Australian Citrus Tree Census 2019

AUSTRALIAN CITRUS TREE CENSUS 2019

TREE CENSUS 2019| 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report is an outcome of project CT18002 and has been funded by Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited using the citrus industry levy and funds from the Australian Government.

2 | CITRUS AUSTRALIA INTRODUCTION

The Australian citrus industry is one of Australia’s largest horticulture industries, Survey Scope with commercial production in five States 1,262 and one territory. orchards captured The citrus industry is one of Australia’s largest fresh produce 26,907 exporters, with export volumes increasing 84 per cent from hectares in 2019 CTC* 158,000 tonnes in 2014 to over 291,000 tonnes in 2019. While It is estimated that an additional 3,000 the industry’s size and output is significant in Australia, it hectares are not represented in this report. comprises less than 3 per cent of global production and is one of the highest cost producers in the world, relying on its Method reputation for quality and safety to command premium prices in Citrus growers across Australia were high paying export markets. contacted by phone or email to complete an online tree survey. The Citrus Tree Census (CTC) is an online database developed by Citrus Australia to collect national production statistics about The canopy hectares were calculated using the tree, row spacing and number of variety, rootstock, tree age and hectares planted. trees. Previous industry surveys have used mapping or grower derived estimated to This information is essential for: determine production hectares. We point out here that canopy hectares account for • guiding growers when choosing which varieties to plant, the hectares under production, and do not • assisting the citrus supply chain with packing and logistics, include headlands, laneways and other farm land. investment decisions and There are limits to the data • directing market development and research needs. collection including: The following pages provide an overview of the Citrus Tree • new entrants to the industry unknown Census data collected, and some of the key findings. For a to Citrus Australia, • the voluntary nature of the survey and copy of the full report, and the method used to collate the data, • for privacy reasons, some growers please contact: did not contribute or may have under reported. Mara Milner Citrus Quality & Market Information Officer Citrus Australia Email: [email protected] Phone: + 61 499 994 592

TREE CENSUS 2019| 3 NATIONAL OVERVIEW INDUSTRY SIZE

AVERAGE ORCHARD SIZE 21 ha In 2019, 25% of orchards accounted for 72% of total national citrus plantings.

27,000 ha TREE AGE DISTRIBUTION (%) HECTARES PLANTED

From the 2014 Tree Census data the (0–4 years) (5-12 years) (13-39 years) (40+ years) number of orchards increased by 19% and area planted by 21%. 18% 23% 50% 9% Non-bearing Entering Production Mature Decline

TOTAL NATIONAL HECTARES BY REGION (%)

4% WESTERN AUSTRALIA 5% - OTHER

REGION WITH 20% QUEENSLAND GREATEST NUMBER 26,907 OF HECTARES HECTARES 30% RIVERINA IN TOTAL

20% RIVERLAND 21% MURRAY VALLEY

4 | CITRUS AUSTRALIA LEMON PLANTED AREA CAPTURED INCREASED BY 70% BETWEEN 2014 AND 2019

CITRUS CATEGORIES

ORANGES* MANDARIN LEMON & LIME GRAPEFRUIT & TANGELO & PUMMELO

62% 28% 9% 1% OF NATIONAL OF NATIONAL OF NATIONAL OF NATIONAL HECTARES HECTARES HECTARES HECTARES 16,757 ha 7,465 ha 2,309 ha 375 ha 2014 - 69% (15,307 ha) 2014 - 24% (5,451 ha) 2014 - 6% (1,268 ha) 2014 - 1% (268 ha)

LARGEST LARGEST LARGEST LARGEST PRODUCTION PRODUCTION PRODUCTION PRODUCTION REGION REGION REGION REGION RIVERINA QUEENSLAND QUEENSLAND MURRAY VALLEY 7,587 ha 3,810 ha 1,325 ha 95 ha 2014 - 6,522 ha 2014 - 2,058 ha 2014 - 683 ha 2014 - 58 ha

*Orange category is made up of 62% Navel oranges and 38% juicing oranges (common & valencia)

TREE CENSUS 2019 | 5 ORANGES

LARGEST GROWING REGIONS

OF NAVELS GROWN IN OF JUICING ORANGES 92% MURRAY VALLEY, 66% GROWN IN RIVERINA RIVERLAND & RIVERINA 2014 - 61% 2014 - 91%

TOTAL PLANTED NATIONALLY TREE AGE DISTRIBUTION (%)* NAVELS *Includes both navel and juicing oranges 10,338 ha 2014 - 8,697 ha

JUICING ORANGES 6,419 ha (0–4 years) (5-12 years) (13-39 years) (40+ years) 2014 - 6,610 ha 12% 15% 65% 8% Non-bearing Entering Production Mature Decline

AUSTRALIA’S ORANGE VARIETIES PLANTED AREA (%)

12% EARLY SEASON NAVEL 4% RED FLESH NAVEL 1% NAVEL UNSPECIFIED

LARGEST 16% MID SEASON NAVEL 10,338 ha ORANGE CATEGORY: TOTAL NAVELS 38% JUICING PLANTED 6,419 ha

29% LATE NAVEL

6 | CITRUS AUSTRALIA IN 2019 58% (3,724 ha) OF JUICING ORANGES WERE OLDER THAN 21 YEARS

ORANGE CATEGORY HECTARES BY REGION

NAVEL EARLY SEASON MID SEASON LATE SEASON RED FLESH JUICING UNSPECIFIED (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) REGIONS (ha)

MURRAY VALLEY 809 553 1838 256 11 443

QUEENSLAND 15 54 3 12 2 53

RIVERINA 429 1084 1384 266 108 4227

RIVERLAND 550 726 1262 135 43 971

WESTERN AUSTRALIA 106 153 205 31 0 149

OTHER 23 110 125 28 17 576

NATIONAL TOTAL 1,932 ha 2,680 ha 4,817 ha 728 ha 181 ha 6,419 ha

TREE CENSUS 2019 | 7 MANDARINS

LARGEST GROWING REGIONS

OF MANDARINS OF MANDARINS GROWN IN GROWN IN 51% QUEENSLAND 19% RIVERLAND 56% - 2014 22% - 2014

TOTAL PLANTED NATIONALLY TREE AGE DISTRIBUTION (%) 7,465 ha 2014 - 5,451 ha Afourers remain the largest growth category with 942 hectares of plantings aged between 0-4 years, an increase from 256 hectares recorded in the 2014 (0–4 years) (5-12 years) (13-39 years) (40+ years) Tree Census. 32% 34% 33% 1% Non-bearing Entering Production Mature Decline

AUSTRALIA’S MANDARIN VARIETIES PLANTED AREA (%)

21% IMPERIAL LARGEST MANDARIN CATEGORY: 27% AFOURER 7,465 ha The first year that recorded Afourer TOTAL plantings have exceeded Murcotts HECTARES PLANTED 26% OTHER* 26% MURCOTTS (LOW SEEDED CONTRIBUTES 5%)

*OTHER Includes Tangelo

8 | CITRUS AUSTRALIA MURRAY VALLEY SAW THE LARGEST SPIKE IN MANDARIN PLANTINGS growing their share of the national total from 13% to 18% since the 2014 Tree Census.

MANDARIN CATEGORY HECTARES BY REGION

AFOURERS IMPERIAL MURCOTTS* OTHER** REGIONS (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha)

MURRAY VALLEY 649 316 4 349

QUEENSLAND 333 827 1811 839

RIVERINA 179 72 5 154

RIVERLAND 585 309 90 418

WESTERN AUSTRALIA 125 66 1 108

OTHER 113 9 2 102

NATIONAL TOTAL 1,984 ha 1,599 ha 1,912 ha 1,970 ha

* Includes low seeded ** Other includes 35 varieties

TREE CENSUS 2019 | 9 LEMON & LIME

LARGEST GROWING REGIONS

OF LEMONS AND OF LEMONS AND LIMES LIMES GROWN IN GROWN IN MURRAY 57% QUEENSLAND 23% VALLEY & RIVERLAND 53% - 2014 26% - 2014

TOTAL PLANTED NATIONALLY TREE AGE DISTRIBUTION (%) LEMONS 1,714 ha 2014 - 1,011 ha

LIMES (0–4 years) (5-12 years) (13-39 years) (40+ years) 595 ha 30% 30% 37% 3% 2014 - 257 ha Non-bearing Entering Production Mature Decline

AUSTRALIA’S LEMON AND LIME PLANTED AREA (%)

2,309 ha 74% TOTAL TOTAL LEMONS HECTARES 47% PLANTED (SEEDLESS 814 ha OF LEMON CONTRIBUTES 25%) PLANTINGS IN 2019 were 10 years old or less compared 26% LIMES to 430 ha in 2014

10 | CITRUS AUSTRALIA LEMON & LIME CATEGORY HECTARES BY REGION

LEMONS SEEDLESS LEMONS LIMES REGIONS (ha) (ha) (ha)

MURRAY VALLEY 192 66 7

QUEENSLAND 529 261 535

RIVERINA 146 37 1

RIVERLAND 142 94 32

WESTERN AUSTRALIA 27 18 10

OTHER 93 110 10

NATIONAL TOTAL 1,129 ha 585 ha 595 ha

TREE CENSUS 2019 | 11 GRAPEFRUIT, PUMMELO & CITRON

LARGEST GROWING REGIONS

OF GRAPEFRUIT, OF GRAPEFRUIT, PUMELLO & CITRON PUMELLO & CITRON GROWN IN GROWN IN 27% MURRAY VALLEY 25% RIVERINA 22% - 2014 29% - 2014

TREE AGE DISTRIBUTION (%) TOTAL PLANTED NATIONALLY 375 ha 2014 - 268 ha (0–4 years) (5-12 years) (13-39 years) (40+ years) 27% 19% 47% 7% Non-bearing Entering Production Mature Decline

AUSTRALIA’S GRAPEFRUIT, PUMMELO AND CITRON PLANTED AREA (%)

1% CITRON

3% PUMMELO 73% RED GRAPEFRUIT 375 ha TOTAL HECTARES 38% PLANTED 122 ha OF RED GRAPEFRUIT PLANTINGS IN 2019 23% WHITE were 10 years old or less compared GRAPEFRUIT to 100 ha in 2014

12 | CITRUS AUSTRALIA GRAPEFRUIT, PUMMELO & CITRON CATEGORY HECTARES BY REGION

RED GRAPEFRUIT WHITE GRAPEFRUIT PUMMELO CITRON REGIONS (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha)

MURRAY VALLEY 56 42 4 <1

QUEENSLAND 53 7 8 0

RIVERINA 67 25 0 0

RIVERLAND 57 7 2 <1

WESTERN AUSTRALIA 21 <1 0 0

OTHER 24 <1 <1 <1

NATIONAL TOTAL 278 ha 82 ha 14 ha <1 ha

TREE CENSUS 2019 | 13 REGION ANALYSIS REGIONAL COMPARISON

Katherine Darwin

Kunnunurra

Far North Queensland MAJOR PRODUCTION REGION

Emerald OTHER PRODUCTION REGION QUEENSLAND

CAPITAL CITY

Northern NSW WESTERN AUSTRALIA

RIVERINA RIVERLAND

MURRAY VALLEY

388 ORCHARDS 323 284 ORCHARDS ORCHARDS 150 ORCHARDS 8,155 ha 55 5,405 ha 62 ORCHARDS 5,605 ha 5,342 ha ORCHARDS 1,379 ha 1,020 ha

MURRAY QUEENSLAND RIVERINA RIVERLAND WESTERN OTHER VALLEY AUSTRALIA AREA (ha) AND NUMBER OF ORCHARDS PER REGION 2019

14 | CITRUS AUSTRALIA BEARING AND NON-BEARING HECTARES PER REGION

MURRAY WESTERN QUEENSLAND RIVERINA RIVERLAND VALLEY AUSTRALIA

BEARING 4,590 ha 3,798 ha 7,199 ha 4,578 ha 894 ha

NON-BEARING 1015 ha 1,544 ha 956 ha 827 ha 126 ha

TOP 3 CATEGORIES PRODUCED BY REGION

MURRAY WESTERN QUEENSLAND RIVERINA RIVERLAND VALLEY AUSTRALIA

NAVEL MANDARIN VALENCIA NAVEL NAVEL & TANGELO & COMMON 1 62% 71% 52% 50% 49%

MANDARIN LEMON MANDARIN MANDARIN NAVEL 2 & TANGELO & LIME & TANGELO & TANGELO 24% 25% 40% 26% 29%

VALENCIA NAVEL MANDARIN VALENCIA VALENCIA 3 & COMMON & TANGELO & COMMON & COMMON 8% 2% 5% 18% 15%

1 Navel 65% 1 Mandarin 78% 1 Valencia 59% 1 Navel 50% 1 Navel 52% 2 Mandarin 16% 2 Lemon 17% 2 Navel 36% 2 Valencia 23% 2 Mandarin 26% 3 Valencia 14% 3 Other 5% 3 Other 5% 3 Mandarin 23% 3 Valencia 16% 2014

TREE CENSUS 2019| 15 NATIONAL VARIETY LIST

CATEGORY SUB CATEGORY VARIETY BEARING ha NON-BEARING ha TOTAL ha % TOTAL

NAVEL NAVEL EARLY SEASON Atwood 67.21 24.00 91.21 0% Biggs Leng 1.91 1.91 0% Early Navel Unspecified 19.07 19.07 0% Fisher 55.23 49.77 105.00 0% Golden Nugget 0.52 0.52 0% Hammet 1.13 1.13 0% Leng 398.87 43.22 442.09 2% M7 Navel 212.77 130.38 343.15 1% Navelina 727.98 22.99 750.97 3% Newhall 48.36 0.10 48.46 0% Nucellar Leng (Lloyd Leng) 10.78 10.78 0% Pasin 14.36 14.36 0% Pollock Early 4.51 4.51 0% Riverside 1.75 1.75 0% Ryan 49.38 1.65 51.03 0% Thomson 28.06 28.06 0% Whitely 5.90 5.90 0% Winter Navel 11.02 1.11 12.13 0%

1,658.81 273.22 1,932.03 7%

NAVEL NAVEL MID SEASON Bellamy 1.38 1.38 0% Cellaline 0.08 0.08 0% Dolci 5.29 30.18 35.47 0% Fukumoto (off-type) 17.33 17.33 0% Hockney 8.51 30.16 38.67 0% Langdon 13.95 13.95 0% Navelate 32.55 2.70 35.25 0% Palmer 0.00 7.80 7.80 0% Palmer (off-type) 1.28 1.28 0% Sun Smooth 1.26 1.26 0% Washington 2,337.41 190.33 2,527.74 9%

2,419.04 261.17 2,680.21 10%

NAVEL NAVEL LATE SEASON Albanese 0.17 0.17 0% Autumn Gold (Pollock Late) 120.77 8.10 128.87 0% Barnfield 325.46 13.36 338.82 1% Chislett 577.01 30.35 607.36 2% Clark (Doug Clark) 35.17 35.17 0% Hutton 38.69 4.62 43.31 0% Late Lane 2,709.64 119.38 2,829.02 11% Late Navel Unspecified 66.76 11.26 78.02 0% Powell 169.61 16.00 185.61 1% Rohde 75.16 30.67 105.83 0% Scopelliti 1.58 1.58 0% Summer Gold (Marrows) 194.45 7.97 202.42 1% Summer Navel Unspecified 209.34 3.34 212.68 1%

16 | CITRUS AUSTRALIA CATEGORY SUB CATEGORY VARIETY BEARING ha NON-BEARING ha TOTAL ha % TOTAL

Toc 21.95 21.95 0% Toomey 3.46 3.46 0% Wiffen 5.05 5.05 0% Wilson 17.51 17.51 0%

4,571.78 245.05 4,816.83 18%

NAVEL NAVEL RED FLESH Cara Cara (Red Navel) 295.22 319.78 615.00 2% Kirkwood Red 8.17 80.50 88.67 0% Rosey Red 24.17 1.66 25.83 0%

327.56 401.94 729.50 3%

NAVEL NAVEL Navel Unspecified 166.19 14.73 180.92 1% 166.19 14.73 180.92 1%

ORANGE MISC. BLOOD ORANGE Arnold (Moro) 62.57 8.61 71.18 0% Blood Orange Unspecified 40.28 57.86 98.14 0% Maltese 0.26 0.26 0% Tarocco 3.67 29.23 32.90 0%

106.78 95.70 202.48 1%

ORANGE MISC. SWEET ORANGE Acidless (Non Acid) 0.56 0.56 0% Common Orange 21.63 2.27 23.90 0% Hamlin 219.81 219.81 1% Honey Ball 10.74 10.74 0% Lima acidless 13.19 13.19 0% Parson Brown 26.96 0.82 27.78 0% Pera (Bianchi, Limeira) 11.79 11.79 0% Pineapple 33.19 33.19 0% Salustiana 333.62 5.62 339.24 1% Seleta (Siletta) 0.21 0.21 0%

671.70 8.71 680.41 3%

ORANGE MISC. SOUR Seville 12.22 12.22 0% 12.22 12.22 0%

ORANGE MISC. ORANGE Orange Unspecified 9.22 0.93 10.15 0% 9.22 0.93 10.15 0%

VALENCIA Benyenda 35.46 28.05 63.51 0% Berri 8.25 8.25 0% Casey 5.45 5.45 0% Dwarf 0.78 0.78 0% Keenan 105.26 76.03 181.29 1% Newton 7.77 7.77 0% Pecta 3.71 3.71 0% Smith Red 4.04 4.04 0% Valencia 4,404.11 83.31 4,487.42 17% Valencia Late 56.43 0.01 56.44 0%

4,631.26 187.40 4,818.66 18%

TREE CENSUS 2019| 17 CATEGORY SUB CATEGORY VARIETY BEARING ha NON-BEARING ha TOTAL ha % TOTAL

VALENCIA SEEDLESS VALENCIA Delta 126.72 13.21 139.93 1% McMahon 154.97 34.96 189.93 1% Midknight 83.15 46.71 129.86 0% Valencia Seedless 178.93 56.08 235.01 1%

543.77 150.96 694.73 3%

MANDARIN MANDARIN EARLY SEASON Amigo 47.59 19.53 67.12 0% Clementine 2.36 3.74 6.10 0% Clementine (Nules, de Nules) 102.34 1.22 103.56 0% Clementine Caffin 0.32 2.61 2.93 0% Fewtrell (Feutrell) 0.42 0.42 0% Fremont 29.26 8.98 38.24 0% Goldup Imperial 25.95 1.27 27.22 0% Imperial 1,511.01 87.80 1,598.81 6% Nova (Suntina) 32.56 1.58 34.14 0% Satsuma 6.08 4.10 10.18 0% Satsuma Miho Wase 8.41 1.01 9.42 0% Satsuma Okitsu Wase 29.21 9.25 38.46 0%

1,795.51 141.09 1,936.60 7%

MANDARIN MANDARIN MID SEASON Afourer 1,041.37 942.32 1,983.69 7% Avana late (Tardivo) 65.08 13.20 78.28 0% Daisy 99.82 102.86 202.68 1% Dancy Tangerine 0.01 0.01 0% Dekopon (Sumo CitrusTM) 86.37 27.56 113.93 0% Ellendale 17.77 17.77 0% Empress 33.65 33.65 0% Gold Nugget 33.13 41.04 74.17 0% Hickson 76.34 0.07 76.41 0% Monarch 3.18 3.18 0% Nectar 13.25 13.25 0% Orri 12.16 16.70 28.86 0% Phoenix 212.20 185.00 397.20 1% Tango 22.46 291.93 314.39 1% Taylor Lee 25.61 25.61 0%

1,742.40 1,620.68 3,363.08 12%

MANDARIN MANDARIN LATE SEASON Emperor 1.51 0.08 1.59 0% Kara (Carra) 0.17 0.17 0% Murcott 722.90 305.96 1,028.86 4% Murcott Honey 356.44 190.80 547.24 2% Murcott Low Seeded 240.31 96.03 336.34 1% Mystique Ortanique 7.21 0.50 7.71 0% Summerina 8.26 14.63 22.89 0% Topaz Ortanique 15.04 15.04 0%

1,351.84 608.00 1,959.84 7%

MANDARIN MANDARIN Mandarin Unspecified 50.88 34.31 85.19 0% 50.88 34.31 85.19 0%

18 | CITRUS AUSTRALIA CATEGORY SUB CATEGORY VARIETY BEARING ha NON-BEARING ha TOTAL ha % TOTAL

TANGELO Minneola 107.34 1.03 108.37 0% Seminole 0.07 0.07 0% Tangelo Unspecified 11.39 0.23 11.62 0%

118.80 1.26 120.06 0%

LEMON Eureka 651.09 127.12 778.21 3% Eureka Seedless 176.12 388.03 564.15 2% Fino 7.56 7.56 0% Lambert Eureka 2.50 2.50 0% Lemon Unspecified 60.76 30.29 91.05 0% Lemonade 0.97 0.16 1.13 0% Limoniera 1.89 1.03 2.92 0% Lisbon 189.16 37.33 226.49 1% Meyer 4.82 4.82 0% Seedless Lemon 6.04 15.00 21.04 0% Verna 13.84 13.84 0% Villafranca (Francovielo) 0.30 0.30 0%

1,115.05 598.96 1,714.01 6%

LIME Finger 1.36 1.36 0% Kaffir 3.38 1.22 4.60 0% Lime Unspecified 22.42 6.65 29.07 0% Tahitian (Persian) 464.48 94.98 559.46 2% West Indian (Mexican) 0.04 0.04 0%

491.68 102.85 594.53 2%

GRAPEFRUIT GRAPEFRUIT RED FLESH Flame 14.38 14.38 0% Ray Ruby 6.89 6.89 0% Rio Red (Rio Star) 19.90 22.52 42.42 0% Ruby (Red,Pink,Redblush) 30.70 10.92 41.62 0% Star Ruby (Sunrise) 109.88 62.90 172.78 1%

181.75 96.34 278.09 1%

GRAPEFRUIT GRAPEFRUIT WHITE FLESH Eagle 1.59 1.59 0% Grapefruit White Unspecified 8.69 8.69 0% Marsh 62.03 2.34 64.37 0% Oroblanco 0.32 0.32 0% Poorman 0.14 0.14 0% Thompson 6.82 6.82 0%

79.59 2.34 81.93 0%

PUMMELO Pomelit (Pomelette) 1.02 1.02 0% Pummelo Unspecified 10.90 2.50 13.40 0%

11.92 2.50 14.42 0%

CITRON Buddha’s Hand 0.32 0.25 0.57 0% 0.32 0.25 0.57 0% TOTAL 22,058.07 4,848.39 26,906.46 100%

TREE CENSUS 2019| 19 For a copy of the complete report or for further information please contact:

Mara Milner CITRUS QUALITY AND MARKET INFORMATION OFFICER CITRUS AUSTRALIA LTD

0499 994 592 | Citrus Australia office: 03 5023 6333 PO Box 10336 Mildura VIC 3502 [email protected]

www.citrusaustralia.com.au

20 | CITRUS AUSTRALIA