there are a couple of important points which need to be remembered when writing about China in English.

 Chinese names are written with the surname before the given name, e.g. Mao Zedong’s surname was Mao so we refer to ‘Mao’ not ‘Zedong.’ Lu Xun’s surname is Lu and Chiang Kai-shek’s surname is Chiang.

 You should be aware that there are two main systems employed for writing Chinese words in the Latin alphabet: Wade-Giles and pinyin. Wade-Giles is the more traditional method and pinyin (giving Beijing rather than Peking, Mao Zedong rather than Mao Tse-tung) is generally favoured today. The last dynasty of China was the Qing (pinyin) or Ch’ing (WG), and with either spelling it is pronounced ‘Ching’. Most scholars now use pinyin but retain the traditional spelling of the names of certain famous individuals from our period, primarily Chiang Kai-shek (rather than the pinyin Jiang Jieshi) and Sun Yat-sen (rather than Sun Zhongshan). While you are not expected to get this exactly right, you should strive for consistency in your usage.

ASSESSMENT Assessment is based on one three-hour degree examination worth 100% of the final assessment.

EXAMINATION The Examination will be held in January. The purpose of the examination is to test your ability to analyse and synthesise material covered in the course. The first section of the exam, worth 40%, requires students to comment on gobbets similar to those discussed in class. The second section, worth 60%, requires students to answer two essay questions.

Past exam papers can be viewed at http://www.abdn.ac.uk/library/learning- and-teaching/for-students/exam-papers/

General guidance on examinations is given in the Student Handbook.

Please find the discipline specific Common Assessment Scale (CAS) descriptors in MyAberdeen.

ESSAYS You are required to write one class essay of between 2,000 and 2,500 words, including quotations and footnotes. Essays must be word-processed, with page numbers provided, and accompanied by a bibliography and footnotes conforming to established academic conventions. Students will select an essay topic not related to their own presentation and develop an essay question to be decided in consultation with the course co-ordinator. The deadline for handing in the essay is Monday 2nd December 2013 (not later than 12 noon). Essays will be returned with a mark taken from the Common Assessment Scale and with written comments. All essays will be returned individually, providing you with the opportunity to discuss your essay, techniques of essay writing, and other aspects of the course with your tutor. See Departmental Guidelines and MyAberdeen for information on extensions and the late submission of work. The essay is an important part of the course for increasing the depth and breadth of your understanding of the period, and forms part of the preparation for the examination. The submission of the essay is also compulsory and failure to do so will result in the withdrawal of the Class Certificate.

REFERENCING Every essay should be page numbered and have footnotes and a full bibliography, comprising only works cited. Any material consulted but not cited may be noted under an additional heading: ‘works consulted’. Please observe the following guidelines.

Footnotes You must give credit where credit is due. Quotations, paraphrases, statistics, interpretations, and significant phraseology taken from books and articles must be carefully and correctly cited in footnotes. On the other hand, obvious facts on which all authors would agree need not be footnoted. You should refer to the specific page or page range relevant, not to the whole book/chapter/article. Footnotes need full stops, unlike references in a Bibliography. For further information and guidance, consult the School Guidelines. Any style found in historical publications may be followed, as long as it is used consistently, but one acceptable form for footnotes is indicated by the following examples:

Book (monograph): Peter Zarrow, China in War and Revolution, 1895-1949 (London, 2005), pp. 19-20.

Multi-volume work: A Pictorial History of the Republic of China: its Founding and Development (2 vols., Taipei, 1981), Vol. 2, p. 2.

Chapter in an edited book: Albert Feuerwerker, ‘Japanese Imperialism in China: A Commentary’ in Peter Duus, Ramon H. Myers, and Mark R. Peattie (eds.), The Japanese informal Empire in China, 1895-1937 (Princeton, 1989), pp. 432-3.

Article in a journal (omit ‘The’ at the beginning of journal titles): Daqing Yang, “Convergence or Divergence? Recent Historical Writings on the Rape of Nanjing”, American Historical Review, Vol. 104, No. 3 (June 1999), 848.

In citing a work for which the publication data has been given in an earlier footnote, it is not necessary to repeat the same data in full. Simply write the author’s surname, an abbreviated title (omitting ‘The’ or ‘A/An’ if there is one at the beginning of the title) and the page number, as follows:

Mitter, Bitter Revolution, p. 25. Van de Ven, War and Nationalism, pp. 55-56.

Website: Connie Fan and April Ma, ‘A Brief Look at the Rotary Club of Shanghai from 1919 to 1949’ (Rotary Club of Shanghai, 2006), , accessed 27 June 2010.

N.B. Show caution when using sources from the Internet: publications are subject to peer review by other academics, ensuring a standard of quality, but material you find online may not be.

Bibliography Your paper should also include a bibliography. Bibliographies should be arranged in alphabetical order by author’s surname and should distinguish between primary and secondary sources. If citing a whole book, do not include page numbers. If citing an article in a book or journal, give the page numbers of the whole article, as follows:

Primary Sources Ebrey, Patricia (ed.), Chinese Civilization and Society: A Sourcebook (New York, 1993) – if you have consulted multiple sources within one volume. If you have only consulted one source from a given volume, specify it, e.g.: Mao Zedong, ‘Strategy for the Second Year of the War (1 September 1947)’ in Tony Saich (ed), The Rise to Power of the Chinese Communist Party: Documents and Analysis (Armonk, New York, 1996), pp. 1285-7 – note that Mao is the surname so still appears first in a Bibliography.

Secondary Sources Bickers, Robert, Britain in China: Community, Culture and Colonialism, 1900- 1949 (Manchester, 1999) Eastman, Lloyd E., et al., The Nationalist Era in China, 1927–1949 (Cambridge, 1991) Esherick, Joseph W. (ed.), Remaking the Chinese City: Modernity and National Identity, 1900-1950 (Honolulu, 2000) Kung, Edmund S. K., The Intellectual Foundations of Chinese Modernity: Cultural and Political Thought in the Republican Era (Cambridge, 2010) Mitter, Rana, A Bitter Revolution: China’s Struggle with the Modern World (Oxford, 2004). ----, The Manchurian Myth: Nationalism, Resistance and Collaboration in Modern China (Berkeley, 2000) Mitter, Rana and Aaron William Moore, ‘Introduction’, Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 45, No. 2: Special Issue: ‘China in World War II, 1937-1945: Experience, Memory, and Legacy’, (March 2011), 225-40 Yang, Daqing, “Convergence or Divergence? Recent Historical Writings on the Rape of Nanjing”, American Historical Review, Vol. 104, No. 3 (June 1999), 842-65 Van de Ven, Hans, War and Nationalism in China, 1925-1945 (London, 2003)

Websites Full citations should also be given when material has been accessed via the internet. As much of the following information as possible should be provided: Author, ‘Title of Article’, < http://www....>, 2001 (give date published if known), accessed 1 January 2012 (date you last accessed the page) For example: Hibbard, Peter, ‘History of the Royal Asiatic Society China in Shanghai’, , accessed 15 January 2012

PLAGIARISM ‘Plagiarism is the use, without adequate acknowledgement, of the intellectual work of another person in work submitted for assessment. A student cannot be found to have committed plagiarism where it can be shown that the student has taken all reasonable care to avoid representing the work of others as his/her own.’

Plagiarism is a serious offence everywhere, both within and beyond the academic community. All cases of suspected plagiarism will be reported to the Head of School in the first instance and cannot be discussed with or determined by a Tutor or Course Co-ordinator.

Students MUST refer to the School’s Undergraduate Student Handbook for more detailed information on what constitutes plagiarism, how to avoid it, and what the University’s procedure is should plagiarism be suspected.

ASSESSMENT DEADLINES Essays are due on Monday 2nd December 2013, not later than 12 noon.

SUBMISSION ARRANGEMENTS The Department requires ONE hard and ONE electronic copy of all assignments, as follows:

COPY 1: One hard copy together with an Assessment cover sheet, typed and double spaced – this copy should only have your ID number CLEARLY written on the cover sheet, with NO name and NO signature – and should be delivered to the History Department [Drop-off boxes located in CB008, 50-52 College Bounds].

COPY 2: One copy submitted through Turnitin via MyAberdeen.